Tukey's Honest Significant Difference Research Articles

KERAGAAN DUA BELAS VARIETAS UNGGUL BARU PADI PADA AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN PASANG SURUT DI KALIMANTAN BARAT

The population of West Kalimantan continue to grow from year to year, led to increasing need for major food crops, especially rice. Farmers of West Kalimantan cultivate rice in various land agro-ecosystems, one of which is tidal swamp. Problems faced by farmers in rice cultivation on tidal swam include waterlogging, high soil acidity, poor nutrients, saltwater intrusion, and Fe toxicity. One of the efforts that can be done to increase rice productivity on tidal swamp is the introduction of new high-yielding varieties  of rice with high yield potential. The purpose of this trial was to determine the performance of twelve new superior varieties rice with high yield potential on tidal swamp in West Kalimantan. The trial used a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatments were twelve new high-yielding varieties, namely Inpara 10, Inpari 32, Inpari 39, Inpari 45, Inpari 47, Inpari 48, Digdaya, Padjadjaran, Cakrabuana, Gemah, Mantap, and Cisaat, with five replications. The variables observed were plant height, number of productive tillers, panicle length, number of filled grain per panicle, percentage of filled grain per panicle, and  productivity. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and further tested with the Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test. The results showed that the new high-yielding varieties with good performance and suitable for development on tidal swamp in West Kalimantan is Padjadjaran with productivity of 5.6 t/ha.

A Pre-Post Interventional Study for Evaluating the Usefulness of Homoeopathic Medicine Nux vomica to Combat the Side Effects of Liposomal Amphotericin B Injection in the Cases of Mucormycosis

Abstract Introduction India reported a recent surge in mucormycosis cases, after outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019. Treatment for this entity is multifaceted and involves surgical debridement of affected tissues and antifungal treatment. In current practice, amphotericin B and isavuconazole are the two antifungal agents recommended for the primary therapy of mucormycosis. Possible side effects of liposomal form of amphotericin B (LAmB) include fever, chills, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and headache after the infusion is started. Nux vomica is a homoeopathic medicine and is one of the best remedies with which to commence treatment of cases that have been drugged by mixtures, bitters, vegetable pills but only if symptoms correspond. The aim of this study was to observe the effectiveness of homoeopathic medicine Nux vomica to combat the side effects of LAmB injection in the cases of mucormycosis. Methods Total 55 diagnosed cases of mucormycosis, admitted in the Tertiary Care Centre (Govt. of Delhi), were enrolled in the study as per inclusion criteria. After reportorial analysis, Nux vomica 30C was given to the patients from 2nd day of administration of LAmB. Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale was used to assess the improvement in the cases by comparing the scores obtained before and after the treatment. Result Out of 55 cases, 42 showed marked improvement from 7th day onwards after administration of Nux vomica 30C. Result was analysed by using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey Honest Significant Difference and was found statistically significant at 5% level of significance. Conclusion This study indicates that Nux vomica is possibly a useful medicine to combat the side effects of LAmB injection in the cases of mucormycosis. Nux vomica helped to improve the condition of the patients and enabled them to continue the required conventional treatment for their speedy recovery. More studies are required for further validation.

EFFECT OF EXTRUSION PROCESS ON PERFORMANCE OF AN INDIGENOUS EXTRUDER AND QUALITY OF CASSAVA PRODUCTS

A locally developed autogenous single screw extruder was used to investigate the process for screw extrusion of the flour and starch of cassava, in a bid to find alternate uses for the commodity. The experiment was conducted with a factorial design and completely randomized. Analysis of Variance and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference methods were utilized as follow up test to check the result of extrusion variables: feed moisture (25, 30, 40%) and extruder temperature built up by varying the duration of sampling (2, 10, 18, 24, 30 minutes) on some product quality attributes and system parameters. The product quality attributes considered include water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI), product moisture (PQ_MC), transverse expansion (ExR), cold and hot paste viscosities (CPV and HPV), Melt viscosity (MV) and strength properties of extrudates (CP) while the system parameters are product temperature (PT), mean residence time (MRT), and specific energy input (SME). All system parameters PT, MRT and SME varied directly with duration of operation. Also, PQ_MC, CP, WAI, WSI, MV, CPV and HPV varied reciprocally whereas ExR, and MV varied directly with duration of operation. The extrudates’ water loss is directly proportional with ExR. It was observed that extruded cassava starch was less stable than cassava flour extrudates. Moreover, the specific end uses to which the extruded products can be put were identified. All the treatments and their interactions are highly significant (P ≤ 0.001).

