Tug Boats Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of International Container Ports in Taiwan and Neighborhood Area by Weakness and Strength Indices of FMCDM

Abstract International trade for economic development is one of important articles in many countries. Additionally, intermodal transportation and global logistics in international trade are essential practices, and the important connection between the two is international container ports. For Taiwan and neighboring areas, the cargo loadings of intermodal transportation and global logistics have increased now, and thus international container ports with high performance are critical. In this paper, we evaluated performance of 12 international container ports including Hong Kong, Shanghai, Kaohsiung, Shenzhen, Singapore, Tokyo, Pusan, Klang, Manila, Laem Chabang, Oingdao, and Tanjung Priok in Taiwan and neighboring areas on 13 criteria: tug boat operation, untwisting rope operation, pilot operation, stevedoring efficiency, low damage rate for goods, awaiting unloading, working and service flexibility, application service process, service personnel ability, service personnel attitude, advisory services, harbor rates and stevedoring rates by fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making(FMCDM) with weakness, and strength indices. Through the FMCDM, we effectively and efficiently evaluated the performance problem of the 12 international container ports in Taiwan and neighboring areas.

Policy Recommendation on deficient Supply of Seafarers in Korea

Seafarer is a driving force for various maritime industries and business activities such as merchant shipping, fishing, ship operation and management, safety manag-ement of ships and ports, pilotage, tug boat service, maritime distress judgment, marine insurance and dynamic positioning of oil and offshore vessels. Globally, there are common issues of seafarers: continual reduction of seafarers in developed countries such as the UK, Norway, Germany, France, and Korea; aging of seafarers; multi-nationalities on board a ship; and hence globalization of manning. The case of Korea adds a peculiarity in supply of seafarers: high separation rate and alternative service for compulsory military service as a main reason of becoming seafarer. Following the main results of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with a questionnaire on supply side of seafarer policy, the paper prioritizes income tax reduction among policy measures at first, then looks in the order of alternative service of military service, career management, improvement of working condition, order of industrial service merit, and drama or film stared by the actors of Korean seafarers respectively.

The Use of Pesticides Chemicals in Fruits and Paddy Fields Sananrak Sub-District, Thanyaburi District, Pathumthani Province, Thailand

The study intended to analyze and explore the utilization of pesticides and chemicals through qualitative analysis in agricultural profession of Sananrak Sub-District, Thanyaburi District, Pathumthani Province. Local agriculturists’ are subjected to study their usage of pesticide chemicals, procedures and behaviors of Sananrak Sub-District by using qualitative method. A total of 18 farmers were selected to study their farming activities, lesson learnt brainstorming, observation and in-depth interviews.From results of the study it was found that majority of the farmers are males, aged between 40-49 and are graduated from primary education with average family income of more than 10,000 Baht per month. Thus, local farming community prefer to grow tangerines, rice, limes, guavas and papayas respectively. However, most of the farmers has 6-10 years of farming experience in the study area. It was found that abamectin is the most used insecticide amongst the other insecticides, which apply for tangerines, limes, guavas and paddy fields. On the other hand, they will use methamidophos insecticides in papayas field. And for herbicides, they will mostly use glyphosate and paraquat chemicals. (Metro Zone, Gramoxone).Behavior in using chemical, in general agriculturists choose to use chemicals by means of spray by using spray towing machine. Researchers found that when agriculturists apply for insecticides, they will use the spray type of pesticides and if some field areas are furrows, they will use tug boats in spraying insecticides. However, the agricultural farmers themselves choosing their chemical pesticides. This attitudes of farming community in the study area may leads local Thai-people to expose pesticide residues via food chain and consumption of local foods. Hence government of Thailand should promote the use of Bio- pesticides and fertilizers and subsidize the cost of Bio-pesticides to encourage the marginalized agricultural farmers.

