Tulip Research Articles

Mobility of сarbohydrates in tulip bulbs

Quantitative determination of carbohydrates in Tulip bulbs by spectrophotometry using a method that allows determining the content of monosaccharides, soluble oligosaccharides and starch in a single sample was conducted. The mobility of carbohydrates within the Tulip bulb in conditions of forcing and growing in the open ground is demonstrated.

Inventory of some Tulipa species from Uzbekistan using DNA barcoding

Climate fluctuations in the Quaternary period in significantly influenced the evolution and distribution of plants, which caused to a serious genetic effects and speciation activity [1]. Thus, Central Asia is distinguished by a wide variety of flora, including 9520 species, while 20% are endemics [2]. Great phenotypic diversity of the wild flora in Uzbekistan, numbering about 4400 species of vascular plants is determined by the peculiar climatic conditions, a variety of zoning, altitudinal zones [3]. At the same time, being one of the centers of early diversification of monocotyledonous geophytes, taxonomically complex representatives of this group are not sufficiently involved in phylogenetic studies. This study is a pilot study of the flora of Uzbekistan using DNA barcoding method, that based on sequencing of phylogenetically significant sequences. Four plastid (rbcL, psbA-trnH, matK, trnL-F) and one nuclear (ITS) markers were used for species identification of the genus Tulipa. The results of molecular phylogenetic analysis for 15 species of Tulipa (Liliaceae) using the marker sequence encoding ITS fragment are presented. The successful usefulness of DNA technology for genetic inventory has been demonstrated.

Study of biomorphological features of tulips (Tulipa L.) in the forcing crop

Relevance. Morphological features of 10 sorts of tulips in the conditions of early-spring forcing explored. An assessment of the influence of tulip bulb preplanting on the rate of plant growth and development as well as final product yield (cut flowers) taken. Material and methods. 10 varieties of tulips of early and middle-early flowering period: Algarve (DHT), Аvocado (TT), Crispion Sweet (FT), Davenport (FT), Destination (TT), Double Price (DVT), Luba (TT), Surrender (TT), Largo (DVT) и Snowboard (TT) were selected as objects of study. Country of origin - Netherlands. Before planting one part of tulip bulbs were completely peeled of cover scale and the other part were left unpeeled. Each variant of bulb preparation for bedding were evaluated by growth and development rate of plants, as well as the number of cut flowers on the plot. During the growing season, we studied the following morphological characteristics: plant height, flower diameter, flower height, number of leaves. Results. Studies conducted have found that all varieties under research are suitable to early spring forcing and they differ in decorativeness and fully correspond to saleable quality standards. It was found out that in case of complete removing of cover scale, the tulip bulbs root faster, start to bloom faster and give much higher percentage of flowering plants in the plots in comparison with unpeeled samples.

Characterization of tulip streak virus, a novel virus associated with the family Phenuiviridae.

In Japan, tulip-growing areas have been plagued by viral diseases for decades, but the viruses causing the damage remain undescribed. In this study, Nicotiana benthamiana and Chenopodium quinoa plants mechanically inoculated with crude sap from a symptomatic tulip flower exhibited necrosis symptoms. Additionally, flexuous and filamentous virus particles were detected by electron microscopy analysis. Moreover, we determined the complete sequences of two genomic segments of the tulip streak virus (TuSV), which is a new virus associated with streaking symptoms, on the basis of a next-generation sequencing analysis. Homology analyses of the amino acid sequence of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the terminal sequence of the genomic RNA indicated that TuSV is associated with viruses in the family Phenuiviridae, but differs substantially from other reported viruses.

Efficacy of different primers on growth and yield of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.)

Tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) is an important and highly valuable flower of the cut flower industry. The most critical step in its cultivation is to break dormancy in order to initiate the growth, especially in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Therefore, the current research was conducted to break bulb dormancy and foster the growth of tulip in Potohar region with the help of different primers. The objective of this study was the selection of best primer at appropriate concentration level to enhance growth, yield and vase life of the flower. Tulip bulbs were treated with different primers: T0 (distilled water), T1 (chitosan @ 5 g/L), T2 (gibberellic acid @ 0.15 g/L), T3 (humic acid 160 g/L), T4 (imidacloprid 19 g/L) and T5 (salicylic acid 0.1 g/L) for 24 hours, respectively. The experiment was laid out using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Statistical results revealed that characteristics including early germination, plant height, number of leaves, stalk length, fresh and dry weight of flower, weight of bulbs, diameter of bulbs and number of daughter bulbs were significantly increased in T2. Whereas, leaf area, diameter of stem and flower was maximum in T0. Plants under T3 showed an increase in chlorophyll content of leaves. While floral characteristics like early formation and opening of flower bud, more number of flowers and vase life were improved in T1. Thus, statistical results showed that priming can effectively help to improve morpho-physiological attributes of tulip.

Biodiversity status of Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Iran inferred from molecular characterization

Here, we used data generated from amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to address the biodiversity status and taxonomic relationships among 47 wild accessions representing 9 species of the genus Tulipa in Iran. A high level of genetic diversity within the genus was observed; the most distant taxa were T. humilis and T. schrenkii, while the highest degree of similarity was found between T. montana and T. biflora. Twelve AFLP primer sets amplified 342 fragments, of which 304 were polymorphic (88.1%). The average number of polymorphic bands per AFLP primer pair was 28.5. A hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out on the genetic profile of the taxa, and the results mostly reconfirmed the recognized taxonomy of the genus. However, we found evidence for recognition of a new subgenus for T. biebersteiniana.

Isolation of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus from imported plant bulbs in Japan and the effect of fungicide treatment.

Increasing numbers of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (ARAf) in the environment have become a global public health issue. We surveyed tulip bulbs that were imported from the Netherlands and found that 6.3–15.8% of bulbs were contaminated by ARAf with a tandem-repeat mutation in the promoter region of the cyp51A gene. We also showed that fungicide treatment of the tulip bulbs by benomyl or prochloraz effectively reduced the rate of isolation. This is the first report demonstrating a method of eliminating human fungal pathogens from plant bulbs.

Lanthanum Prolongs Vase Life of Cut Tulip Flowers by Increasing Water Consumption and Concentrations of Sugars, Proteins and Chlorophylls

We evaluated the effect of separately adding two sources of lanthanum (La), LaCl3 and La(NO3)3 × 6H2O at a concentration of 40 µM each, to the preservative solution of 15 cut tulip flower varieties. Ascorbic acid (AsA; 0.2 g/L) was used as a reference solution, while distilled water was used as control. The variety Laura Fygi recorded the longest vase life with 13 days. The highest water consumption per gram of stem fresh biomass weight (FBW) (2.5 mL) was observed in the variety Violet Beauty, whereas the lowest (1.098 mL) was recorded in Pink Impression. At the end of the vase life period, higher concentrations of total soluble sugars in petals and total soluble proteins in leaves were recorded in La-treated stems, compared to the AsA treatment and the control. Additionally, La(NO3)3 × 6H2O supply increased the fresh weight of stems in vase and prolonged vase life. Moreover, this treatment resulted in the highest foliar concentration of chlorophylls at the end of vase life. Therefore, La increases tulip flower vase life as a consequence of improving the concentrations of some vital biomolecules.

Identification of tuliposide G, a novel glucoside ester-type tuliposide, and its distribution in tulip.

Tuliposides (Pos) are major defensive secondary metabolites in tulip (genus Tulipa), having 4-hydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyl and/or (3S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyl groups at the C-1 and/or C-6 positions of d-glucose. The acyl group at the C-6 position is converted to antimicrobial lactones, tulipalins, by tuliposide-converting enzymes (TCEs). In the course of a survey of tulip tissue extracts to identify novel Pos, we found a minute high-performance liquid chromatography peak that disappeared following the action of a TCE, and whose retention time differed from those of known Pos. Spectroscopic analyses of the purified compound, as well as its enzymatic degradation products, revealed its structure as 5″-O-(6-O-(4'-hydroxy-2'-methylenebutanoyl))-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(2″R)-2″-hydroxymethyl-4″-butyrolactone, which is a novel glucoside ester-type Pos. We gave this compound the trivial name 'tuliposide G' (PosG). PosG accumulated in bulbs, at markedly lower levels than 6-PosA (the major Pos in bulbs), but was not found in any other tissues. Quantification of PosG in bulbs of 52 types of tulip, including 30 cultivars (Tulipa gesneriana) and 22 wild Tulipa spp., resulted in the detection of PosG in 28 cultivars, while PosG was present only in three wild species belonging to the subgenus Tulipa, the same subgenus to which tulip cultivars belong, suggesting the potential usefulness of PosG as a chemotaxonomic marker in tulip.