Nd:YVO4 laser groove treatment can improve the shear bond strength between dental PEEK and adhesive resin cement with an adhesive system.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various surface treatments on the shear bond strength between dental polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and adhesive resin cement. Two hundred and forty specimens were randomly classified into four groups: no treatment, sandblasted, sulfuric-acid-etched, and laser-grooved treatment. Each group was classified into two adhesive resin cement subgroups. Surface roughness, water contact angle, shear bond strength, and failure mode were measured; SEM and XPS results were obtained. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way or two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significant difference test (α=0.05). Laser-grooved PEEK surface showed regular grooves and carbonization by thermal degradation; the surface roughness as well as water contact angle of were the highest in all groups. Shear bond strength values were significantly higher in the laser-groove-treated and sulfuric-acid-etched groups. Laser-groove-treated specimens showed cohesive failure. Laser-grooved treatment can improve shear bond strength between PEEK and adhesive resin cement.

Combining Manure and Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) and Its Effects on Livestock-Integrated Maize Farming Production (Zea Mays L)

This study aims to analyze the reaction in the doses of cow manure and liquid organic fertilizer and their reaction to the increase of farmer's revenue in a livestock-integrated farming system in Gorontalo. This study was performed in Gorontalo from March to July 2021. The study employed a 2-factor factorial design based on the randomized block design (RBD). The first factor is the cow manure dose and the second factor is the liquid organic fertilizer dose. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test. The results of the study concluded that the most optimal cow manure dose was 10 tons ha-1 to produce maize at a rate of 5.70 tons ha-1. 20 cc/14 L liquid organic fertilizer was able to generate the most optimal production of 5,67 tons ha-1. Integrating 10 tons ha-1 cow manure with 20 cc/14 L liquid organic fertilizer can generate the most optimal production amounting to 6.83 tons ha-1.

Remineralizing Potential of Milk and GC Tooth Mousse on Demineralized Human Enamel: An In Vitro Comparative Evaluation

Abstract Introduction Caries initiation is associated with demineralization of the subsurface tooth enamel. Today, bioactive agents based on milk products have been developed to enhance remineralization under cariogenic conditions. However, there is limited information on the remineralization potential of milk. Materials and Methods Fifty enamel specimens were prepared from sound human premolars. All enamel specimens were then placed in demineralizing solution for 4 days at 37°C to produce artificial carious lesion. Baseline surface microhardness (SMH) was evaluated using Vickers indenter. Enamel specimens were then randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 specimens were kept in artificial saliva, whereas group 2 and 3 enamel specimens were treated with milk and GC tooth mousse, respectively, for 5 minutes twice daily for 21 days. Post-treatment SMH measurements of all specimens were evaluated on the 7th, 14th, and 21st day. Data was statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test and Tukey honest significant difference post-hoc test. Results There were no significant differences in the SMH values in the control group at any time interval. There were statistically significant increases in the post-SMH values in milk and GC tooth mousse (p < 0.001) at the end of 21st day of remineralization. Conclusion Milk showed remineralization potential comparable to that of GC tooth mousse.

PSVIII-12 Use of a Bacterial Consensus 6-Phytase Variant Expressed in Trichoderma Reesei in a no Inorganic Phosphorus, High Phytate Diet for Grow-Finish Pigs

Abstract The trial examined if a novel phytase from a bacterial consensus 6-phytase (CP) variant expressed in Trichoderma reesei could maintain performance of grow-finish pigs fed diets without inorganic phosphorus. This trial was done in pigs of commercial genetics that were raised from 26 kg body weight (BW) until slaughter. Diets were formulated using corn, soybean meal, and wheat midds and were based on nutrient requirements from National Swine Nutrition Guide (2010). Three treatments were tested in a randomized complete block design with 9 replicate pens (26 mixed sex pigs/rep): 1) positive control (PC), 2) negative control (NC) without inorganic P (nutrient difference equated to a1,000 FTU/kg matrix versus the PC), and 3) NC + CP 500 FTU/kg (CP). Mash diets were fed ad libitum in 5 phases: Grower 1 and 2, Finisher 1, 2, and 3 (for total of 84 d). Phytate P in the diets was between 0.29 and 0.26%. Data analysis used ANOVA with mean separation via Tukey honest significant difference with P < 0.05%. No change to dietary P was done in the trial as lameness did not reach the adjustment threshold even in the NC. Lameness caused removal of about 0.7% of animals. At market weight, the results show similar final body weight (BW) for treatments PC and CP, and both were different than NC. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) showed similar results for PC and CP, but only the PC was different than NC. Gain to feed (G:F) showed no differences between treatments. These results showed that CP at 500 units/kg improved body weight of pigs fed a no added P diet.

