Tula Region Research Articles

Предпосылки создания отраслевых индустриальных парков в Тульско-Новомосковской агломерации

The tendencies of the industrial parks formation in the Russian agglomerations are considers in the article. The branch and territorial features of industrial parks foundation in the Tula region are determined on basis of the experience study of the special economic zone (SEZ) «Uzlovaya». The positive influence of the manufacturing SEZ on the branch clusters in agglomerations is confirmed.

Факторы, определяющие необходимость совершенствования системы подготовки спортивных менеджеров в Тульской области

The article presents the main factors determining the need to improve the system of training sports managers. The determining factors we noted were: multi-departmental management structure of the sphere of physical culture and sports, features of management of commercial and budgetary sports organizations, business sphere and marketing, types and methods of providing services, personnel training system, sports industry, construction and operation of physical education, recreation and sports facilities. The active development of the sphere of physical culture and sports in the Tula region requires the rapid provision of this sphere with highly qualified personnel; we have put forward an assumption about solving this problem. In our opinion, the creation of a student-run sports organization on the basis of a university will increase the efficiency of mastering the competencies of a sports manager.

Анализ демографических показателей в Тульском регионе: проблемы и перспективы

The article analyzes the criteria affecting the level of demographic indicators in the Tula region. A comprehensive study of the birth rate in the Tula region for the period from 2002 to 2022 was carried out, using econometric tools, factors influencing the birth rate were selected, a regression model was built, and a forecast was made for the development of the birth rate in the Tula region. The result of the study was the identification and assessment of the significance of factors influencing the birth rate in the Tula region.

Организационные аспекты мониторинга беременных в Тульской области.

In recent decades, there has been an increasing use of modern technologies and information systems in order to increase the accessibility, effectiveness and quality of medical care. The issue of organizing medical care using digital technologies in the Tula region is relevant. The purpose of the study is to determine the main organizational aspects of the work of the situational center of the Tula Regional Perinatal Center named after V. S. Gumilyovskaya for monitoring pregnant women. Materials and methods. The structure and mechanisms of operation of the situational center of the GUZ «TOPTS named after V. S. Gumilyovskaya» are analyzed. Research methods: empirical, analytical, descriptive. Results. The situation center inside the perinatal center represents a new direction, where the collection, visualization and processing of data from various services play a crucial role in optimizing and improving the level of medical care for pregnant women registered in the regional women’s clinics. One of the main pillars is such a division of the perinatal center as the obstetric remote consultation center. In addition to the ADCC, the situation center receives data on the state of the service from the regional information subsystem for monitoring maternity care in the Tula region (RISAR) and reports from the BARS-Web-Vaults information and analytical system. The main visualization tool obtained from all data sources used by the situation center is a component of the information and analytical system of the Situation Center of the Governor of the Tula Region interactive analytical panels with a graphical interface – dashboards. Conclusion. Creation of a situation center in the State Institution «TOPC named after. V. S. Gumilevskaya» is designed to increase the efficiency of the obstetrics and gynecology service in the region through the prism of modern technologies. The combination of modern technologies and medical knowledge in the situation center makes it a relevant tool for improving medical care for pregnant women and newborns, providing medical institutions with solutions based on advanced information technologies and data analytics. The introduction of a situation center made it possible to reduce the number of errors in routing pregnant women at the regional level.

"DIGITAL" TEACHER: NEW ROLES, FUNCTIONS AND COMPETENCES

Background. The development of digital technologies is one of the priority tasks of modern education, a crucial step in improving the quality of learning and teaching and transforming the role of the teacher in the conditions of digitalisation of education. The purpose of the research presented in the article is to describe the qualitative changes in the professional activity of teachers and to consider the "digital" roles and digital competence of teachers based on the data of questionnaire survey of teachers working in profile psycho-pedagogical classes in the city of Tula and Tula region. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the empirical study is the competence approach, in particular, digital competence. The main conceptual documents regulating the development of digital education are the national programme "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation" and the priority project "Modern Digital Educational Environment in the Russian Federation". In the course of the empirical study, the questionnaire method was applied. Results. Theoretical analysis allowed us to state that in modern conditions the professional activity of a teacher undergoes qualitative changes. In the conditions of digitalisation of education, the school needs a multi-profile professional with digital literacy and competence. The questionnaire survey of teachers working in psycho-pedagogical classes conducted in the course of the empirical study revealed the teachers' adherence to the traditional roles of a mentor and an organiser of the learning process and the formation of competencies in the field of integrative activity (a teacher is an integrator of students' knowledge, skills and abilities). The presented analytical and empirical data are based on modern Russian and foreign experience and take into account the specifics of the Tula region.

