Tukey HSD Test Research Articles

The Short-Term Effect of TV Advertisements on Digital Traffic

This study investigates the short-term effects of television advertisements (TV ads) on digital platform engagement across companies from diverse sectors. Utilizing statistical analysis methods including t-test, ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD test, we examined the impact of factors such as ad timing, program type, and sector on web traffic. Our findings reveal that prime time advertisements significantly influence web traffic, with effects varying across different sectors and program types. The study demonstrates the importance of strategic media planning, highlighting significant interactions between prime time, program types, and company-specific factors. Results indicate that advertising effectiveness differs among industries, suggesting the need for sector-specific strategies. The findings underscore the importance of integrating traditional TV advertising with digital media strategies to maximize cross-platform engagement. These insights provide valuable guidance for advertisers and media planners in optimizing TV ad campaigns and their impact on digital platforms in an evolving media landscape.

Colour changes and topography of resin modified glass ionomer cements with the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles

Background: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) is one of the restorative materials for cavity restoration in the anterior and cervical areas where aesthetics are crucial, especially for class III (anterior) cavity restorations. Adding zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) may enhance its mechanical and physical properties. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the color change of RMGIC after the addition of ZnONP as much as 5%, 10% and 15% of the total mixture of RMGIC and ZnONP powder also to examines the topography of ZnONP distribution within RMGIC’s interstitial space using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Methods: Four groups of RMGIC were studied, a control group without ZnONP powder, 3 treatment groups with ZnONP powder as much as 5%, 10%, and 15%. Each group consists of 4 cylindrical samples (diameter of 10 mm, height of 2 mm). Color change was measured using VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer and SEM was used for topography analysis. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA test and Tukey HSD post hoc test. Results: One-way ANOVA test showed significant color differences (p<0.05) among all groups. Tukey HSD test showed significant color differences (p<0.05) in color change between control group and treatment groups also between group 2 and group 4. SEM observations confirmed ZnONP distribution in RMGIC’s interstitial space in treatment groups. Conclusion: Addition of 5%, 10%, and 15% ZnONP powder of the total mixture of RMGIC and ZnONP powders changed RMGIC’s color to be brighter (lightness) and more saturated (chroma) also ZnONP distributed within RMGIC’s interstitial space.

Accuracy of complete-arch, All-on-4 implant scans under simulated intraoral variables.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the accuracy of complete-arch intraoral scans for all-on-4 implant treatment under simulated intraoral variables. A maxillary model designed to receive 4 implants in the regions of first molars and canines was used. Intraoral digital scans were completed in a simulation device by simulating two2 different clinical conditions: normal intraoral variables (NIV) and limited intraoral variables (LIV). Digital scans were obtained using five 5 different IOSs: Trios 3 (TRI), Primescan (PR), iTero 2 (ITE), Medit i500 (MDT), and Aadva IOS 100P (AAD). Ten scans of each IOS were made and exported as STL files. Assessment of precision and trueness was conducted with Geomagic 3D analysis software. Each STL file was individually aligned with the reference scan and 3D differences were calculated using the root mean square (RMS) value. Data was statistically analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (α=.05). Regarding trueness, 2-way ANOVA and Tukey comparison tests revealed significant differences between different IOSs and intraoral variables. The AAD under LIV presented significantly higher RMS than TRI, PR, ITE, and MDT (p<.001). Regarding precision, the lowest mean RMS was obtained in the IOS group of PR under NIV. AAD presented significantly higher mean RMS in the groups of both NIV and LIV (p<.001). Limited intraoral variables significantly increased the RMS values for all IOSs tested (TRI, PR, ITE, MDT, and AAD). Accuracy of complete arch all-on-4 implant scans were affected by different IOSs and intraoral variables. Simulating intraoral variables while testing IOSs might help to better validate their clinical use.

Bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to definitive resin crown materials manufactured by additive and subtractive methods

The aim was to compare different surface pretreatments on definitive resin crown materials manufactured additively or subtractively in terms of shear bond strength (SBS) values. Seven subgroups (n=10) were formed from additively manufactured VarseoSmile Crown Plus (VS) and subtractively manufactured Cerasmart270 blocks (CS) according to different surface pretreatments applied; sandblasting (subgroup SB), hydrofluoric acid (subgroup HF), Multi Primer (subgroup MP), subgroup SB-HF, subgroup SB-MP, subgroup SB-HF-MP, and control subgroup. A 3-mm-diameter composite was cemented onto each sample by self-adhesive resin cement. SBS values were measured and failure modes were analyzed after thermocycling. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. The mean SBS value of VS was found significantly higher than CS (p<0.001). Subgroups SB-HF-MP, HF, SB-MP, and MP of VS exhibited the highest SBS values (p<0.001). The VS exhibited mostly cohesive failure, while CS exhibited mostly adhesive failure.

Influence of sintering temperature and aging on the color and translucency of zirconia.

Translucent zirconias are promising materials for monolithic prostheses. However, information on their optical behavior after sintering and aging protocols is scarce. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the color and translucency of zirconia subjected to different sintering temperatures and aging. A total of 180 1.5-mm-thick disks were produced from translucent zirconia blocks: DD cubeX2 white, DD cubeX2 A2 shade, DD Bio ZX2 white (Dental Direkt GmbH), and Lava Plus white (3M ESPE). White and A2 shade disks were made for each zirconia. DD Bio ZX2 and Lava Plus were colored by immersion in dyeing liquids. All disks were divided according to the sintering temperature: 1400 ºC, 1450 ºC, and 1500 ºC (T0). Subsequently, the disks were subjected to an aging protocol in an autoclave for 5 (T1) and 20 hours (T2). The L*a*b* coordinates were measured with a spectrophotometer. ∆E00, ∆L', ∆C', ∆H', and TP were calculated using CIEDE2000, and CR was obtained using CIEXYZ. Repeated measures ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test were used for statistical analysis (α=.05). The 1400 ºC temperature produced the greatest ΔE00 (5.25). A progressive increase in ΔE00 was found after aging (especially in T2), with a reduction in lightness and an increase in saturation in most groups (P<.001). The DD cubeX2 white (DCW) and A2 (DCC) groups presented the highest TP00 values, mainly at 1500°C. The highest CR values were observed in the Lava Plus colored (LPC) group (1400°C) (P<.001). Sintering at a lower temperature than that recommended by the manufacturer can reduce lightness and increase saturation and opacity, especially after aging.

Fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with CAD-CAM milled and prefabricated post-and-core systems.

To compare the effect of post-and-core material type and production technique on the fracture resistance of teeth. Sixty human maxillary central incisors were used for the study. Root canal treatments were performed, and the post cavities were created. The teeth were divided into six groups (n = 10) according to post material and production method: prefabricated glass-fiber post (PF), zirconia post (PZ), titanium post (PT), and CAD-CAM produced glass-fiber post (CF), zirconia post (CZ), titanium post (CT). All post-and-core restorations were luted with resin cement (RelyX U200). Static loading was applied on the luted metal copings using a universal testing machine to measure fracture resistance. The effect of material and production method on fracture resistance was evaluated with two-way ANOVA test. Tukey HSD test was used in post hoc analyses. Significance was evaluated at p < 0.05 level. In the CAD-CAM post-and-cores, the fracture resistance of zirconia was significantly higher (809 N) than titanium (569 N) and glass-fiber (342 N). In the prefabricated posts, the fracture resistance of zirconia was significantly higher than glass-fiber (445 N), while there was no significant difference between zirconia (605 N) and titanium (538 N) materials. Zirconia posts demonstrated the highest and CAD-CAM glass-fiber posts demonstrated the lowest fracture resistance compared to other types of post materials. Additional studies are needed to confirm if CAD-CAM glass-fiber posts may be considered an effective alternative treatment.

