Abstract
Our previous work indicated that a mixture of tuna oil and algae oil treatment in male mice effectively relieved D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging and resulted in gut microbiota alterations, and that the best anti-aging effects were observed for a tuna oil to algae oil ratio of 1:2. However, the possibility of a sex-based difference in the anti-aging effect of the tuna oil and algae oil mixture or gut microbiota variation, has rarely been investigated. In this study, the anti-aging effect of an oil mixture (1:2) in male and female mice was measured, and oil treatment improved the learning and cognition of mice that were damaged by D-gal, increased the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes, and decreased the level of MDA, which acted as a hallmark of oxidative damage to lipids. Male mice showed better anti-aging effects than female mice with a specific oil mixture ratio, and the clinical drug donepezil showed a similar or better effect on aging alleviation than oil treatments in both sexes. On the other hand, the same oil treatment led to different gut microbiota composition alterations in male and female mice. Redundancy analysis (RDA) identified 31 and 30 key operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the male and female mice, respectively, and only three of these OTUs overlapped. Moreover, the abundance of Lactobacillus and several probiotic-like butyric acid producers was higher in male mice than in female mice, whereas the abundance of some inflammation-related genera, such as Clostridium XlVa, was lower in male mice. In conclusion, this study indicated the sex-based differences related to the anti-aging effects of tuna oil and algae oil treatment are accompanied by sex-based differences in gut microbiota modulation.
Highlights
At present, the number of aging people with nervous system defects is increasing
Our study indicated that the sex-based differences related to the anti-aging effects of tuna oil and algae oil treatment are accompanied by sex-based differences in gut microbiota modulation
The results suggest that both donepezil and oil treatments improved spatial memory and learning ability in the D-gal treatment group, whereas the donepezil treatment showed more similar Morris water maze (MWM) test results to the control group than the oil treatments
Summary
The number of aging people with nervous system defects is increasing. There is growing evidence that aging is mainly associated with cognitive impairment in the absence of neurological conditions and comes with an accelerated risk of neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease, due to complex interactions between the environment, lifestyleSex Difference in Gut Microbiota and genes. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and accumulating evidence indicated that DHA and EPA treatments will inhibit Aβ generation, suppressed apoptosis, down-regulated inflammatory response, improved neurotrophic activity, and ameliorate memory and cognitive function (Che et al, 2018). The DHA, EPA and arachidonic acid (AA) are regarded as the key factors for anti-ageing effects. They induced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and their derivatives (4-hydroxyhexenal and 4-hydroxynonenal) activated the Nrf pathway and protected neurons against oxidative stress (Wu et al, 2004; Chen et al, 2005)
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