Формирование психолого-педагогической готовности будущих учителей к профессиональной деятельности в инклюзивном пространстве

<p style="text-align: justify;">Research by domestic and foreign scientists, as well as preliminary diagnostics of school teachers in the Tula region, showed that over 80% of teachers are not ready for professional work in an inclusive environment. Teachers do not know the specifics of conflicts in a situation of inclusion; do not know how to identify indicators of school violence and bullying; do not have the necessary competencies (diagnostic, conflict management, design, psychotherapeutic); are not ready to design a safe environment, have a negative attitude towards students with physical and mental problems, and do not take into account the peculiarities of the national and religious culture of migrant students. We consider a graduate’s readiness for professional activity in an inclusive space as a holistic, integrative professional and personal construct, including cognitive, emotional-value, operational-activity and conative components. The actualization of the problem of developing students’ readiness is associated with an unfavorable prognosis for the mental and physical health of children and adolescents, with an increase in the number of schoolchildren from migrant and refugee families.</p>

Эконометрический анализ инфляционных процессов в Тульской области

The article analyzes the concept of inflation and possible factors that affect it at the regional level. The issues of formation of inflationary processes at the state level are considered. The analysis of statistical data on the inflation rate of the Russian Federation from 2003 to 2023 is carried out. The main factors influencing the inflation rate in the Tula region are highlighted. A study was conducted, during which statistical methods were used — regression and correlation analysis. The result of the study was the identification and assessment of the importance of factors influencing the inflation rate in the Tula region.

The Estimation of Withdrawing and Withdrawn Foreign Companies Contribution in Industries and Regions of Russia

Despite the current relevance of foreign companies’ withdrawal from Russia, there are no significant scientific works on this topic. Some researchers have attempted to assess the scope of foreign companies’ withdrawal from Russia. But similar works on a regional level are almost absent. The article attempts to estimate the shares of foreign companies that announced their withdrawal, suspension of activities, reduction of operations, suspension of investments, as well as those that objectively withdraw and reduced the activities in industries and regions of Russia. Analysis showed that foreign companies that announced their withdrawal accounted for 0.8% of the employees and 2.3% of the revenue of all organizations in the Russian economy, while foreign companies that objectively withdraw accounted for 0.6% and 1.8%. Among the industries, the automotive industry is the most affected. Among the regions, the largest diversified (city of Moscow, Moscow region, city of St. Petersburg), industrial diversified (Republic of Tatarstan, Tula region), automotive (Kaluga, Leningrad and Samara regions), timber processing (Republics of Komi and Karelia, Novgorod region), Sakhalin region are more affected. The most critical situation in terms of risks for the labor market and regional economies is developing in the automotive and timber processing regions.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ПОЖАРНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В ТУЛЬСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В ПОЖАРООПАСНЫЙ ПЕРИОД

The issue of the need to strengthen control over the adoption of measures to ensure fire safety during the fire-hazardous period in the territory of the Tula region is considered. Up-to-date statistical information on fires for 2023 is presented, which makes it possible to identify the main problematic issues in the region. Measures are proposed, compliance with which will improve the effectiveness of the fire safety system in the territory of the subject.

Analysis of the structure of the information field of perception of risk factors for non-communicable diseases