Pengembangan Infrastruktur Pelabuhan Panjang Sebagai Pelabuhan Cargo Bertaraf Internasional

Infrastructure development in Indonesia continued to show progress, including the development of the port as a place which is an integrated system consisting of transport in the waters, port, safety and security, and environmental protection in maritime. Lampung province that has the port will control that is essential for the regions surrounding potential in improving the economy, especially industry and trade both nationally and internationally. The purpose of this study was to assess the Port of Panjang infrastructure development as an international cargo port. Therefore, researchers using the theory to fill positivistic approach and examples of best practice to fill rationalistic. Best practice is used is the Port of TanjungPriok, Jakarta, and Port of Busan, South Korea as a cornerstone of researchers to conduct research. The research character is a descriptive. Methods of data collection is done by direct observation to the test site and interview techniques combined with a list of questions to the government and service users. The results showed Port of Panjang Infrastructure meet the minimum requirements of international cargo ports established by the IMO, the Port of Panjang must add infrastructure and supporting facilities. Water facilities, ports should be developed, among others, relocation is docked tug boat, pilot boat and service boat, while the infrastructure to be developed is the yard, office building (banking) and postal telecommunications, reactivation of the railway to transport coal, and gangway to lane expressway passenger sea.

In Situ Solidification (ISS) of River Sediments: Pilot Demonstration and Discussion of ISS as a Remedial Alternative to Dredging and Capping

In situ solidification (ISS) is a proven technology for remediation of upland site soils, but has not been thoroughly demonstrated for use in impacted underwater sediments. This article describes the first successful use of ISS techniques to solidify underwater sediments containing manufactured gas plant non‐aqueous‐phase liquid (NAPL). The techniques consisted of mixing cementitious grout with the sediments in situ to create a monolith that immobilized the contaminants, significantly decreased the hydraulic conductivity, and also vastly decreased contaminant leaching potential of the sediments. The success of this pilot demonstration project suggests that ISS may be a viable alternative for: sites requiring deep dredging; large volume projects on urban waterways where staging and amending areas are limited; sites with NAPL impacts that cannot be controlled during dredging; and sites where eventual NAPL breakthrough is anticipated if reactive caps are employed. The potential economic, environmental, and operational benefits of this technology will be discussed. This article focuses on the primary objectives of the pilot demonstration: to meet quantitative performance criteria for strength and hydraulic conductivity; to assess the leach performance of the solidified sediments; and to satisfy water quality parameters for turbidity, pH, and sheen. Approach/activities: The pilot study utilized a customized marine platform (modular floats, tug boats, etc.) and full‐scale ISS equipment (auger rig, silos, etc.) and varied operational parameters to provide a range of data to assist in evaluating the feasibility and efficacy of the technology for use in similar environments and in planning future ISS projects on the water. Water quality controls and monitoring were implemented during the operation, and the study documented and evaluated the environmental disruption (short‐term impacts) and costs of the application of the ISS process to contaminated aquatic sediments. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Assessment of New Port Operations Using Integrated Analysis: A Case Study in Port of Mucuripe (CE, Brazil)

This paper presents the analysis of Ship-to-Ship (STS) operations in both berths of the Mucuripe Port Oil Terminal (CE, Brazil). Since it is a new operation in this Terminal (that was not originally designed for), state of the art engineering tools was used to aid the analysis and to assure the safety of personnel and environment and integrity of structures and equipments. All the procedures are based on the PIANC Report n° 121-2014 detailed design phase. Initially, a hydrodynamic model was used to calculate the waves and current along all the access channel and sheltered area, for a long period (5 years). Calibration with in-loco measurements was done to assure the accuracy of the model results. A CFD model of the vessels in Ship-to-Ship configuration was used to calculate the current and wind forces in both hulls since most of the reference data is related only to single hull coefficients. Wave motions and loads are obtained using the potential software Wamit ®, with a careful analysis of the numerical mesh. An in-house mooring analysis software (Medusa) was then used to calculate the forces in the mooring lines and fenders for the ship-to-ship configuration, subjected to a large range of wind, waves, water level and current combinations. This software is fully configurable and can even model Ship-to-Ship vessels arrangements. It is also possible to perform statistical analysis of the results, indicating the availability of each berth for the STS operation. Different mooring layouts were tested. The nautical maneuver was performed and analyzed by real-time numerical simulations, with the command of the Mucuripe Port maritime pilots. Several scenarios of wind/waves/current were tested in the full-mission maneuvering simulator of the TPN Laboratory. The simulations intended to verify if the space to turn the vessel was adequate, considering that the other STS vessel was already at the berth. Furthermore, the bollard pull and the number of tugboats could also be tested, considering the risks associated to the STS operation. A novel procedure of Fast-Time simulation was applied to better define the required bollard pull, repeating the maneuvers executed by the pilots under a larger number of environmental conditions, using the computer to control the trajectory. An optimization algorithm associated with statistical analysis was the used to verify the tug boats bollard pull required for each case. If hydro/meteo information and prediction system is installed in the port, these results could be used to optimize the allocation of the tugboats in the port. As a final result of the analysis, some restrictions were imposed on the STS operation when long-period waves reach the port since they cause large motions in the vessels and increase the load on the mooring lines.