PSVIII-5 Harvesting Pigs with Phytase and No Inorganic Phosphorus! is That Possible?

Abstract The trial examined if a novel phytase from a bacterial consensus 6-phytase variant expressed in Trichoderma reesei could replace all added inorganic phosphate (P) in a diet with reduced Ca, digestible P (dP), digestible amino acids, and net energy fed to commercial pigs from 19 kg body weight (BW) until slaughter, while maintaining performance and carcass quality parameters. The corn and soybean meal-based diets used nutrient requirements from National Swine Nutrition guide (2010). Four treatments were tested in a completely randomized design with 9 replicate pens (8 mixed sex pigs/rep): 1) positive control (PC), 2) negative control (NC) without inorganic P, (nutrient difference equated to a1000 FTU/kg matrix versus the PC), 3) NC + 500 FTU/kg (500); 4) NC + 1000 FTU/kg (1000). Mash diets were fed ad libitum in 6 phases: nursery 3 (0-10 d), grower 1 and 2 (10-30 d), finisher 1 and 2 (30-78 d), and finisher 3 (78-115 d). As NC and NC+phytase were at native dP% levels, lameness was expected. When 25% of the pigs in a treatment showed lameness, diet dP was adjusted; this only occurred in NC and 500 groups. Data analysis used ANOVA with mean separation via Tukey honest significant difference with P < 0.05%. Results showed equivalent ADG, BW, ADFI, loin area and fat at 12th rib for PC and 1,000 units phytase/kg feed in swine raised to market age. The 500-unit treatments improved ADG, BW and ADFI versus the negative control. Coefficient of variation (CV) on BW responded in parallel with BW, the lowest CVs were seen for PC and 1,000 with intermediate improvement for 500 versus NC. These results show that 1,000 units/kg feed of this novel phytase alleviated performance loss in a no added P diet versus the diet without phytase and match that of PC (with inorganic P added).

Biomechanics of hamstring tendon, quadriceps tendon, and bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cadaveric study.

The three most commonly used autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) are: bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB), hamstring tendons (HT), and quadriceps tendon (QT). A cadaveric study was performed to determine if there were any differences in mechanical and structural properties under biomechanical testing. Twenty-seven graft specimens were harvested from 9 human cadaveric legs. Mean donor age was 75.2years (range 53-85years). Twenty-two specimens (8 HT, 7 QT, and 7 BTB) completed cyclic preconditioning from 50 to 800N for 200 cycles and a load to failure test at an extension rate of 1mm/s. Structural and mechanical properties of BTB, HT, and QT grafts were compared using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's honest significant difference. There was no difference in the ultimate load to failure (N) across all 3 graft types (p = 0.951). Quadriceps tendon demonstrated greater cross-sectional area (mm2) when compared to both HT and BTB (p = 0.001) and was significantly stiffer (N/mm) than HT but not BTB (p = 0.004). Stress (N/mm2) of the HT at ultimate load was greater than QT but not BTB (p = 0.036). Elastic modulus (MPa) of HT was greater than both QT and BTB (p = 0.016). There was no difference in the ultimate load to failure of BTB, HT, and QT grafts harvested from the same specimens. All 3 grafts had similar loads to failure with a significant increase in stiffness when compared to the native ACL. Furthermore, QT demonstrated more favourable structural properties compared to HT and BTB with greater cross-sectional area to both HT and BTB and greater stiffness compared to HT.