Distribution and Current State of Rare and Endangered Tulips (Liliaceae) Arid Zones of Uzbekistan

Central Asia is considered to be the primary center of origin and diversity for the genus Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). The article considers the species of rare and endemic Tulipa L. species in the arid regions of Uzbekistan. There are nine registered species of the genus Tulipa. In the course of the study, the demographic indicators of the modern population of 39 populations were evaluated. 39 populations of the studied species were identified, most of which grow in the composition of the wormwood formations characteristic of the Turanian floristic province.

Where tulips and crocuses are popular food snacks: Kurdish traditional foraging reveals traces of mobile pastoralism in Southern Iraqi Kurdistan

BackgroundIraqi Kurdistan is a special hotspot for bio-cultural diversity and for investigating patterns of traditional wild food plant foraging, considering that this area was the home of the first Neolithic communities and has been, over millennia, a crossroad of different civilizations and cultures. The aim of this ethnobotanical field study was to cross-culturally compare the wild food plants traditionally gathered by Kurdish Muslims and those gathered by the ancient Kurdish Kakai (Yarsan) religious group and to possibly better understand the human ecology behind these practices.MethodsTwelve villages were visited and 123 study participants (55 Kakai and 68 Muslim Kurds) were interviewed on the specific topic of the wild food plants they currently gather and consume.ResultsThe culinary use of 54 folk wild plant taxa (corresponding to 65 botanical taxa) and two folk wild mushroom taxa were documented. While Kakais and Muslims do share a majority of the quoted food plants and also their uses, among the plant ingredients exclusively and commonly quoted by Muslims non-weedy plants are slightly preponderant. Moreover, more than half of the overall recorded wild food plants are used raw as snacks, i.e. plant parts are consumed on the spot after their gathering and only sometimes do they enter into the domestic arena. Among them, it is worth mentioning the consumption of raw wild crocus corms, also still common in Turkish Kurdistan and that of wild tulip bulbs, which was documented to be popular until the beginning of the twentieth century in the Middle East. Comparison with other ethnobotanical field studies recently conducted among surrounding populations has shown that Kurds tend to gather and consume the largest number of non-weedy wild vegetables.ConclusionThe collected data indicate robust traces of nomadic pastoralism in Kurdish traditional foraging. This finding confirms that studies on wild food plant gathering in the Fertile Crescent and Turco-Arabic-Iranic regions of the Middle East are crucial for understanding the possible evolution of wild food plant gathering through history within the post-Neolithic continuum between pastoralism and horticulturalism.

RED BOWL-SHAPED FLOWERS: CONVERGENCE FOR BEETLE POLLINATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION

ABSTRACT Anemone coronaria, Papaver rhoeas, Ranunculus asiaticus, and Tulipa agenensis are pollinated primarily by scarabaeid beetles (Amphicoma, Glaphyridae) and secondarily by bees (Lasioglossum marginatum Br., Halictidae, and Synhalonia plumigera Kohl, Anthophoridae). The four plant species have large bowl-shaped flowers which are orange-red in color with a black center, radial symmetry, weak scent (to humans), and filamentous stamens. It is suggested that there is a convergent evolution of red bowl-shaped flowers in the East Mediterranean region, concordant with a center of diversity in the genus Amphicoma. The floral phenology of these “Poppy guild” species correlated positively with the amount of edible pollen produced by each of them and with the visiting frequencies of their pollinators. Field experiments showed that Amphicoma beetles also preferred red, odorless flower models over odorless models of different colors, and models with a dark center over plain red ones. This evidence extends the cla...

