Tuna Oil Research Articles

Sex-Based Differences in Gut Microbiota Composition in Response to Tuna Oil and Algae Oil Supplementation in a D-galactose-Induced Aging Mouse Model.

Our previous work indicated that a mixture of tuna oil and algae oil treatment in male mice effectively relieved D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging and resulted in gut microbiota alterations, and that the best anti-aging effects were observed for a tuna oil to algae oil ratio of 1:2. However, the possibility of a sex-based difference in the anti-aging effect of the tuna oil and algae oil mixture or gut microbiota variation, has rarely been investigated. In this study, the anti-aging effect of an oil mixture (1:2) in male and female mice was measured, and oil treatment improved the learning and cognition of mice that were damaged by D-gal, increased the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes, and decreased the level of MDA, which acted as a hallmark of oxidative damage to lipids. Male mice showed better anti-aging effects than female mice with a specific oil mixture ratio, and the clinical drug donepezil showed a similar or better effect on aging alleviation than oil treatments in both sexes. On the other hand, the same oil treatment led to different gut microbiota composition alterations in male and female mice. Redundancy analysis (RDA) identified 31 and 30 key operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the male and female mice, respectively, and only three of these OTUs overlapped. Moreover, the abundance of Lactobacillus and several probiotic-like butyric acid producers was higher in male mice than in female mice, whereas the abundance of some inflammation-related genera, such as Clostridium XlVa, was lower in male mice. In conclusion, this study indicated the sex-based differences related to the anti-aging effects of tuna oil and algae oil treatment are accompanied by sex-based differences in gut microbiota modulation.

Tuna Oil Alleviates d-Galactose Induced Aging in Mice Accompanied by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Brain Protein Expression

To discern whether tuna oil modulates the expression of brain proteins and the gut microbiota structure during aging induced by d-galactose, we generated an aging mouse model with d-galactose treatment, and the mice showed aging and memory deterioration symptoms according to physiological and biochemical indices. Treatment with different doses of tuna oil alleviated the symptoms; the high dose showed a better effect. Subsequently, brain proteomic analysis showed the differentially expressed proteins were involved in damaged synaptic system repairment and signal transduction system enhancement. In addition, tuna oil treatment restored the diversity of gut microbiota, 27 key operational taxonomic units, which were identified using a redundancy analysis and were significantly correlated with at least one physiological index and three proteins or genes. These findings suggest that the combination of proteomics and gut microbiota is an effective strategy to gain novel insights regarding the effect of tuna oil treatment on the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Preparation of DHA- and EPA-enriched Glycerides by Enzymatic Interesterification Using Tuna Oil and Capric Acid

This study focused on the preparation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) enriched-triacylglycerols by enzymatic interesterification using tuna oil and capric acid. The content of DHA+EPA is 26.86% in the tuna oil used in this study. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the reaction parameters (reaction temperature, substrate molar ratio, enzyme amount and reaction time), and the optimized conditions were determined to be: reaction temperature 58 oC, substrate molar ratio (capric acid : tuna oil) 4:1, enzyme amount 4%, and reaction time 7.5 h. Under the optimized conditions, the content of DHA+EPA in the glycerides was 40.03%, which is 13.17% higher than that in raw tuna oil. In addition, the MLM-type structured lipids containing medium chain fatty acids (capric acid) at positions sn-1,3 and a long chain fatty acid (DHA/EPA) at the position sn-2 may have many health benefits for humans.

Supplementation with curcuminoids and tuna oil influenced skin yellowness, carcass composition, oxidation status, and meat fatty acids of slow-growing chickens