Assessment of Some Culture Media for Optimum Growth and Sporulation of Bipolaris sorokiniana Causing Spot Blotch of Wheat

An experiment was conducted during January–June, 2022 at Department of Plant Pathology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya for the evaluation of the different culture media on the growth of the fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana causing spot blotch disease in wheat. Five different growth media, viz., Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), wheat seed extract+PDA (WSPDA), wheat leaf decoction+PDA (WLPDA), carrot juice extract+PDA (CPDA), and oatmeal agar (OMA), were used in the experiment. PDA supplemented with different plant extracts exhibited differential growth and sporulation patterns on B. sorokiniana. The maximum colony diameter of 8.09 mm at 9 days after inoculation demonstrated that the OMA provided the best growth conditions. Moreover, based on the Tukey HSD test, the AUGPC of OMA was found to be the highest (34.68±1.3 cm2) and significantly different from all the other media used in the study. The OMA was followed by the WLPDA, which had an AUGPC of 22.6±1.79 cm2. The fungus sporulated in all the media considered for the present study, with OMA recording the highest sporulation with 44×104 spores ml-1, followed by WLPDA with 41×104 spores ml-1. The lowest level of sporulation was seen in CPDA, with a concentration of 15×103 spores ml-1. Based on the aforementioned results, it can be inferred that oatmeal agar was the most suitable medium for the development and sporulation of B. sorokiniana, followed by a mixture of wheat leaf decoction and PDA. On the other hand, PDA alone and carrot juice PDA were shown to be the least suitable media.

Effects of chronic exposure of specific water quality parameters in poultry drinking water on dietary amino acid digestibility and early broiler performance.

Poultry drinking water quality parameters influence physiological functions and bird health. This study aimed to explore the impacts of poultry drinking water pH, TDS (total dissolved solids), and elevated levels of certain minerals on the early phase of broiler performance. Four treatment groups were created based on water source and water quality types: i) municipal water source (MW); ii) well/underground water source with moderately higher levels of Ca, SO4-, and Mn (WW); iii) high-pH (>8) water (HPH); and iv) high-TDS water (>3000 ppm) (HTDS). All treatment water samples were profiled for mineral content. Treatment water was fed ad libitum throughout the experimental period. A total of 288 birds (Cobb 500 males), fed a standard diet (day(d) 0-21), were utilized for the study, creating six replicates/treatment with 12 birds/replicate cage unit. Birds were weighed on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. Water consumption, body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), water: feed, and amino acid digestibility were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using 1-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD test for significance (P < 0.05). Water consumption was higher for MW and HTDS until d10, but there was no difference in overall water consumption by d21 (P > 0.05). The overall feed intake and BWG were lower for HTDS birds compared to other treatment groups (P < 0.05), however, there was no difference in FCR (P > 0.05). Meanwhile, the apparent ileal digestibility of dietary amino acids for essential and non-essential amino acids did not differ among treatment groups (P > 0.05) and ranged from 0.40 to 0.94 across all treatments. The overall results showed that high-TDS water above 3000 ppm with elevated calcium and chloride levels could negatively impact early bird performance on feed consumption and BWG.

Resin composite aggregated S-PRG particles are not superior to non-S-PRG under microcosm biofilm

This study assessed the effect of composite resins, aggregated or not with S-PRG particles, and the use of toothpaste in controlling demineralization and bacterial growth. Human molars were distributed into 3 groups: control (CT) – sound teeth, Beautifil Bulk Restorative System (aggregated with S-PRG) (BB), Filtek One Bulk Fill (without S-PRG) (FB). Teeth destined for groups BB and FB previously received Class I preparations (4 × 4 × 4 mm), followed by single-increment restorations. All teeth were sectioned mesiodistally, with all specimens subjected to cariogenic challenge for 5 days, including microcosm biofilm formation. Half of each tooth was exposed to toothpaste (CTF, BBF, FBF). The loss of microhardness was assessed considering the initial microhardness as 100% on enamel, dentin, and composite resin substrates. Colony Forming Units (CFU/mL) were counted in 3 media. Data analysis used one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD test, and paired t-test (α = 0.05). Toothpaste significantly reduced CFU/mL for total bacteria and genus Streptococcus (p < 0.05), with no significant difference for Streptococcus mutans. Enamel microhardness was positively affected by toothpaste. Both restorative systems controlled enamel demineralization, with FB and FBF outperforming BB and BBF. There was minor degradation of both composite resins, between 10% and 22%. Toothpaste effectively reduced microorganisms, irrespective of the composite resin. Regarding demineralization control, both restorative systems, with and without S-PRG particles, were effective on enamel.