Analysis of the Efficiency and Productivity of Tug Boat Companies using DEA-Window and the Malmquist Index

Analysis of the Efficiency and Productivity of Tug Boat Companies using DEA-Window and the Malmquist Index

A Study on the Maritime Significance of Demise Charter and Ship Management Contract for Tug or Barge Boat Which Employed in Marine Construction

A Study on the Maritime Significance of Demise Charter and Ship Management Contract for Tug or Barge Boat Which Employed in Marine Construction

Development of a core mathematical model for arbitrary manoeuvres of a shuttle tanker

A 3DOF still-water manoeuvring mathematical model embracing all regimes of motion of a single-screw shuttle LNG carrier has been developed. Besides four-quadrant models for hull forces, main propeller and the rudder, the model describes also the action of a lateral thruster and of assisting tug boats. Environmental factors include constant wind and constant current. Results of off-line simulations partly compared with available trial data are given.

METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ENERGY DEMAND FOR MAIN PROPULSION AND ONBOARD ELECTRIC POWER FOR MODERN HARBOUR TUG BOATS BY MEANS OF STATISTICS

The paper presents the method of preliminary estimation of harbour tugs main propulsion power and on board electric power station based on statistical analysis. At the beginning of paper, the classification of tug boats is executed. Tug boats are classified according to their type of service, type of main propulsion, equipment and way of service. For harbour and roadstead tug boats, the analysis of main propulsion plants and on board power station is executed. Pushing and tractor propulsion plants are presented in which different types of thrusters i.e. azimuth, cycloid and classic propellers are analysed. Advantages and defects of each type of main propulsion are pointed. Statistic methods of analysis are elaborated in Department of Marine Propulsion Plants of Gdynia Maritime University. These methods make possible in simple and quick way to estimate parameters of ship energetic system. The estimation is carried out with good correlation coefficient and high determination of regression coefficient. Statistic methods make also possible to forecast energetic systems parameters for ships to be built in the future. Dependencies for main propulsion power and electric power of onboard power station are not universal for all types of ships. They should be elaborated separately for each type of ships. In this paper, the results concerning only harbour and roadstead tug boats are presented.

Auto Berthing – a Solution for Achieving Zero Waiting Time at Harbour

Tanjung Perak Port is one of biggest harbour in Indonesia. The shipping start from Karang Jamuang to Naval Base. The moving is use help of scout ships and tug boat. A control system can be applied to anchored ships , to replace the role of tug and scout boat. Movement from the parking position to the anchored involve auto maneuver and auto berthing. Both auto system is designed using fuzzy logic control. Input of control from sensors and guidance according to the path leading to the dock, and to anticipate the environmental disturbance factors (that is ocean currents). Control rules are unique, according to the type and size of vessel. In the case study to AHTS vessels, berthing auto show good ability. The heading error of 0.04° to the direction parallel to the dock, and the range of distances error is 0.16 to 2.16 meters from the desired position. Reduction of processing time leaning point to Jamrud dock is 33 minutes.