Quantitative and qualitative evaluation on the accuracy of three intraoral scanners for human identification in forensic odontology.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the accuracy of intra oral scanner (IOS) to confirm the applicability of IOS for the recording and analysis of tooth morphology in forensics. The less damaged mandible specimen with many teeth remaining was scanned three times using three types of intraoral scanners (CS3600, i500, and Trios3). For quantitative comparisons of the scanned images produced by these intraoral scanners, root mean square (RMS) values were computed using a three-dimensional analysis program and a one-way ANOVA was conducted with Tukey HSD (honestly significant difference) as a post-hoc analysis (α=0.05). The repeatability of the full scan data was highest with the i500 (0.14±0.03 mm), and the post-hoc analysis confirmed significant differences between the CS3600 and the i500 outcomes (P-value=0.003). The repeatability of the partial scan data for the teeth in the mandible was highest with the i500 (0.08±0.02 mm), and the post-hoc analysis confirmed significant differences between the CS3600 and the i500 (P-value=0.016). The precision of the full scan data was highest with the i500 (0.16±0.01 mm) but the differences were not statistically significant (P-value=0.091). Meanwhile, the precision of the partial scan data for the teeth in the mandible was highest with the Trios3 (0.22±0.02 mm), but the differences were not statistically significant (P-value=0.762). Considering that the scanning of other areas of the oral cavity in addition to the teeth is important in forensic odontology, the i500 scanner appears to be the most appropriate intraoral scanner for human identification. However, as the scope of oral scanning is generally limited to teeth in the practice of dentistry, additional discussions of how to apply the IOS in forensic odontology are needed. Ultimately, the results here can contribute to the overall discussion of the forensic applicability dental data produced by intraoral scanners.

Effect of the violet light from polywave light-polymerizing units on two resin cements that use different photoinitiators

Statement of problemSome light-emitting diode polymerization lights have been promoted as multiple peak or polywave lights that use multiple light-emitting diodes to produce both violet and blue light. However, whether the addition of violet light is required to light-activate resin cements that use bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)diethylgermane (Ivocerin) as the photoinitiator is unclear. PurposeThis in vitro study evaluated the effect of violet, blue, or a combination of violet and blue light through ceramic on the degree of conversion of 2 resin cements that use either camphorquinone or Ivocerin as the photoinitiator. Material and methodsA Bluephase Style polywave light-emitting diode polymerizing unit delivering 6.4 J/cm2 of violet and blue light was used. This comprised 1.4 J/cm2 of violet (385 to 420 nm) and 5.0 J/cm2 of blue light (420 to 515 nm). The light-emitting diode emitters in a second modified Bluephase Style were connected directly to a power supply so that either just violet (1.4 J/cm2) or just blue (5.0 J/cm2) light was emitted. RelyX Veneer and Variolink Esthetic LC resin cements were either directly light-activated or through 0.5 or 1.5 mm of lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS e.max CAD). The degree of conversion was monitored by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Data were subject to a 3-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey honest significant difference multiple comparison tests (α=.05). ResultsAll factors had a significant effect (P<.001). Increasing the ceramic thickness decreased the degree of conversion only for RelyX Veneer cement (P<.001). The effect of the thickness of ceramic was most noticeable when just violet light was delivered to RelyX Veneer. A significant reduction (P<.001) was found in the degree of conversion of RelyX Veneer when just violet light was delivered. Variolink Esthetic LC had significantly higher degree of conversion values than RelyX Veneer, irrespective of the light type used (P<.001). ConclusionsA multiple-peak light is not required to photopolymerize a resin cement that uses either camphorquinone or Ivocerin as its photoinitiator. Adding the violet light produced no significant increase in the degree of conversion of the Variolink Esthetic LC cement.

A New Preclinical Decision Support System Based on PET Radiomics: A Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of an Innovative 64Cu-Labeled Chelator in Mouse Models.