When studying the attitude of the population to saving their own health, the question of the connection between abstract knowledge about the harm caused to health by risk factors and a real understanding of the harm caused by these factors to their own health remains poorly understood.The purpose of this work is to analyze the structure of the information field of the population’s attitude to the impact of FR on health.Materials and methods. The material for the analysis was the results of a sociological survey in three pilot regions of the Russian Federation – Tula Region, Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Crimea. The questionnaire consisted of 33 questions concerning risk factors and their impact on the human body and a block of questions concerning sources of medical information and trust in them. The sample size was 1,718 respondents. The following methods were used: descriptive statistics and the sociological method of questioning. Statistical data processing and reweighing were carried out in the statistical data processing package SPSS22.0. In general, the sampling error in the study does not exceed 1.99% for a confidence level of p<0.1.Results. The study showed that abstract knowledge about the harm of a particular FR in almost all FR is quite high, since it is precisely on them that the efforts of the medical community have been directed in recent decades. Moreover, the highest values are expected to have such factors as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, elevated blood sugar (glucose) and high blood pressure. The level of knowledge of the harm of FR, to which the medical community paid less attention, was expected to be lower. The lowest value is such a FR as a low iodine content in salt, which is consumed in food. An assessment of the relationship of variables such as abstract knowledge of harm about FR and understanding of their harm to one’s body using a two-way T-criterion showed that these variables are completely independent of each other at the significance level p<0.001. This result made us look more closely at the factor structure of the studied field of reality and put forward the assumption of independence of knowledge about the harm caused to the human body by FR and behavioral patterns in relation to FR. As a result of factor analysis of 73 variables, 9 factors were identified: the first and most powerful factor (10.33%) – knowledge of the effect of FR on one’s own health; the second most powerful factor (8.71%) – knowledge of the harm of FR; the third highlighted factor (5.46%) – trust in information sources, which included both trust in the media and trust in TV presenters, popular personalities and trust in the leaders of the region and the city; the fourth highlighted factor (4.67%) is the gender characteristics of the control of the FR by the population; the fifth highlighted factor (4.59%) is the sources of information about the FR; the sixth highlighted factor (4.30%) – age–related features of FR control; the seventh highlighted factor (3.32%) – the use of gadgets to control FR and exercise; the eighth highlighted factor (3.00%) – trust in health workers as a source of information; the ninth highlighted factor (2.59%) – smoking and alcohol consumption.Conclusion. The assessment of the effect of FR on the respondents’ own health in the framework of the conducted study turned out to be significantly lower than abstract knowledge about the harmful effects of these FR. The analysis of the factor structure of the studied field confirmed the validity of such a division of knowledge based on ideas about its various forms – «knowledge in itself» and «knowledge for oneself». The analysis made it possible to formulate a number of conditions for improving the effectiveness of preventive work with the population, including to increase the impact of population prevention: it is necessary to more actively involve the most important sources for the population – medical workers, scientific medical workers and health managers; more fully take into account the gender and age characteristics of audiences in preventive measures; the use of mass media should be preceded by an analysis of the level of trust in them from the target audience; the information messages themselves must first be checked for memorability. Preventive measures should change the personal meanings of specific people in relation to FR and HLS, and not be limited to stating general knowledge about them. The study also allows us to determine the directions for further research of the population’s attitude to the FR and their own health as an interdisciplinary task with the necessary involvement of specialists in medical and general psychology, personality psychology and motivation psychology, as well as sociologists.

Technologies of physical and chemical impact on potato planting material

The paper highlights that it is planned to increase the cultivation area of open ground vegetables and potatoes for ensuring the food security. (Research purpose) This study aims to explore methods and technologies for pre-planting treatment of potatoes. (Materials and methods) The research was conducted in the Tula region where Rannee Utro (Early Morning) and Rokko potato varieties were studied under natural infectious conditions. Various fungicides and biological products containing different active ingredients were applied to protect potatoes. Additionally, the study investigated the eff ects oflow-pressure mercury ultraviolet discharge lamps and magnetic field treatments on the biopotential and pH levels of potatoes. (Results and discussion) The study focuses on enhancing potato yields by applying direct magnetic field exposure before planting and investigates the impact of ultraviolet irradiation on tuber growth and productivity. Signifi cant emphasis was placed on the efficacy of chemical and biological agents in preventing potato scab. The findings show that optimal biometric indicators and potato yields were achieved with a magnetic induction of 30 millitesla. Any deviation from this treatment dose results in reduced biometric indicators and yields, which, however, remain hirer than those of the untreated controls. (Conclusions) The application of fungicidal disinfectants effectively curtails the development of common scab, with the highest efficacy achieved using Rovral Aquafl o 500. Post-treatment with ultraviolet radiation at a dose of 120-240 joules per square meter enhances vegetative growth, productivity, and tuber reproduction rates. The most favorable biometric indicators and yields were observed when a magnetic induction treatment dose of 0.23 joule-seconds per kilogram was applied.