Screening 27 Genotypes of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) for Resistance to Three Species of Begomovirus

&lt;p&gt;Three primary species of &lt;em&gt;Begomovirus&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus&lt;/em&gt; (TYLCKaV), &lt;em&gt;Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus &lt;/em&gt;(PepYLCIV), and &lt;em&gt;Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus&lt;/em&gt; (ToLCNDV), have significantly impacted eggplant production in Indonesia, with infections often involving multiple viruses causing severe symptoms. Utilizing resistant cultivars for these viruses is the most effective control method. This study aimed to identify resistant genotypes and evaluate the heritability of eggplant resistance to &lt;em&gt;Begomovirus&lt;/em&gt;. In a controlled environment, 27 eggplant genotypes were inoculated with the single of three &lt;em&gt;Begomovirus&lt;/em&gt; species separately (molecularly confirmed), using &lt;em&gt;Bemisia tabaci&lt;/em&gt; as a vector. The plants were inoculated at the seedling growth stage and observed weekly until the disease progression stabilized. These assessments included monitoring symptoms, the number of symptomatic plants, and assigning disease severity scores to each individual. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey-HSD tests at α = 5%. The results indicated that EPA 21016 A genotype was resistant to TYLCKaV, with the lowest disease incidence (2.5%) and severity (1.25%), making it a promising parental line for breeding virus-resistant cultivars. However, all genotypes were susceptible to PepYLCIV and ToLCNDV, with a 100% disease incidence. High heritability for TYLCKaV resistance suggests its potential for early-generation selection, while low heritability for PepYLCIV and ToLCNDV indicates the need for enhanced genetic variability.&lt;/p&gt;

Outcome of Er, Cr:YSGG laser and antioxidant pretreatments on bonding quality to caries-induced dentin

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the influence of different pretreatment protocols and antioxidants application on the shear bond strength (SBS) of universal adhesive to sound (SoD) and caries-induced dentin (CID).MethodsOne hundred and twenty posterior teeth had their occlusal enamel removed, then the specimens were divided into two main groups according to dentin substrates; SoD and CID, three subgroups according to pretreatments protocols control (no pretreatment), NaOCl-treated, and Er, Cr:YSGG-treated and two divisions according to antioxidant application (with and without sodium ascorbate (SA) application). All-Bond Universal (ABU) universal adhesives was applied in self-etch (SE) mode then resin composite discs were built. The specimens were stored in distilled water for 24-hr at 37°C before SBS testing. Three-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests were used for data analysis (a = 0.05).Results6% NaOCl resulted in a significant reduction in SBS in SoD without antioxidant application. 10% SA application showed significant increase in SBS for 6% NaOCl group only in SoD. Laser application recorded a significantly higher SBS compared to 6% NaOCl group without or with antioxidant application, while 10% SA application revealed a significant increase in SBS for control group only.ConclusionsEr, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation followed by antioxidant application has the potential to enhance the bonding quality of both tested dentin substrates. NaOCl application has significantly compromised the bonding to SoD and CID substrates.

Improving sensory integration in Chinese children with moderate sensory integration challenges through engaging basketball training.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combining basketball training with a traditional sensory integration therapy (SIT) vs. a SIT alone in enhancing sensory integration capability among Chinese children diagnosed with mild challenges in sensory integration and sensory processing (CSISP). This study comprised a Control group and an Experimental group, both undergoing a 10-week intervention (4 sessions/week, 45 min/session). The Control group exclusively participated in traditional SIT for all sessions. In contrast, the Experimental group engaged in traditional SIT for two sessions per week and Basketball training for the remaining two sessions weekly. Three sensory integration measures (vestibular sensation, tactile perception, proprioception) and five gross motor performance measures (balance beam walking speed, single-leg standing with eyes closed, tennis ball throw, two-legged jump speed, 10-m shuttle run) were assessed before and after the 10-week training period. Separate 2 (Group) × 2 (Test Phases) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on the second factor were conducted for each measure. Interaction effects were further explored using Tukey's HSD test to clarify their nature. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in all sensory integration and gross motor performance measures following the 10-week training sessions (p < 0.001). Importantly, the group receiving the combination of basketball training and traditional SIT significantly outperformed the group undergoing SIT alone in all assessed areas. These results indicate that combining basketball training with traditional SIT enhances sensory integration capabilities more effectively among Chinese children aged 4-6 years with moderate CSISP compared to utilizing SIT alone.