The 64Cu-labeled chelator was analyzed in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to evaluate its biodistribution in a murine model at different acquisition times. For this purpose, nine 6-week-old female Balb/C nude strain mice underwent micro-PET imaging at three different time points after 64Cu-labeled chelator injection. Specifically, the mice were divided into group 1 (acquisition 1 h after [64Cu] chelator administration, n = 3 mice), group 2 (acquisition 4 h after [64Cu]chelator administration, n = 3 mice), and group 3 (acquisition 24 h after [64Cu] chelator administration, n = 3 mice). Successively, all PET studies were segmented by means of registration with a standard template space (3D whole-body Digimouse atlas), and 108 radiomics features were extracted from seven organs (namely, heart, bladder, stomach, liver, spleen, kidney, and lung) to investigate possible changes over time in [64Cu]chelator biodistribution. The one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test revealed that, while heart, stomach, spleen, kidney, and lung districts showed a very low percentage of radiomics features with significant variations (p-value < 0.05) among the three groups of mice, a large number of features (greater than 60% and 50%, respectively) that varied significantly between groups were observed in bladder and liver, indicating a different in vivo uptake of the 64Cu-labeled chelator over time. The proposed methodology may improve the method of calculating the [64Cu]chelator biodistribution and open the way towards a decision support system in the field of new radiopharmaceuticals used in preclinical imaging trials.

Influence of post-application irrigation and soil surfactants on tebuconazole efficacy against spring dead spot

Spring dead spot (SDS) (Ophiosphaerella spp.) causes damage to hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x transvaalensis Burtt Davy) grown in areas where winter dormancy occurs. The pathogen infects the stolons, rhizomes, and roots of warm-season grasses. Symptoms appear as circular, necrotic patches at spring greenup that reduce the playability and aesthetics of bermudagrass. Historically, fungicide efficacy against SDS has been inconsistent. There may be opportunities to improve application and post-application practices to mitigate the inconsistency. A study was conducted from 2019 to 2021 to examine the influence of post-application irrigation and soil surfactant on tebuconazole efficacy against SDS. The study was conducted at three locations: Virginia Tech Turfgrass Research Center (TRC), Blacksburg, VA; Independence Golf Club (IGC), Midlothian, VA; Nutters Crossing Golf Club (NCGC), Salisbury, MD. Tebuconazole was applied in the fall either once at 1.5 kg ai ha−1 or twice at 1.5 kg ai ha−1 two to four weeks apart when soil temperatures were between 10.7 and 21.8 °C. Treatments were applied with or without a soil surfactant and with or without 0.6 cm of post-application irrigation. Bermudagrass was assessed the following spring two or three times for patch number and percent SDS. Data were analyzed by assessment date, subjected to analysis of variance, and means were separated using Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test (P = 0.05). There were no treatment differences at IGC or NCGC in 2020 or 2021. At the TRC in both 2020 and 2021, results were inconsistent with tebuconazole generally suppressing SDS compared to the nontreated control. However, differences between tebuconazole-treated plots were variable. Our study suggests that including a soil surfactant with tebuconazole applications and/or irrigating post-application does not consistently increase SDS suppression.

Satisfaction and Concerns with Telemedicine Endocrine Care of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis.

Introduction:Patients with chronic health conditions are at high risk for severe COVID-19 infections, making telemedicine for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) particularly relevant. There are limited data regarding provider perspectives on caring for patients with CF using telemedicine, particularly for those with CFRD.Methods:Surveys were administered to patients with CF (with and without CFRD) and to adult and pediatric endocrinologists who specialize in CF. Data were collected using Research Electronic Data Capture; t-tests were used to compare total mean scores of Likert scale questions. The differences in responses were performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test. Variables were assessed for normality and we performed the Mann–Whitney test. No change in the results of the hypothesis test was found. All results were analyzed using SPSS version 27.Results:Eighteen patients (n = 9 CFRD) and 21 providers responded. Both groups reported high satisfaction with telemedicine overall (83.3%; 71.4%), convenience (94.4%; 85.7%), and adequate time during the visit (94.4%; 76.2%), and the majority would recommend telemedicine to others (94.4%; 95.2%). Lack of in-person examination components was of more concern to providers than patients: height/weight (p < 0.001), vitals (p < 0.001), and glycated hemoglobin (p < 0.001). There was no difference in provider perception in treatment of CFRD compared to type 1 diabetes (T1D). Common themes of open-ended questions included ease in attending telemedicine appointments (patients) and decrease in “no shows” (providers).Discussion:Patient and provider satisfaction with telemedicine was high. The lack of typical components of face-to-face visits was more concerning for providers when compared to patients. Provider concern regarding lack of components specific to diabetes was similar regarding CFRD and T1D.