사고선박의 다양한 예인계획에 따른 예인상태 추정 프로그램 개발

해상에서 사고선박을 예인하기 위해서는, 예상되는 바람과 조류 등의 해상상태에서, 선정된 예인선들의 예인력과 예인방향을 이용하여 피예인선의 선속과 방향을 추정하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 사고선박의 다양한 예인계획에 따른 예인상태 추정 방법을 연구하였다. 기존 전산 프로그램을 사용하여 계산된 피예인선의 정면방향 선속과 저항을 가져오는 방법과, 초기 예인상태에서 선정된 예인선들에 의한 피예인선의 전진방향 선속과 저항을 계산하는 방법, 그리고 안정된 예인상태에서 피예인선의 전진방향 선속과 저항을 계산하는 방법을 제안하였다. 이들 계산 방법은 전산 프로그램으로 구현되었으며, 이 프로그램은 피예인선의 상태를 적절히 추정할 수 있는 유용한 프로그램으로 확인되었다.

Application of AIS data in service vessel activity description in the Gulf of Mexico

Offshore exploration and production in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is supported by a large number of service vessels characterized by complex logistical patterns, a large number of shorebases and demand points across an expansive geographic area, and dynamic time-varying activities. No quantitative data is available on the spatial and temporal distributions of service vessel activity in the GOM, and therefore environmental impacts from offshore leasing plans cannot be distinguished. It is this ‘information gap’ in support of Environmental Impact Statements that is the motivation for this analysis. Automatic Identification System data is used in a proof-of-concept to evaluate offshore service vessel activity in the GOM during June 2009. Vessel events are identified and aggregated by port, area block, vessel type and event class. In total, 46 276 arrivals and departures between onshore and offshore locations in the GOM were recorded. Vessel movements between ports were the most active and a large portion of these events are attributed to towing vessels and tug boats. Offshore support vessels and crewboats recorded the most vessel events in offshore areas. A summary of the empirical results are presented along with the key aspects of data processing, evaluation challenges and limitations of analysis.

Safety assessment of caisson transport on a floating dock by frequency- and time-domain calculations

When caissons are mounted on a floating transportation barge and towed by a tug boat in waves, motion of the floating dock creates inertia and gravity induced slip forces on the caisson. If its magnitude exceeds the corresponding friction force between the two surfaces, a slip may occur, which can lead to an unwanted accident. In oblique waves, both pitch and roll motions occur simultaneously and their coupling effects for slip and friction forces become more complicated. With the presence of strong winds, the slip force can appreciably be increased to make the situation worse. In this regard, the safety of the transportation process of a caisson mounted on a floating dock for various wind-wave conditions is investigated. The analysis is done by both frequency-domain approach and time-domain approach, and their differences as well as pros and cons are discussed. It is seen that the time-domain approach is more direct and accurate and can include nonlinear contributions as well as viscous effects, which are typically neglected in the linear frequency-domain approach.

Freeze shoe sampler for the collection of hyporheic zone sediments and porewater.

The Starr and Ingleton (1992) drive point piston sampler (DPPS) design was modified by fitting it with a Murphy and Herkelrath (1996) type sample-freezing drive shoe (SFDS), which uses liquid carbon dioxide as a cryogen. Liquid carbon dioxide was used to freeze sediments in the lower 0.1 m of the core and the drive-point piston sealed the core at the top preserving the reductive-oxidation (redox) sensitive sediments from the atmosphere and maintaining natural stratigraphy. The use of nitrogen gas to provide positive pressure on the gas system blocked the ingress of water which froze on contact with the cryogen thus blocking the gas lines with ice. With this adaptation to the gas system cores could be collected at greater depths beneath the static water level. This tool was used to collect intact saturated sediment cores from the hyporheic zone of the tidally influenced Fraser River in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada where steep geochemical and microbial gradients develop within the interface between discharging anaerobic groundwater and recharging aerobic river water. In total, 25 cores driven through a 1.5 m sampling interval were collected from the river bed with a mean core recovery of 75%. The ability to deploy this method from a fishing vessel makes the tool more cost effective than traditional marine-based drilling operations which often use barges, tug boats, and drilling rigs.