The present study aimed to determine the effects of dietary curcuminoids combined with tuna oil on the growth performance, meat quality, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in the plasma and raw meat, and fatty acid profile of chicken meat. A total of 480 21-day-old mixed-sex slow-growing chickens was assigned to a completely randomized design model with 6 treatments and 4 replicates (pens) per treatment. The basal diet based on corn-soybean and 4% tuna oil was used as the negative control. The experimental diets comprised the basal diet supplemented with curcumin removed turmeric oleoresin to provide 20, 40, 60, or 80mg/kg curcuminoids (CUR-20, CUR-40, CUR-60, and CUR-80, respectively) or dl-α-tocopheryl acetate at 200ppm as the positive control (E-200). Finally, the vacuum-packed carcasses were stored frozen at -20°C for 3 mo to examine the effect of curcuminoids on changes in the TBARS values and fatty acid composition of the breast and thigh meat. Increasing the levels of curcuminoids tended to improve the feed conversion ratio (linear, P = 0.065) and significantly increased the proportion of breast fillet (linear, P = 0.037) and the yellowness of the skin of both the breast (linear, P = 0.016) and the thigh (linear, P = 0.023). The curcuminoids exhibited antioxidant properties, but their effect was not dose dependent. The CUR-20 and CUR-40 treatments increased the linoleic acid content but decreased the C22:6n-3 (DHA) content of the breast meat. The CUR-60 treatment inhibited oxidation (measured by TBARS) in the chicken meat similarly to dl-α-tocopheryl acetate but had no effect on the proportion of DHA in the breast or thigh meat. Auto-oxidation occurred in the breast meat but not in the thigh meat during the 3 mo of frozen storage. The present study showed that a suitable level of curcuminoids in the diet of slow-growing chickens was 60mg/kg.

Modulation of gut microbiota by dietary supplementation with tuna oil and algae oil alleviates the effects of D-galactose-induced ageing.

Previous studies have shown that dietary supplementation with tuna oil and algae oil can alleviate the effects of ageing on learning and memory in mouse models, but the mechanism of this effect remains unknown. This study aimed to determine whether dietary oil supplementation alters the composition of the gut microbiota during the prevention of age-related effects on cognition. Ageing mice received dietary oil supplementation continuously for 12weeks. The supplementation was found to improve the animals' learning and cognition, and this effect was most marked in the TO200AO400 group, which received a 1:2 mixture of tuna oil and algae oil at 600mgkg-1day-1. Next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene present in faecal samples showed that the gut microbiota varied in the groups that received different oil treatments; the TO200AO400 treatment most closely restored the composition of the D-galactose-altered gut microbiota to that of the control. Moreover, 83 altered operational taxonomic units (OTUs) responsive to dietary oil supplementation were identified; five of these differed in one or more parameters associated with host ageing. In conclusion, this study confirmed the effect of dietary oil supplementation on the alleviation of age-related decline in cognitive function and showed that oil supplementation results in alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota. Further research will be needed to elucidate the causal relationship between the reversal of age-related cognitive decline and gut microbiota modulation and to explore the potential of gut microbial communities as a diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target in ageing.

Deodorisation of fish oil by nanofiltration membrane process: focus on volatile flavour compounds and fatty acids composition

SummaryThis study focuses on the investigations for the deodorisation of tuna oil and squid oil through n‐hexane extraction and nanofiltration membrane process with a molecular weight cut‐off of 360 Da. The change of the odour and the fatty acids composition were analysed. Volatile components analysed by monolithic material sorptive extraction (MMSE) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) suggested that nanofiltration membrane process could remove the majority of the volatile components, and the removal rate was approximate to 80%. The odour activity values (OAVs) of the volatile components in tuna oil and squid oil were significantly reduced from 125.23 to 17.47 and 129.76 to 10.06 (P < 0.05), respectively. On the other hand, the contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were increased as expected. These results indicated that the organic solvent nanofiltration technique had obvious effects on deodorisation of fish oil, and it would be a promising deodorisation method in fish oil refining industry.

The effect of maternal DHA supplementation on body fat mass in children at 7 years: follow-up of the DOMInO randomized controlled trial

BackgroundAnimal studies have suggested that an increased supply of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), during the perinatal period can prevent later excess body fat mass. However, previous human studies have produced inconsistent findings, and few have assessed potential effects beyond 6 years of age. ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of supplementing women in the second half of pregnancy with omega-3 LCPUFA, chiefly as DHA, on the percentage body fat of children at 7 years of age, as assessed by two methods: air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS). DesignA time-restricted follow up at 7 years of age of children born to mothers enrolled in DOMInO (DHA to Optimise Maternal Infant Outcome) randomized controlled trial, in which women took either high-DHA tuna oil (800mg/day DHA) or placebo capsules from 20 weeks’ gestation to delivery, at Adelaide-based centers. Primary outcomes were the percentage body fat at 7 years of age as assessed by both BOD POD and BIS. Weight, height, waist/hip circumferences and BMI were also recorded. ResultsA total of 252 DOMInO children (n=135 males, n=117 females) completed the follow up study. There were no differences between the DHA and placebo groups in percentage body fat as assessed by either BOD POD [adjusted mean difference: −0.35, 95% CI: −1.46, 2.16; P=0.71] or BIS [adjusted mean difference: 0.64, 95% CI: −0.99, 2.27; P=0.44]. BMI z-scores were also similar between groups [adjusted mean difference: 0.18, 95% CI: −0.10, 0.45; P=0.21]. There were also no differences in height, weight or waist and hip circumference between the DHA and placebo groups at 7 years of age. ConclusionDHA supplementation in the second half of pregnancy has no effect on childhood growth or fat mass at 7 years of age, supporting findings from follow ups of the DOMInO children at 3 and 5 years.