Социально-психологические факторы, влияющие на комплектование подразделений патрульно-постовой службы полиции на региональном уровне: проблемы и пути решения

Relevance. Over the past five years, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has been experiencing an acute shortage of personnel, which has become critical. The personnel shortage is especially acute for police patrol units, and in fact they act as the main means of ensuring proper public order and combating offenses and crime in public places, which is especially important in changing socio-economic conditions. Problem. The outflow rate of employees significantly exceeds the rate of admission in the following regions of the Russian Federation: Tula Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Nizhny Novgorod Region, Vologda Region, Chelyabinsk region. Goal. To analyze the factors influencing the decrease in the staffing of PPSP units at the regional level and carry out their scientific processing, as well as to develop the main directions for improving the organizational and legal mechanism for recruiting police patrol units at the regional level. Methods: scientific analysis, induction, comparison, generalization, classification. Conclusions. According to the results of the study, it was found that at the regional level there are a number of problems in the field of recruitment of combatant units of the PPSP, which have developed against the background of negative socio-economic factors, increased staff outflow and increasing workload on active personnel

The model of the value system of Russian youth based on Bayesian intellectual measurements

Purpose: of the article is to develop a model of the value system of Russian youth, which can form the basis for the formation of the orientations of young people necessary for the state, contributing to the sustainable development of the Russian Federation. Methods: the article used both traditional methods of scientifi c analysis and methods of Bayesian intelligent measurement methodology used in conditions of uncertainty, inaccuracy and incompleteness of data characteristic of social and socio-economic systems. Results: in the presented study, the extensible hierarchical information model of the value system of Russian youth has been developed. The methodology for processing questionnaire data has been developed, the results of which are presented on numerical and linguistic scales, which makes it possible to take into account the uncertainty of the information received. According to the results of the survey of university students of 10 subjects of the Russian Federation aged 17 to 30 years, a total of 1816 people obtained the values of factors characterizing the value world of Russian youth, which allowed her to form her portrait. Some value factors of young people of the Tula region are evaluated and analyzed. Conclusions and Relevance: the proposed model and methodology for processing personal data allows us to create the adequate holistic portrait of Russian youth in modern economic conditions. The formation of two groups of young people characterized by unfavorable and favorable value attitudes towards Russian society has been revealed, which in the future may lead to a confl ict of social and economic interests, thereby negatively aff ecting the pace of economic growth and sustainable development of the state. In order to reduce internal tension between youth groups and the formation of values inherent in Russian society, measures at the federal and regional levels are proposed.

К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ КАРТОФЕЛЕМ СОБСТВЕННОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

The scientific article contains a theoretical review of scientific literature on the problems of increasing potato production in conditions of import substitution, ensuring storage and sales, as well as prospects for reducing imports and developing a potato export network. A study of potato production volumes in 2012 – 2021 was conducted. An increase in potato production volumes was revealed in 2014, 2015 and 2018; in the same years, a decrease in crop production volumes was observed. In 2016, 2020 and 2021, there was a decrease in potato production volumes of up to 12% compared to previous years; in the same years, there was a decrease in its yield (up to 7%) and sown areas (up to 9%). The area under agricultural crops in the Russian Federation occupied more than 117 million hectares, and by 2022 it had decreased to 80 million hectares. The leaders in potato production in 2023 are the Bryansk, Tula, Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions; the Perm Territory is not included in the TOP 20 for potato production. Imports of potatoes into the Russian Federation in 2019–2021 did not exceed 5% of the volume of all potatoes produced domestically, which indicates a level of food security in the range of 95–97%. An analysis of potato export volumes in 2019 – 2021 showed a sharp decrease (by half): in 2019, 3% of potatoes produced in the country were exported, in 2020 – 4%, and in 2021 – less than 2%. Thus, there is great potential for priority development of the potato growing industry.