The effect of dentin surface treatment with disinfectant on the shear bonding strength of luting cements

Background/purposeFew studies have comprehensively assessed the shear bonding strength of the luting cements between abutments and fixed partial dentures after dentin surface treatment with disinfectants. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of three commonly used disinfectants (2.5% sodium hypochlorite, 0.2% chlorhexidine, and 0.2% benzalkonium chloride) on the shear bonding strength of four luting cements. Materials and methodsTeeth were mounted on Teflon cylinders and prepared for dentin exposure. Three different disinfectants were used to treat the dentin surface. Nickel-chromium posts were cemented with resin cement, glass ionomer cement, polycarboxylate cement, or zinc phosphate cement. The shear bonding strength of the cement was examined using an Instron testing machine. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the differences in shear bonding strength between the cements. If a statistically significant difference was found through ANOVA, a post hoc test with Tukey's honest significant difference was conducted. ResultsDisinfectants significantly decreased the shear bonding strength of resin cement, with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite causing the most substantial decrease. The zinc phosphate cement group displayed minimal shear bonding strength regardless of the disinfectant used. ConclusionThe presence of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite significantly reduced the shear bonding strength of resin cements. During permanent cementation of indirect restorations, the choice of luting cement paired with the proper disinfectant is of utmost importance to maintain the shear bonding strength.

The Weekend Effect Investigation: Evidence from Indonesia Capital Market

In the weak-form market efficiency, investors cannot obtain profits by trading stocks through a positive price difference. Unfortunately, this perspective is doubtful because of the weekend effect theory. The highest and lowest return exists on Friday and Monday, respectively, based on this theory. For that reason, this study is presented to prove the weekend effect by statistically checking the return based on the trading days with the variance analysis model and the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference Testing. Unlike the other research, this study utilizes the shares' return to prove this effect in the bullish and bearish markets. Data are collected by archival method from the Yahoo Finance website based on the names of shares chosen as the LQ45 members. The workdays and holidays are obtained based on the information from the Indonesian stock exchange. This finding shows that the lowermost return exists on Tuesday for two markets. Separately, the reverse Monday and the middle-week effects exist in the bearish and the bullish. The return change in the bullish period is more significant than that in the bearish. Therefore, this study is helpful for public investors to transact their shares to gain a positive return by utilizing these daily patterns in these two markets.

Comparison of Repair Index in Cigarette and Waterpipe Smokers: A Bio-Monitoring Assessment Using Human Exfoliated Buccal Mucosa Cells.

Background:Repair index (RI) using DNA changes reveals the activity of carcinogenesis. Cigarette and waterpipe smoking are important contributors to oral cavity malignancy. The RI in cigarette and waterpipe smokers has not been compared so far. The aim of this study was to compare the RI in cigarette and waterpipe smokers using the human exfoliated buccal mucosa cells.Methods:The exfoliated buccal mucosa cells of 60 cigarette and waterpipe smokers and 20 nonsmokers were evaluated in a case-control study. The number of micronuclei (MN), broken egg (BE), karyorrhexis (KR), and karyolysis (KL) were counted in 1000 cells from randomly selected fields. The RI = (KL + KR)/(MN + BE) was calculated and compared between subjects and controls. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD), and Spearman's correlation coefficient test at P < 0.05 probability level.Results:The difference of MN (P < 0.0001), BE (P < 0.0001), KR (P < 0.0001), and KL (P < 0.0001) count was significant between cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, and nonsmokers. The RI was significantly different between groups (P = 0.007). The RI was significantly higher in cigarette smokers compared to waterpipe smokers (P = 0.04) and nonsmokers (P = 0.009).Conclusions:The RI was significantly higher in cigarette smokers compared to waterpipe smokers. The finding suggests that due to higher interrupted cellular hemostasis, the risk of carcinoma in waterpipe smokers can be greater than that in cigarette smokers.

Are children with unilateral hearing loss more tired?