Development of a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata using tuna by-product oil

Because a diet rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is beneficial to human health, it is desirable for yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata intended for human consumption to contain a high amount of DHA. We investigated the effects on the growth and fatty acid composition of yellowtail of replacing some of the pollack liver oil (PO) in the yellowtail diet with a DHA-rich tuna oil (TO). Experimental diets were prepared in which PO was replaced with 0, 15, 30, and 60% TO. Replacement of PO with TO did not negatively affect growth in a 16-week trial. In contrast, the feed efficiency of the group that received 60% TO was significantly higher than that of the control group after 6 weeks. The DHA level in the whole fish body increased with increasing dietary TO level. The groups that received 30 and 60% TO replacement diets showed significantly higher DHA levels than those of the control group. DHA level in the fillet was significantly higher in the group that received 60% TO than in the control group. DHA retention tended to increase with increasing TO level. These results show that utilizing TO as a fat source can increase DHA accumulation without incurring any adverse effects on the growth of yellowtail.

Improving oxidative stability of liquid fish oil supplements for pets

Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have produced beneficial health effects in animals and are recommended by veterinaries to pet patients suffering from osteoarthritis. However, these oils are highly susceptible to lipid oxidation. The objectives of this study were to improve oxidative stability of fish oil by adding vegetable oils, mixed tocopherols and rosemary extract, and to formulate a commercial product according to the results obtained. The formulated product was evaluated against commercial fish oil products. An initial screening for antioxidative effect was performed by using Oxipres equipment. The effect of antioxidant and vegetable oil blends was examined in oils stored at 30 and 40°C by measuring peroxide value, volatile compounds with GC‐MS and tocopherol content. Addition of vegetable oil and rosemary extract at high level (4000–6000 ppm) plus 600 ppm of mixed tocopherols increased oxidative stability to the same extent as 2000 ppm mixed tocopherols in Oxipres. Overall, oxidative stability of fish oil or fish oil + vegetable oil blends was improved the most by addition of 5000 ppm rosemary extract and 500 ppm mixed tocopherols. A commercial oil blend with composition optimized based on the results of this study performed better than other commercial marine oils tested.Practical applications: In some commercial oil blends for pets, a high level of vegetable oils is included in order to increase oxidative stability. In this study, vegetable oils are included at 30% level. At this level of vegetable oil inclusion, the omega‐3 EPA and DHA content of the blends is at least 21% of total fatty acids for both fish and tuna oil based blends. In this study we wanted to examine, whether we could reduce the level of vegetable oil inclusion without compromising oxidative stability. This study demonstrates how the oxidative stability of omega‐3 PUFA formulations for pets can be improved by combining fish oil with vegetable oils and by adding an antioxidant blend consisting of high concentrations of rosemary extract and tocopherol. The results are also of relevance to the manufacturers of dietary supplements.

Transfer Omega-3 Melalui Kapsulisasi dan L-Karnitin Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kandungan Asam Lemak Daging dan Sate Kambing