離着岸操船におけるタグボート運用要素の評価

The most important task of harbor tug boats are to support berthing /unberthing of vessels, because marine pilots use those tug boats for safe and efficient ship operation when assisting vessels’ berthing or unberthing. In Japan, the new pilotage low has been active since 2007 and included the third grade pilots which newly established. Unfortunately, they do not have enough experience of tug boat management. They are trying to study about tug boats handling in the harbor for large vessels using ship handling by navigation simulation systems. The senior pilots teach them how to use the tug boats in the ship handling simulator, too. However, the senior pilots have only the experience but do not have standard of the evaluation for management of tug boats handling. In this paper, the authors propose how to evaluate the tug boat handling for ship berthing using the new standard, which is named “Evaluation on elements for tug boat handling.” It is extracted from natural images of ship berthing at actual port named Yokohama. The new standards are consisted of three elements which are propelling power of tug boats, its direction and duration of power. The authors tried to compare the values of the three elements between actual ship handlings and ship handlings by the simulation, then confirmed their effects.

タグボート乗組員の常態化したヒヤリハットについて

In a harbor, vessels frequently need the assistance of tug boats, for example, when berthing, escorting or towing. These are a great help for vessels' navigation and for the traffic efficiency. There has been sparse research on the subject of tug boats, due to the specific character of tug boats' work. For the purpose of learning more about safe tug operation, there is a need know how often there are, or have been, near-misses for tug crew. In this study, the authors distributed more than 2,000 questionnaires to tug crew all over Japan and received the sufficient answers to analyze the point of problem. This will be a useful tool for enhancing safety and mutual understanding between the tug boat operators and the assisted vessel. From the collected results of those questionnaires, the authors could consider that the most of crew members of tug boat are aware of risks in many situations. Therefore, the authors propose that this fact should be made public, especially to those tug boat operators and also the assisted vessel side. In a final conclusion, the authors work for this study should be helpful to minimize the near-miss or improve the safety environment.

The first record of Grateloupia subpectinata from the New Zealand region and comparison with G. prolifera, a species endemic to the Chatham Islands

Abstract A finely pinnately branched species of Grateloupia not seen previously in New Zealand was collected in Tauranga, New Zealand, growing on a tug boat. Molecular sequencing data (rbcL) revealed it to be Grateloupia subpectinata, a species first described from Japan, and also reported as native to Korea and China, and introduced to Britain, France, and Australia. The only species of Grateloupia with morphology similar to G. subpectinata in the New Zealand region is G. prolifera from the Chatham Islands. A sequence of this species was obtained for comparative purposes and found to be distinct from G. subpectinata.

Electric auxiliary propulsion for improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions

Auxiliary drives can provide an alternative propulsion system for marine vessels giving the potential to achieve improved environmental performance during low-speed sailing. In this work, two case vessels were considered for analysis, a Roll-On–Roll-Off ship and a harbour tug boat. Actual sailing operational profiles were used as the basis for energy considerations to assess the potential for lower emissions. An energy-centric simulation model was built to estimate the emission of various pollutants, considering different machinery set-ups. Results have shown that savings are possible, especially for vessels which run on residual fuels, where auxiliary drives provide a way of exploiting the advantages of cleaner sources for manoeuvring instances.

Hydrodynamic development of Inclined Keel Hull-propulsion

The gain in propulsive efficiency using a large propeller diameter with lower shaft rotation is perhaps the simplest and most robust way of improving the fuel economy of a ship. Within this framework the concept of “Inclined Keel Hull” has attracted much interest in small vessels such as fishing boats and tug boats to improve their pulling power however there has been no application of this concept to large commercial ships. This is the second of two papers on a hydrodynamic development of an Inclined Keel Hull with a well-designed 3600 TEU container vessel based on the recently completed postgraduate study, (Seo, 2010). In the first paper (Seo et al., 2012) the validation for the bare hull resistance and wake distribution on the propeller plane was conducted by using advanced numerical tools and large scale model tests as part of an on-going collaborative FP7-EU research project, Streamline (2010). The present paper is the continuation of the validation study for the propulsion analysis of the same vessel by using numerical analysis and large scale self-propulsion tests as part of the same project. The validation study confirmed the worthiness of the Inclined Keel Hull concept by achieving a 4.3% maximum power saving in the delivered power around design speed.