Study of the circulation and properties of the West Nile virus in Russia in 2022

Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the need to assess the real expansion of West Nile fever (WNF) in Russia, analyze the manifestations of epizootic and epidemic processes and study the population structure of West Nile virus (WNV).
 Aim. To obtain objective data on the intensity of WNV circulation in certain territories of Russia and study the properties of the isolated strains of the pathogen.
 Materials and methods. 4564 samples of field material from 23 subjects of the Russian Federation and 1547 samples of clinical material from 12 subjects of the Russian Federation were examined. A set of laboratory diagnostic methods was used: ELISA, RT-PCR, virological, sequencing.
 Results. In 20 out of 1331 (1.5%) examined febrile patients, IgM antibodies to WNV were detected, including positive cases identified for the first time in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Tver and Vladimir regions. The presence of immunity to WNV was found on average in 8.6% of 11 federal subjects' population with high seroprevalence rates in Zaporozhye (24,5%), Tula (15,4%) and Kursk (11,1%) regions. Low-avidity IgG antibodies were detected in 44 (33,1%) samples from a population of 9 federal subjects. Intensive circulation of WNV lineage 2 in the epizootic cycle in the southern part of European Russia was confirmed. 12 WNV isolates were obtained, including those isolated for the first time in the Republic of Crimea, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Stavropol Territory. The heterogeneity of circulating WNF causative agent's strains related to the two clades of the WNV lineage 2 formed in 2021 and 2022 was established.
 Conclusion. In the course of comprehensive monitoring studies, a new northern border of the WNF range was established, which as of 2022 passes through the territory of the Tver region. Data from seroepidemiological studies, including the detection of low-avidity IgG antibodies, confirm fairly intense, but undiagnosed contact of the population of the European part of Russia with the WNF pathogen. In the southern region of the European part of Russia, WNV genotype 2 predominantly circulates, belonging to at least two clades formed in 2021 and 2022.

Results of research on the morphological composition of solid municipal waste in residential buildings in southern regions of Russia

The relevance of the work is determined by the extensive coverage of the «waste reform» in public sources, mass media, and scientific publications. The article provides references to sources confirming the constant changes in the morphological composition of solid municipal waste and its differences based on the source type. The paper presents the results of research on the morphological composition of solid municipal waste in residential buildings in the central regions of the Russian Federation, based on studies conducted from 2016 to 2022. The research was carried out in the Republic of Mordovia, the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Yaroslavl region, and the Tula region at 105 accumulation sites, located in 25 municipalities (urban district, urban or rural settlement). The research results show differences in the composition of solid municipal waste from apartment buildings and individual residential houses in the central regions of Russia. The author draws conclusions about the composition of solid municipal waste for apartment buildings and individual residential houses in the central regions of the Russian Federation. It is determined that the main component of this type of waste is food waste regardless of the type of housing conditions. The main difference in the composition of solid municipal waste from apartment buildings and individual residential houses is the different percentage ratio of the «paper, cardboard» components. Changes in the composition of these waste materials are identified by seasons. It is shown that seven main components of solid municipal waste: food waste, paper, cardboard, garden and park waste, glass, screenings (small fraction, sweepings), miscellaneous, and polymers constitute about 90 % of their total mass.

Additions to the flora of Tula Region

Additions to the flora of Tula Region

On the issue of the safety of domestic vaccines against new coronavirus infection in medical workers