<p><em>The objective of this study were to find out and to compare the effect of supplementation of L-carnitine and tuna fish oil and lemuru fish oil on fatty acid saturated, fatty acid non saturated concentration and peroksida, TBA number.</em></p><p><em> The materials used were 20 male PE (Peranakan Etawah) goats of 2 until 3 month old and 15.5-23.5 kilogram body weight. The feedstuff used were wild grass, yellow corn, rice bran, soy bean meal, coconut meal, mineral premix. L-carnitine, tuna fish oil and lemuru fish oil. The method of the research was experimental in vivo using Completely Randomized Blok Design. There were 4 treatments in each treatment and 5 replication. Treatment consisted of P<sub>0</sub>= control ration, P<sub>1</sub>=P<sub>0</sub> +L-carnitine 50 ppm, P<sub>2</sub>=P<sub>1</sub> + tuna fish oil 5 ml or equal with 4% in the ration, and P<sub>3</sub>=P<sub>1</sub>+ lemuru fish oil 5 ml or equal with 4% in the ration. The variables measuared fatty acid saturated, fatty acid non saturated concentration and peroksida number..</em></p><p><em> The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of supplementation of tuna fish oil and lemuru fish oil (P<sub>2 </sub>and P<sub>3</sub>) in the rations contain 50 ppm L-carnitine were significantly (P<0.01) on faty acid saturated, faty acid non saturated concentration and peroksida number.</em></p><p><em>The conclusion of this research shows that the supplementation of 50 ppm L-carnitine, tuna and lemuru fish oil 5ml that was equal to 4% in goat rations can incrase non saturated fatty acid from 59,74 to 67,36%, than to decreased saturated fatty acid from 40,26 to 32,64 %. Proces burned of meat goat to increase peroxida from 0.1437 until 0.1615 miliequivalen/kg and malonaldehyde from 1,807 until 2,440 mg/kg then to decrease concentration omega-3 fatty acid from 5,957 until 5,945%.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Key words : saturated fatty acid, non saturated fatty acid , L-carnitine, tuna, lemuru fish oils</em><em></em></p>

Transfer Omega-3 Melalui Kapsulisasi dan L-Karnitin Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kandungan Asam Lemak Daging dan Sate Kambing

<p><em>The objective of this study were to find out and to compare the effect of supplementation of L-carnitine and tuna fish oil and lemuru fish oil on fatty acid saturated, fatty acid non saturated concentration and peroksida, TBA number.</em></p><p><em> The materials used were 20 male PE (Peranakan Etawah) goats of 2 until 3 month old and 15.5-23.5 kilogram body weight. The feedstuff used were wild grass, yellow corn, rice bran, soy bean meal, coconut meal, mineral premix. L-carnitine, tuna fish oil and lemuru fish oil. The method of the research was experimental in vivo using Completely Randomized Blok Design. There were 4 treatments in each treatment and 5 replication. Treatment consisted of P<sub>0</sub>= control ration, P<sub>1</sub>=P<sub>0</sub> +L-carnitine 50 ppm, P<sub>2</sub>=P<sub>1</sub> + tuna fish oil 5 ml or equal with 4% in the ration, and P<sub>3</sub>=P<sub>1</sub>+ lemuru fish oil 5 ml or equal with 4% in the ration. The variables measuared fatty acid saturated, fatty acid non saturated concentration and peroksida number..</em></p><p><em> The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of supplementation of tuna fish oil and lemuru fish oil (P<sub>2 </sub>and P<sub>3</sub>) in the rations contain 50 ppm L-carnitine were significantly (P<0.01) on faty acid saturated, faty acid non saturated concentration and peroksida number.</em></p><p><em>The conclusion of this research shows that the supplementation of 50 ppm L-carnitine, tuna and lemuru fish oil 5ml that was equal to 4% in goat rations can incrase non saturated fatty acid from 59,74 to 67,36%, than to decreased saturated fatty acid from 40,26 to 32,64 %. Proces burned of meat goat to increase peroxida from 0.1437 until 0.1615 miliequivalen/kg and malonaldehyde from 1,807 until 2,440 mg/kg then to decrease concentration omega-3 fatty acid from 5,957 until 5,945%.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Key words : saturated fatty acid, non saturated fatty acid , L-carnitine, tuna, lemuru fish oils</em><em></em></p>

One‐Step Concentration of Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids from Tuna Oil by Low‐Temperature Crystallization