The in vitro assessment of resin coating materials containing calcium phosphate, bioactive glass, and polylysine for glass ionomer cement restorations

Objective: Glass ionomer cements (GICs) require protective surface coatings to enhance their clinical performance. This study developed novel protective resin coatings for GICs containing monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM), bioactive glass nanoparticles (BAGs), and poly-L-lysine (PLS) and evaluated their physical, mechanical, and biological properties when applied to GICs. Materials and methods: Experimental resin coating materials were formulated with 5–10 wt% of MCPM, BAGs, and PLS. The degree of monomer conversion was measured usingAttenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) (n = 6). GICs coated with the experimental materials were evaluated for biaxial flexural strength and modulus after 24 h water immersion using a universal testing machine (n = 8). Vickers surface microhardness up to 4 weeks of water immersion was also determined (n = 5). Fluoride and elemental release in water were analyzed using a fluoride-specific electrode and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (n = 3). Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay with mouse fibrosarcoma (n = 3). A commercial resin coating (EQUIA Forte Coat, EQ) served as control. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Results: While EQ showed higher monomer conversion (87%) compared to experimental materials (72–74%) (p &lt; 0.05), GICs coated with experimental materials demonstrated comparable strength to EQ-coated GICs. The experimental coatings exhibited similar F, Al, Na, and Si releases to EQ-coated GICs, with enhanced P release. All experimental coatings exhibited comparable cell viability (&gt;70%) to the commercial material. Conclusion: The novel GIC protective coatings containing MCPM, BAGs, and PLS demonstrated acceptable in vitro performance comparable to commercial materials while potentially offering enhanced remineralization through increased elemental release.

Influence of gingival color and abutment material on the final color of peri-implant soft tissue: An in vitro analysis.

The study aimed to investigate the influence of different gingival colors and abutment materials on the final color of peri-implant soft tissue. A total of 30-cylinder shaped specimens having 1.0- and 2.0-mm buccal thicknesses using five different gingivacolored composites [light pink (LP), dark pink (DP), orange (Or), brown (Br), and purple (Pr)] were prepared. Implants were placed straight into the center of cylinders and connected to abutments [Titanium (Ti) and Zirconia (Zr)]. Color parameters were assessed using a spectroradiometer. Color differences (ΔE*ab and ΔE00) were calculated and compared to 50:50% perceptibility (PT) and acceptability (AT) visual thresholds. Color variation data were statistically analyzed using 2-way analyses of variance followed by Tukey HSD tests (a=.05). Significantly higher ΔE*ab and ΔE00 values were recorded in LP and Or groups with 1.0 mm buccal thickness and Ti abutments (p<.05). Regardless of the thickness applied, all the gingival color groups with Zr abutment presented ΔE*ab and ΔE00 values below AT. The mean ΔE*ab value decreased as the gingiva thickness increased in the LP, DP, and Or groups with Ti abutments. Abutment material significantly affected the mean ΔE00 values in the groups of LP, DP, and Or with a buccal gingiva thickness of 1.0 mm (p<.05). Gingival color and abutment material was found to be effective on the final color of peri-implant soft tissue. However, further clinical research is required to confirm these findings.

TNF-α Expression and Plasma Cell and Macrophage Numbers in Traumatic Ulcers in a Rat Model Treated by Topical or Systemic Probiotic L. casei Shirota.