A necessary condition for combating the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) was the mass immunization of the population. Since any immunobiological drug can lead to the development of adverse reactions of the human body, it is necessary to characterize adverse events in the post-vaccination period. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of registration of post-vaccination reactions in medical personnel of multidisciplinary hospitals when using vaccines against COVID-19, approved for use in the Russian Federation. An anonymous questionnaire was developed, using which 2,989 medical workers from Moscow, Moscow, Tula, Vladimir, and Kaluga regions were interviewed between December 2021 and February 2022. It was found that the overwhelming majority of medical professionals rated the tolerability of vaccines against COVID-19 as good and satisfactory. No serious adverse effects of immunization have been identified. There were short-term post-vaccination reactions, manifested in an increase in body temperature, headache, general weakness, myalgia and arthralgia, as well as fever, pain, swelling, itching at the injection site. In more than 82 % of cases, the above reactions developed within the first three days after vaccination. When comparing the results of a retrospective one-stage cross-sectional online study (n = 6032) with the data we obtained, a comparable frequency of post-vaccination reactions was revealed. Thus, the study established good tolerability and low frequency of post-vaccination reactions during immunization against COVID-19.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ЗНАНИЙ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ О ФАКТОРАХ РИСКА РАЗВИТИЯ ХРОНИЧЕСКИХ НЕИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ В ПИЛОТНЫХ РЕГИОНАХ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Significance. To date, there is a high prevalence of risk factors and insufficient awareness of their presence among the population. Identification of persons at risk and preventive counseling are the most important goals of public health. Knowledge of the regional profile of risk factors will provide for a targeted development of preventive programs with due regard to the identified features. The purpose of the study was to determine the current state of knowledge about risk factors of chronic non-communicable diseases in the pilot regions of the Russian Federation. Material and methods. A sociological survey was conducted in three pilot regions of the Russian Federation – the Tula Region, the Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Crimea, using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 33 questions concerning prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. The sample size equaled to 1,718 respondents. The results were processed in the statistical package SPSS 22.0. Results. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, high blood sugar (glucose) and high blood pressure had the highest values in the assessment of risk factors. The lowest value was registered for low iodine levels in salt. The results show that the assessment of the impact of a risk factor on own health is significantly lower than abstract knowledge about harmful effects of this risk factor on health. The respondents considered low iodine levels in salt, alcohol consumption, excessive salt intake and smoking to be the least secure risk factors. The study confirms that alcohol consumption is generally considered by the population to be a less significant risk factor than smoking. It is important that only a little more than 20% of the population monitor their blood pressure on a regular basis. Knowledge of the blood glucose (sugar) level is mainly characteristic of women and people over 60 years. Women and people aged 40-59 regularly monitor their sugar intake. Control over this parameter is lower in older people. In relation to the norms of consumption of vegetables and fruit, the female population adheres to a higher level than men, but in general about 60% of the population correctly understand the need to consume an adequate amount of vegetables and fruit. Almost half of the population consider it a necessary norm to walk for at least 1 hour a day. In general, more than 60% of the population believe that they are not well-informed about risk factors. Conclusion. Knowledge about harmful effects of a risk factor does not necessarily result in application of this knowledge in relation to one's own health and behaviour changes. Knowledge about harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol use does not prevent the abuse. The motivation to smoke tobacco cannot be changed only by public awareness campaigns about harmful effects of this risk factor to health. Building awareness should be primarily focused on males. Planning public awareness campaigns, one should pay more attention to rural population. The promotion of iodized salt consumption among all population groups should be strengthened. Scope of application. Developing approaches to raising public awareness regarding prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases at the regional level.

Characteristics of the genetic structure at the beta- and kappa-casein locus in the studied dairy breeds of cattle

In total, the research involved 148 heifers and cows of two breeds: Simmental and Ayrshire. Whole blood samples were obtained from three regions: Tambov (Simmental), Tula and Vladimir (Ayrshire) regions. Two breeds were analyzed for two milk protein loci: beta-casein (CSN2) and kappa-casein (CSN3). The results of a comparative assessment of the frequency of occurrence of alleles and genotypes at the beta-casein (CSN2) and kappa-casein (CSN3) loci in the two studied breeds are presented. A narrowing of the allelotype was noted in cows of the Ayrshire breed. Genogeographic analysis showed that polymorphism and the formation of the allelotype of the studied populations are influenced by breed, level of selection work, direction of productivity and possibly the external environment. In heifers and cows of the studied breeds, the total occurrence of “bad” CSN2A1 and CSN2B alleles at the beta-casein locus was higher than CSN2A2. Both breeds completely lacked the CSN2A3 allele, and the Ayrshires had the even worse CSN2A1/B genotype. The reason for this situation is the lack of demand and selection focus in working with breeds based on the beta- and kappa-casein locus. An imbalance of genetic balance was noted at the beta-casein locus in the Ayrshire population of the Tula region (χ2=4.890311; df=1; Р<0.05), at the kappa-casein locus in Simmental heifers (χ2=11.0435; df=1; Р<0.001) and a tendency to disturb the genetic balance was noted in Ayrshire cows of the Tula region (χ2=3.816924; df=1; Р~0.05). In the studied breeds, mutant CD18A, SLC35A3G, FANCIBY alleles causing hereditary diseases in dairy cattle were not identified.