AbstractHighly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n‐3 and 22:5n‐6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3), play an important role in human health and nutrition. In this study, concentration of HUFA in free fatty acids (FFA) form by low‐temperature crystallization was investigated. For this purpose, tuna oil (7.1% EPA, 26.8% DHA) was first converted into corresponding FFA. Subsequently, crystallization conditions of various solvent types, the ratio of FFA to acetonitrile, operation temperature and crystallization time were optimized at a small scale of 2 g tuna oil fatty acids. Taking purity and yield into account, the optimum conditions were a 1:10 ratio of FFA to acetonitrile (w/v), −60 °C, and 1 h. The optimal conditions resulted in concentrations of EPA, DHA and HUFA of 15.1, 58.4 and 79.6%, respectively, with corresponding yields of 61.5, 61.8 and 60.7%, respectively. Crystallization was carried out under the optimal conditions at a large scale of 200 g tuna oil FFA, and a similar concentration result was achieved. After evaporating away the solvent, the residual amount of acetonitrile met the US Pharmacopoeia requirement of <410 ppm. The process for enrichment of HUFA is readily scalable, effective and time‐saving.

In-vitro digestion of probiotic bacteria and omega-3 oil co-microencapsulated in whey protein isolate-gum Arabic complex coacervates.

Solid co-microcapsules of omega-3 rich tuna oil and probiotic bacteria L. casei were produced using whey protein isolate-gum Arabic complex coacervate as wall material. The in-vitro digestibility of the co-microcapsules and microcapsules was studied in terms of survival of L. casei and release of oil in sequential exposure to simulated salivary, gastric and intestinal fluids. Co-microencapsulation significantly increased the survival and surface hydrophobicity and the ability of L. casei to adhere to the intestinal wall. No significant difference in the assimilative reduction of cholesterol was observed between the microencapsulated and co-microencapsulated L. casei. The pattern of release of oil from the microcapsules and co-microcapsules was similar. However, the content of total chemically intact omega-3 fatty acids was higher in the oil released from co-microcapsules than the oil released from microcapsules. The co-microencapsulation can deliver bacterial cells and omega-3 oil to human intestinal system with less impact on functional properties.

An Improved Enzymatic Indirect Method for Simultaneous Determinations of 3-MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in Fish Oils.

The enzymatic indirect method for simultaneous determinations of 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD-Es) and glycidyl fatty acid esters (Gly-Es) make use of lipase from Candida cylindracea (previously referred to as C. rugosa). Because of low substrate specificity of the lipase for esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), fish oils high in PUFAs are currently excluded from the range of application of the method. The objective of this study was to make the enzymatic indirect method applicable to fats and oils containing PUFAs. By using a Burkholderia cepacia lipase, and by removing sodium bromide from hydrolysis step and adding it after completion of the hydrolysis step, satisfactory recovery rates of 91-109% for 3-MCPD, and 91-110% for glycidol (Gly) were obtained from an EPA and DHA concentrated sardine oil, three DHA concentrated tuna oils, two fish oils, and five fish-oil based dietary supplements spiked with DHA-esters or oleic acid-esters of 3-MCPD and Gly at 20 mg/kg. Further, results from unspiked samples of seven fish oil based dietary supplements and five DHA concentrated tuna oils analyzed by the improved enzymatic indirect method were compared with the results analyzed by AOCS Cd 29a. For all 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD and Gly, the 95% confidence intervals determined by the weighted Deming regression for slopes and intercepts contained the value of 1 and 0, respectively. It was therefore concluded that the results from the two methods were not statistically different. These results suggest that fish oils high in PUFAs may be included in the range of application for the improved enzymatic indirect method for simultaneous determinations of 3-MCPD and Gly esters in fats and oils.

Tuna oil and Mentha piperita oil emulsions and microcapsules stabilised by whey protein isolate and inulin: characterisation and stability

SummaryWhey protein isolate (WPI) and its polysaccharide complexes have been widely used to prepare oil‐in‐water emulsions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the emulsions and spray‐dried microcapsules containing tuna oil and/or mint oil and stabilised by combination of WPI with inulin in terms of physicochemical characteristics and storage stability. Stable emulsions were formed before drying. Tuna oil + Mentha piperita oil emulsions had smaller viscosity, surface tension and size than did tuna oil emulsions. Surface morphology showed that spray‐dried microcapsules were spheres but had many dents and apparent shrinkage. During storage, tuna oil and tuna oil + M. piperita oil microcapsules became larger. In the blend oil microcapsules, menthone was reduced to form menthol, loss of DHA and EPA was slightly less, the degree of oxidation characterised using peroxide value and headspace propanal was less but basically greater than half of that of WTI microcapsules.