ObjectiveTo determine whether children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (USNHL) and unilateral conductive hearing loss (UCHL) have higher levels of fatigue than literature reported normal hearing (LRNH) children. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey utilizing the PedsQL™ Multidimensional Fatigue Scale administered to children with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) and their parents at two tertiary care academic medical centers and a nationwide microtia/atresia conference. The PedsQL™ Multidimensional Fatigue Scale was used to compare child and parental proxy reports of fatigue among USNHL, UCHL, and LRNH children. ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey Honest Significant Difference testing were used for statistical analysis. ResultsOf 69 children included in the study, 42 had UCHL (61%) and 27 (39%) had USNHL. Children with USNHL reported more total fatigue (mean 69.1, SD 19.3) than LRNH children (mean 80.5, SD 13.3; difference −11.4; 95% CI: −19.98 to −2.84) and children with UCHL (mean 78.0, SD 14.5; difference −8.95; 95% CI: −17.86 to 0.04). Children with UCHL reported similar levels of fatigue compared to LRNH children (difference −2.5; 95% CI: −9.95 to 5.03).Parents of children with USNHL reported greater levels of fatigue (mean 67.6, SD 22.6) in their children than parents of LRNH children (mean 89.6, SD 11.4; difference −22.0; 95% CI: −29.8 to −14.3) and parents of children with UCHL (mean 76.2, SD 17.3; difference −8.6; 95% CI: −17.5 to 0.21). Parents of children with UCHL also report higher levels of fatigue than parents of LRNH children (difference −13.4; 95% CI: −19.98 to −6.84). ConclusionsChildren with USNHL reported greater levels of fatigue than LRNH children and children with UCHL. Results implicate cognitive load as an important consideration in children with hearing loss. The measurement of fatigue may be a useful indicator to determine the benefit of intervention (e.g., amplification) for these children.

The effect of multiple enamel conditioning on enamel micro-hardness

White spot formation is one of the common side effects in orthodontic treatments and multiple enamel conditioning might happen even during on session of fixed orthodontic treatments. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of multiple enamel conditioning with different methods on enamel micro-hardness (MH). In this In vitro experimental study, the buccal surfaces of 105 extracted premolars were evaluated in seven groups: One control and six experimental groups. The enamel conditioning was performed in three ways: Etching with phosphoric acid 37%, etching with phosphoric acid 37% followed by primer application and conditioning with self-etch primer. The conditioning process in each way was also performed twice consecutively. The specimens were submitted in pH cycling model with demineralization and re-mineralization solutions for 14 days. Afterward Vickers MH test was applied with 0.981N force on the teeth for 10 s indentation time. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD (honestly significant difference) test for multiple comparisons. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. MH analysis showed statistically significant differences between the control group and the other conditioned groups (P < 0.05). The groups conditioned with acid-etch and primer, particularly twice, showed the lowest amount of MH in comparison to other groups. Self-etch primer had the least effect on MH of the enamel. Single time etching without using primer, made no considerable difference when compared to multiple etching. Etching process and covering the enamel with primer decrease enamel MH. Using self-etch primer is a more conservative method of enamel conditioning.

In Vitro Comparison of the Accuracy of Conventional Impression and Four Intraoral Scanners in Four Different Implant Impression Scenarios.

The aim of this study was to compare the trueness and precision of four intraoral scanners (IOSs) and splinted open-tray conventional implant impression (SOCI) in partial and total edentulism. Four gypsum models (Model A-implants at mandibular right second molar, right second premolar, and right canine; Model B- implants at mandibular right canine, left central incisor, and left canine; Model C-implants at mandibular right second molar, right second premolar, right canine, left central incisor, and left canine; and Model D-implants at mandibular right second molar, right second premolar, right canine, left central incisor, left canine, left second premolar, and left second molar) were prepared, and four different IOSs (Aadva IOS, CS 3600, Trios 3, and Emerald) and one polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) were used. Reference models were digitized with a high-resolution industrial scanner, and data were superimposed. Root mean square (RMS) values were calculated by software and defined as deviation values after superimposition. The oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Tukey honest significant difference (HSD) test were performed to analyze the data (P < .05). For Models A and B, the truest impressions were made with Aadva, followed by CS 3600, PVS, Trios 3, and Emerald, respectively, while for Model C, the truest impressions were made with CS 3600, followed by Aadva, PVS, Trios 3, and Emerald, and for Model D, the truest impressions were made with Aadva, followed by CS 3600, PVS, Emerald, and Trios 3 (P < .05). There was no statistical difference between groups for precision in Models A, B, and C (P > .05); however, PVS showed lower precision values than other groups in Model D (P < .05). In partial edentulism, IOSs are true and precise as SOCI except Emerald. However, the trueness of IOSs is not favorable in total edentulism cases. SOCI with PVS in total edentulism treated with implants is less precise than IOSs.