Introduction: Live microorganisms, named probiotics, can improve overall physical well-being, particularly the oral cavity's health. L. casei Shirota, a popular probiotic, can influence the immune response by increasing the number of macrophages and plasma cells that play a role in traumatic ulcer healing. Aims: To determine the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and the varied number of plasma cells and macrophages on a traumatic ulcer animal model treated with topical or systemic administration of a probiotic L. casei Shirota. Material and Methods: Thirty-six healthy, 2-3-month-old male Rattus norvegicus weighing 175-250 gram, were designed into control and topical and systemic administration probiotic groups. The control group was treated with Aquadest 20 uL/20 gr, while topical probiotic and systemic administration probiotic groups were treated with 10,9x107 cells/kg, respectively. A heated round burnisher tip was used to traumatize the inferior incisive fornix labial area. After 3 or 7 days, the animal models were terminated. Immunohistochemical examination, Hematoxylin eosin staining, and statistical analysis were performed to analyze the expression of TNF-α and the number of plasma cells and macrophages. Results: The Mann-Whitney and Tukey HSD tests indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in the results for the three groups. It was observed that topical administration provides more remarkable results than systemic administration for the expression of TNF-α, the number of plasma cells, and the number of macrophages. Conclusion: Topical administration of L. casei Shirota demonstrates better results than systemic administration for healing traumatic ulcers.

Effect of Manipulation Methods and Storage Environments on the Microstructural, Chemical, and Mechanical Properties of Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different manipulation methods and storage environments on the microstructural, chemical, and mechanical properties of calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement. Four sample groups were examined, including nondried (ND-I) and dried (D-I) groups placed directly in an incubator, dried samples stored in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (D-P), and dried samples stored in distilled water (D-W). Various analyses, including Vickers microhardness, compressive strength, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were conducted after incubating the samples for 7 days. The data were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, independent t, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey HSD tests. Key findings include the ND-I group exhibited a significantly longer setting time but the lowest microhardness and compressive strength. D-P showed the highest microhardness, while D-W displayed the highest compressive strength. FTIR analysis revealed vibration modes related to (PO4)3- ions and Si compounds in all groups, with dried groups showing more vibrations of (PO4)3- ions and OH groups, and D-P and D-W groups displayed vibration modes of (CO3)2- ions. XRD analysis indicated increased tri/dicalcium silicate reflections in CEM groups exposed to PBS or distilled water. D-I and D-W groups presented hexagonal or rectangular cubic and needle-like crystals, while D-P showed a homogeneous globular structure covered with fine crystals. The order of the weight percentage of major elemental constituents of D-P group was oxygen, calcium, phosphorus, zirconium, barium, carbon, silicon, and sulfur. Incremental placement, drying each increment, and exposing CEM to PBS/tissue fluids result in a faster set and more tolerant cement with a more uniform microstructure. The formation of hydroxyapatite can occur on the surface of the set cement.

Efficacy of different Plant Extracts and Spinetoram (Radiant) Against Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

Agriculture commodities infested by insect pest are being controlled by various methodologies for countering their drastic affects. One of the earliest methods is the use of insecticide against red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) insects have developed resistance against these insecticides, there for in the present research we were examine the mortality effect of two plants extracts (kaniar and shahtra) and spinetoram (radiant) against red flour beetle to compare the efficacy of these insecticide. The lethal effect of kaniar, shahtra and spinetoram were be evaluated using 6 concentrations 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 with 3 replications. The filter paper was used for bioassay evaluating the mortality after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Statistical analysis was carried out for (ANOVA) using statistics 8 software. Mean of significant treatments were compared using Tukey HSD test. Mortality analysis showed that highest mortality was observed in case of spinetoram (radiant) (97%) at 150 ppm after 96-hour exposure following the plant extract Kaniar (70%) at 15% concentration after 96-hour exposure and shahtra (57%) at 15% concentration after 96-hour exposure, high repelancy was obtained by the plant extract, Shahtra (100%) after 60 minutes exposure followed by Kaniar (93%) after 60 min exposure. The results concluded that both the plants are highly effective than the insecticide against Tribolium castaneum and they can be safely used against stored product pests in commodities to conserve the food grains for future use without residual effects and other side effects related to health and food quality.