Intake of Total Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic Acid Associated with Increased Gestational Length and Improved Cognitive Performance at 1 Year of Age

Background: Maternal omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (n-3 DHA) intake during pregnancy and/or lactation has been positively associated with infant growth and cognitive development. However, the majority of studies have not examined the effect of supplementing mothers with n-3 DHA during both pregnancy and lactation and fail to account for total maternal n-3 DHA intake. Aims: To determine the effect of increasing n-3 DHA intake during pregnancy and lactation on infant neurocognitive development in the first year of life. Study Design: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled design was used. Subjects: 115 pregnant women were randomized to receive purified tuna oil supplement containing 300 mg of n-3 DHA and 67 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) per day or an identical placebo (Sunola Oil) for the last trimester of pregnancy through the first 3 months of lactation. Outcome Measures: Neurocognitive development was measured using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III at 4 and 12 months of age. Gestational length was determined sing the LMP method. Results: Infants born to mothers with >600 mg n-3 DHA/day showed significantly higher scores on the 12 month cognitive scale of the BSID-III (p=0.018) compared to infants born to mothers with <300 mg n-3 DHA/day. Infants born to mothers in the n-3 DHA supplement group had an increase of 4.5 days in gestational age (p=0.048) and significantly lower incidence of preterm birth (5%; n=3) compared to infants born to mothers in the control group (18%; n=10; X2=4.97, p=0.026). Conclusions: Maternal intake of ≥600 mg n-3 DHA/day during the third trimester of gestation throughout the first three months of breastfeeding was associated with small but significant increases in gestational length and enhanced neurocognitive performance in infants at 1 year of age. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT02219399 ClinicalTrials.govBackground: Maternal omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (n-3 DHA) intake during pregnancy and/or lactation has been positively associated with infant growth and cognitive development. However, the majority of studies have not examined the effect of supplementing mothers with n-3 DHA during both pregnancy and lactation and fail to account for total maternal n-3 DHA intake. Aims: To determine the effect of increasing n-3 DHA intake during pregnancy and lactation on infant neurocognitive development in the first year of life. Study Design: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled design was used. Subjects: 115 pregnant women were randomized to receive purified tuna oil supplement containing 300 mg of n-3 DHA and 67 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) per day or an identical placebo (Sunola Oil) for the last trimester of pregnancy through the first 3 months of lactation. Outcome Measures: Neurocognitive development was measured using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III at 4 and 12 months of age. Gestational length was determined sing the LMP method. Results: Infants born to mothers with >600 mg n-3 DHA/day showed significantly higher scores on the 12 month cognitive scale of the BSID-III (p=0.018) compared to infants born to mothers with <300 mg n-3 DHA/day. Infants born to mothers in the n-3 DHA supplement group had an increase of 4.5 days in gestational age (p=0.048) and significantly lower incidence of preterm birth (5%; n=3) compared to infants born to mothers in the control group (18%; n=10; X2=4.97, p=0.026). Conclusions: Maternal intake of ≥600 mg n-3 DHA/day during the third trimester of gestation throughout the first three months of breastfeeding was associated with small but significant increases in gestational length and enhanced neurocognitive performance in infants at 1 year of age. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT02219399 ClinicalTrials.gov

Microencapsulated krill and tuna oil blend raises plasma long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels compared to tuna oil with similar increases in ileal contractility in rats

Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) may be more bioavailable from krill oil compared to fish oil due to their phospholipid structure. We tested whether a microencapsulated krill and tuna oil blend (ME-TOKO) provided greater LC n-3 PUFA bioavailability, improved blood lipid profiles and increased intestinal contractility compared to microencapsulated tuna oil (ME-TO). Rats were divided into three groups to receive isocaloric diets containing ME-TO, ME-TOKO and microencapsulated olive oil (ME-OO) at 0.3 or 2 g/100 g for 4 weeks. Final body and organ weights, feed intake and waste output were similar. ME-TOKO rats had higher plasma total LC n-3 PUFA levels compared to ME-TO, but liver LC n-3 PUFA levels and plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels were similar in non-fasted rats. Diets containing 2% ME-TO and ME-TOKO also showed similar increases in ileal contractility. In summary, ME-TO bioavailability of LC n-3 PUFA was similar to ME-TOKO.

Validation of the Biofish-300 HIS Enzymatic Biosensor for the Detection of Histamine in Fishery Products.