Causes of decline in the Japanese tulip bulb industry

Causes of decline in the Japanese tulip bulb industry

A contribution to the taxonomic delimitation of Tulipa armena (Liliaceae) and a key to the Iranian species

During the preparation of the treatment of the genus Tulipa for the Flora of Iran, a problem was encountered in the delimitation of species linked to T. schrenkii by previous authors. These include the taxa T. armena, T. faribae and T. gesneriana sensu Hall, which are similar in tunic hairiness and perianth size and colour. The most important herbaria of Iran were visited and the species of the genus were studied in the field during excursions to different parts of Iran. Based on available materials, including herbarium specimens, type specimens photographs and comparison with descriptions, the following results were obtained. T. schrenkii was not found in Iran, although previously recorded in the Flora Iranica. T. armena is recognized from Iran and is well distributed there. The taxa previously recognized as T. faribae and T. gesneriana sensu Hall cannot be distinguished from T. armena and the later name T. faribae thus becomes a synonym. A key is provided to the twelve species recognized for Iran.

The effect of the term of mulching and herbicides spraying on ‘Foxtrot’ tulip flowering and bulbs yield

The experiment studied the effect of various mulching terms of ‘Foxtrot’ tulips with wheat straw in combination with spraying of plantations with herbicides using various doses and different amounts of working liquid. The mulch was laid out just after planting and after the soil had frozen. The experiment included combinations, in which the mulch was left until the end of the growing season or removed in spring. Spraying with single (linuron 675 g·ha–1 + lenacyl 1000 g·ha–1) or double herbicide dose (linuron 1350 g·ha–1 + lenacyl 2000 g·ha–1) was made before covering the soil with mulch and also on mulch – two weeks after planting the bulbs, or in the spring after thawing the soil. Volumes of 300 dm3 and 600 dm3 of working liquid were used for spraying. Tulips covered with mulch bloomed 2–3 days later and formed longer shoots as compared to non-mulched ones. The highest yield of marketable bulbs and the first-selection ones was obtained from tulips mulched immediately after planting and sprayed 2 weeks later with herbicides used in a single dose of 600 dm3 of a working liquid. Mulching of tulips after soil freezing and removal of mulch in spring adversely affects the number and weight of commercial bulbs. The lowest yield was obtained in combinations, in which the mulch was not used. The use of additional nitrogen fertilization before laying out the mulch did not affect the yield of tulips. Herbicides can be used both before mulching and after covering the plantation with mulch. It is not necessary to increase the dose of the agent and the amount of water.

Effects of Nitrogen Fixing and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on Plant Development, Number of Bulb, Quality of Bulb of Some Tulip Cultivars

Objective: This study was under taken to determine the effects of nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on plant development, number of bulb and quality of bulb of some tulip cultivars. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in open field conditions, in 2013. Pink Impression, Blue Aimable and Golden Parade varieties of Tulipa gesneriana L. were used as plant materials. Tulip bulbs were inoculated by four different bacterial formulations comprising Pantoea agglomerans RK-79, Pantoea agglomerans RK-92, Bacillus megaterium TV-91C, Bacillus subtilis TV-17C, Bacillus megaterium TV-3D, Paenibacillus polymyxa TV-12E, Bacillus megaterium TV-6D, Pseudomonas putida TV-42A bacteria strains. Results: According to research results, significant results were determined based on among the applications and varieties. According to applications, average maximum number mother bulbs was obtained from cultivar of Golden Parade while average maximum number bulblet was observed in Blue Aimable cultivar. The highest average maximum bulbet was obtained from formulation C application in Blue Aimable cultivar. Conclusion: As a result of the study, it has been concluded that the bacterial formulation applications especially formulation C (RK-79 + RK-92 + TV-3D + TV-12E) application increased in the number of bulbs and quality of the cultivars.