The effect of milk types on enamel density in primary teeth: Research articl

Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a condition affecting primary teeth, caused by enamel demineralization due to bacterial acids from sugar metabolism. Remineralization, supported by calcium and phosphate, is crucial for repairing damage. Milk, rich in these minerals, may aid enamel remineralization and improve dental health. Purpose: To analyze the effects of various bovine milk types on the enamel density of primary teeth. Methods: Twelve extracted primary incisors were divided into four groups: distilled water (control), pure bovine milk, UHT bovine milk, and low-fat bovine milk. Teeth were immersed for 21 days, and enamel density was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX) and ImageJ software. The data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Results: Significant differences were observed between treatment groups (p = 0.006). The highest enamel density was found in the low-fat bovine milk group (0.83±0.64 µm), followed by UHT milk (0.95±0.16 µm), and the lowest in pure bovine milk (2.09±0.19 µm). Tukey HSD results showed significant differences between the control and UHT milk groups (p = 0.11) and the control and low-fat milk groups (p = 0.09). Conclusion: Milk consumption positively affects enamel density in primary teeth, with low-fat and UHT bovine milk showing the most significant impact.

Improving the Push-Out Bond Strength of Fiber Posts in Diabetic Dentin: The Role of Chlorexidine Irrigation and Resin Cements.

This study evaluated the effect of resin cements and post-space irrigation solutions on the push-out bond strength of diabetic and non-diabetic dentin. A total of 160 human central teeth (80 diabetic, 80 non-diabetic) were prepared using X5 files and obturated with AH Plus sealer and X5 gutta-percha. Post spaces were prepared, and teeth were divided into eight groups based on resin cements (Variolink N, Panavia SA Universal) and irrigation protocols (saline, saline + 2% CHX). A 1 mm slice from each tooth's middle third was tested for push-out bond strength. Statistical analysis was performed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. In non-diabetic dentin, saline + CHX with Variolink N achieved the highest bond strength. In diabetic dentin, saline with Panavia SA Universal resulted in the lowest bond strength (p < 0.05). The dentin type, resin cement, and irrigation solution significantly impacted fiber post bond strength, and CHX irrigation improved it.

Changes in cetacean occurrence in Faxaflói Bay, Iceland, as observed from whale watching vessels

The distribution of animal species is shaped by environmental conditions and their ecological niches. The understanding of these niches is essential for conservation, especially for cetaceans, as cetacean species may adjust their geographical range in response to ecological changes. Long-term data is vital to monitor these shifts and guide conservation efforts. While environmental changes are occurring globally, localised effects on specific species and habitats, particularly marine ecosystems, remain understudied. This gap in knowledge is evident in Artic regions. As key trophic species, cetaceans can act as indicators of potential significance and contribute significantly to the economy of local communities via the practice of whale watching. Iceland, a biodiversity hotspot, has experienced significant warming as part of global climate change, possibly affecting the abundance of prey species. Cetaceans such as humpback whales, minke whales, white-beaked dolphins, and harbour porpoises inhabit these waters year-round and may be affected by such changes. This paper focuses on the bay of Faxaflói in southwest Iceland, utilising semi long-term data (2016-2023) from whale watching tours to discern potential changes in the occurrence of these four species. Sightings Per Unit Effort (SPUE) for the four targeted species was calculated for each month and year. ANOVA test (p&lt;.005) and Tukey HSD test were conducted for humpback whales revealing significant differences in Spue in the years 2022-2017 (p=0.006), 2023-2017 (p=0.003), 2023-2018 (p=0.04), 2022-2019 (p=0.02), and 2023-2019 (p=0.009). Seasonal analysis suggests shifts in SPUE, with increased observations during non-touristic periods after 2021. Results indicate intriguing trends in species occurrence, with a significant increase in humpback whale sightings and a steady decline in mine whale sightings since 2018. The inverse relationship between minke and humpback whales suggests possible competition or distributional shifts. Acknowledging limitations and biases from tourism-centric data collection his study highlights the importance of whale watching records as a year-round monitoring tool. Collaborative efforts between operators and researchers are crucial to enhance data quality. Understanding and addressing the observational changes in cetaceans in Faxaflói is imperative for effective conservation measures in this ecologically significant region.