The Biofish-300 HIS method is a simple, reliable, and specific enzymatic biosensor for the detection of histamine. This technology is highly specific and selective and allows quantification of histamine in fishery products (fresh/frozen and processed) in a short time frame (2-3 min). Histamine in raw tuna, raw mackerel, raw sardine, raw anchovy, boiled tuna, canned tuna in water, canned tuna in oil, canned mackerel in tomato sauce, canned pickled sardine, and canned salted anchovy was analyzed using a water-based extract. Matrix-specific assay procedures and calibration curves were used to enable analyses to be carried out across multiple sample types. The performance of this assay was examined using samples that were naturally contaminated (reference materials and interlaboratory studies) and spiked with histamine. All data were judged against previously established acceptance criteria. Performance measures were evaluated for linearity, selectivity, matrix, lot consistency, and robustness. Results produced in all performance measures, except robustness, were within acceptable ranges. Out-of-range robustness results reflected deviation in sample volume compared to the standard assay procedures. Positive interferences from the presence of agmatine were shown.

Preliminary Validation of a High Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and α-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Dietary Oil Blend: Tissue Fatty Acid Composition and Liver Proteome Response in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Smolts.

Marine oils are important to human nutrition as the major source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a key omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) that is low or lacking in terrestrial plant or animal oils. The inclusion of fish oil as main source of n-3 LC-PUFA in aquafeeds is mostly limited by the increasing price and decreasing availability. Fish oil replacement with cheaper terrestrial plant and animal oils has considerably reduced the content of n-3 LC-PUFA in flesh of farmed Atlantic salmon. Novel DHA-enriched oils with high alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content will be available from transgenic oilseeds plants in the near future as an alternative for dietary fish oil replacement in aquafeeds. As a preliminary validation, we formulated an oil blend (TOFX) with high DHA and ALA content using tuna oil (TO) high in DHA and the flaxseed oil (FX) high in ALA, and assessed its ability to achieve fish oil-like n-3 LC-PUFA tissue composition in Atlantic salmon smolts. We applied proteomics as an exploratory approach to understand the effects of nutritional changes on the fish liver. Comparisons were made between fish fed a fish oil-based diet (FO) and a commercial-like oil blend diet (fish oil + poultry oil, FOPO) over 89 days. Growth and feed efficiency ratio were lower on the TOFX diet. Fish muscle concentration of n-3 LC-PUFA was significantly higher for TOFX than for FOPO fish, but not higher than for FO fish, while retention efficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA was promoted by TOFX relative to FO. Proteomics analysis revealed an oxidative stress response indicative of the main adaptive physiological mechanism in TOFX fish. While specific dietary fatty acid concentrations and balances and antioxidant supplementation may need further attention, the use of an oil with a high content of DHA and ALA can enhance tissue deposition of n-3 LC-PUFA in relation to a commercially used oil blend.

Combined Urea Complexation and Argentated Silica Gel Column Chromatography for Concentration and Separation of PUFAs from Tuna Oil: Based on Improved DPA Level

AbstractEicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) isomers (22:5n‐6 and 22:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) derived from tuna oil were concentrated by three stages of urea fractionation at various crystallization temperatures and different fatty acid/urea ratios. Thereafter, polyunsaturated fatty acids concentrate containing comparatively enriched DPA levels was purified by argentated silica gel column chromatography. A product containing 22.2 ± 0.6 % EPA, 4.6 ± 0.0 % DPAn‐6, 5.9 ± 0.1 % DPAn‐3 and 42.3 ± 1.2 % DHA was obtained at 1:1.6 fatty acid/urea ratio (w/w) by crystallization at −8 °C for 16 h, −20 °C for 8 h, and −8 °C for 16 h. A DPA isomer concentrate containing 26.1 ± 0.5 % DPAn‐6 and 22.3 ± 0.4 % DPAn‐3 was achieved by argentated silica gel chromatography in the 6 % acetone/n‐hexane solvent fraction (v/v), and the recovery of both fatty acids was 66.1 ± 3.2 and 70.7 ± 2.2 %, respectively. Furthermore, 91.9 ± 2.5 % EPA and 99.5 ± 2.1 % DHA with recoveries of 47.8 ± 2.0 and 56.7 ± 3.3 %, respectively, were obtained in various fractions.