Azot Fikseri ve Fosfat Çözücü Bakterilerin Lale Çeşitlerinin Gelişimi ve Soğan Üretimine Etkisi

Objective: This study was under taken to determine the effects of nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on plant development, number of bulb and quality of bulb of some tulipcultivars.Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in open field conditions, in 2013. Pink Impression, Blue Aimable and Golden Parade varieties of Tulipa gesneriana L. were used as plant materials. Tulip bulbs were inoculated by four different bacterial formulations comprising Pantoea agglomerans RK-79, Pantoea agglomerans RK-92, Bacillus megaterium TV-91C, Bacillus subtilis TV-17C, Bacillus megaterium TV-3D, Paenibacillus polymyxa TV-12E, Bacillus megaterium TV-6D, Pseudomonas putida TV-42A bacteria strains.Results: According to research results, significant results were determined based on among the applications and varieties. According to applications, average maximum number mother bulbs was obtained from cultivar of Golden Parade while average maximum number bulblet was observed in Blue Aimable cultivar. The highest average maximum bulbet was obtained from formulation C application in Blue Aimable cultivar.Conclusion: As a result of the study, it has been concluded that the bacterial formulation applications especially formulation C (RK-79 + RK-92 + TV-3D + TV-12E) application increased inthe number of bulbs and quality of the cultivars.

Development of root system of flowers under the influence of growth regulators produced on the basic of heterylcarboxylic acids

The positive effect of growth regulators made on the basis of heterocarboxylic acids of sodium (potassium) salts on the growth and development of the root system of Saintpaulia (Uzumbar violet) has been shown. It has been established that the new growth regulators accelerate the growth and development of the root system of Saintpaulia. This allows us to conclude that the plants will take root better and will be stronger. As for the tulip bulbs, they developed according to the norm, but no significant growth has been observed, but they were well and quickly enough to bend and bloom. Key words: tulips, bulbs, Saintpaulia, Uzumbar violet, growth regulators, heterocarboxylic acids.

Resolution of blood group discrepancy and transfusion support to a nontransfusion-dependent thalassemia patient with anti-C and anti-N alloantibodies

Nontransfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT) patients generally do not require regular blood transfusion, but may be transfused before surgery. Blood group discrepancy exists when forward grouping and reverse grouping do not match. Pretransfusion testing includes ABO/Rh typing, antibody screening, and cross-matching. Forward grouping and reverse grouping were done using monoclonal anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D (Tulip Diagnostics, Goa, India) and in-house prepared 5% A, B, and O cell by conventional tube test method, respectively. Antibody screening and identification were done using 3-cell panel and 11-cell panel (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, USA), respectively. In our case, we found a discrepancy in reverse grouping and incompatibility due to anti-c and anti-N alloantibodies. Three units of O positive, c and N antigen negative blood units were transfused to this patient. The patient was also managed by hematinics, antibiotic, and bed rest. Antiglobulin cross-matching must be done in all types of compatibility testing of RBC units. Rh and K phenotype-matched PRBC reduced the chances of alloimmunization. Proper coordination between the physician and specialist in transfusion medicine is required in case of alloantibody formation.

Comparative Study on the Effect of Insect Infestation by Aphid and Thrips on some Morphological Characteristics of Tulip Flowers under Glasshouse Conditions

Experiments were carried out to study the comparison between the effects of insect infestation by the aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Homoptera : Aphididae) and thrips, Thrips tabaci Lind.(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on some morphological characteristics of tulip (Tulipa sp. Fam. Liliaceae) flowers under glasshouse conditions at two locations (governorates) Cairo Governorate and Giza Governorate throughout 2017-2018 seasons. Morphological characteristics which studied were: color of the flower, number of the petals per flower, the flower diameter, the weight of the flower, the stem length, vase life and annual production. Results showed that the infestation by aphid and thrips affected all morphological characteristics except the color of the flowers. And the effect of infestation by aphid was more than the effect of infestation by thrips, this is compared to control (tulip flowers which did not infest by the two studied insects). Also, the present study showed that the effect of aphid and thrips infestation concentration on the vascular bundles of the flowers petals, and with the increase in the infestation by the two insects the damage in the vascular bundles increases