Tuberculosis In Young Adults Research Articles

Abdominal tuberculosis: experience with RNTCP category III antitubercular therapy

Background: Abdominal tuberculosis as such has been put in seriously ill category III regimen because the therapy of abdominal tuberculosis throws up many challenges, especially those presenting with immune compromised and malnourished state. To accommodate all the accompanying challenges, it is prudent to keep the regimen flexible. Objective: To study the 30- and 60-day efficacy of daily versus alternate-day self-administered therapy of abdominal tuberculosis in young adults with ileocecal tuberculosis (IC) and mesenteric tubercular lymphadenitis (ML). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted for a duration of 2 years, starting June 2013, in an outpatient setting of a tertiary referral center in north India. Patients identified during a study of causes of functional abdominal pain syndrome (FAPS) or “only pain” presentation in gastroenterology (GI) outpatient and diagnosed as IC or ML on the basis of contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CECT) and/or colonoscopy with ileoscopy were given daily (weight based) versus alternate-day revised national tuberculosis control program (RNTCP) category III regimen therapy in a nonrandom manner. Result: Twelve patients of abdominal tuberculosis were identified: eight cases had IC with varying degrees of gastrointestinal disturbances whereas four had ML with no other organic disease explaining the symptoms. Groups prescribed daily versus alternate-day therapy did not differ significantly because of the presentation as FAPS in young adults. All patients received clinically significant improvement with antitubercular therapy. Four patients prescribed RNTCP category III regimen showed excellent clinical relief. Dyspepsia occurred significantly more with alternate-day therapy. Conclusion: Self-administered DOTS alternate-day therapy according to RNTCP category III regimen is equally efficacious to daily-weight-based regimen in young adults with abdominal tuberculosis.

Serial interferon-gamma release assays during treatment of active tuberculosis in young adults

BackgroundThe role of interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) in monitoring responses to anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment is not clear. We evaluated the results of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube (QFT-GIT) assay over time during the anti-TB treatment of adults with no underlying disease.MethodsWe enrolled soldiers who were newly diagnosed with active TB and admitted to the central referral military hospital in South Korea between May 1, 2008 and September 30, 2009. For each participant, we preformed QFT-GIT assay before treatment (baseline) and at 1, 3, and 6 months after initiating anti-TB medication.ResultsOf 67 eligible patients, 59 (88.1%) completed the study protocol. All participants were males who were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative and had no chronic diseases. Their median age was 21 years (range, 20-48). Initially, 57 (96.6%) patients had positive QFT-GIT results, and 53 (89.8%), 42 (71.2%), and 39 (66.1%) had positive QFT-GIT results at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. The IFN-γ level at baseline was 5.31 ± 5.34 IU/ml, and the levels at 1, 3, and 6 months were 3.95 ± 4.30, 1.82 ± 2.14, and 1.50 ± 2.12 IU/ml, respectively. All patients had clinical and radiologic improvements after treatment and were cured. A lower IFN-γ level, C-reactive protein ≥ 3 mg/dl, and the presence of fever (≥ 38.3°C) at diagnosis were associated with negative reversion of the QFT-GIT assay.ConclusionAlthough the IFN-γ level measured by QFT-GIT assay decreased after successful anti-TB treatment in most participants, less than half of them exhibited QFT-GIT reversion. Thus, the reversion to negativity of the QFT-GIT assay may not be a good surrogate for treatment response in otherwise healthy young patients with TB.

An autopsy case of miliary tuberculosis in a young adult

A 23 year-old woman who had worked as a hostess at a nightclub was found dead in her house. The cause of death was diagnosed as miliary tuberculosis from the findings of medico-legal autopsy. Recently, tuberculosis (TB) has re-emerged as a health problem due to recurrence in the aged, and infections among health care workers and young adults like the present case. Currently, the common source of TB transmission is recurrence in the aged, but global migration, difficulty to achieve permanent immunity by BCG vaccination, immunodeficiency such as HIV infection, and drug abuse and/or sexual intercourse are also thought to be associated with tuberculosis in young adults. Forensic pathologists should be aware of such connections with TB, and should take care not to become mediators of TB infections.

Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for tuberculosis in young adults: A casecontrol study

Setting: The association between smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis has not often been studied. Objective: To assess the influence of cigarette smoking on the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis in young people who were close contacts of new cases of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Design: A case-control study in which 46 ‘cases’ (patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis: isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or clinical and/or radiographic evidence of current pulmonary tuberculosis, with a positive tuberculin skin test) and 46 ‘controls’ (persons with positive tuberculin reaction, negative bacteriological test and without clinical and/or radiological evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis) were included. Smoking habits were investigated by questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed, and odds ratio (OR) was adjusted for age, gender and socio-economic status. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in active smokers (occasional and daily smokers) (OR: 3.65; 95% CI, 1.46 and 9.21; P < 0.01), daily smokers (OR: 3.53; 95% CI, 1.34 and 9.26; P < 0.05), and individuals who were both passive and active smokers (OR: 5.10; 95 % CI, 1.97 and 13.22; P < 0.01) and passive and daily smokers (OR: 5.59; 95% CI, 2.07 and 15.10; P < 0.001). There was a dose-response relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the risk of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusions: The data studied show that cigarette smoking is a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis in young people, with a dose-response relationship with the number of cigarettes consumed daily.

Tuberculosis in Young Adults and the Elderly: A Prospective Comparison Study

To compare the clinical, bacteriologic, and radiologic features of pulmonary and pleural tuberculosis in young adults and the elderly and determine if any differences exist between both groups. Prospective recruitment of all patients diagnosed as having pulmonary and pleural tuberculosis in British Columbia, Canada. A population-based sample from a provincial control program TB registry. A total of 218 consecutive patients whose conditions were diagnosed between January 1990 and May 1991. We excluded 15 HIV-positive patients whose conditions were diagnosed during this study. Standardized data collection of symptoms, bacteriology, and review of radiology by two readers blind to the clinical and epidemiologic data. There were 142 young adult patients and 76 elderly patients. The young adults had a mean age of 41.2 years and the elderly group had a mean age of 75 years of age. Fever (p = 0.002) and night sweats (p = 0.02) were more common in young adults. In culture-proven disease, hemoptysis, fever, and cough were more common in young adult (p = 0.03, 0.02, and 0.01, respectively). There was no difference in the duration of symptoms between the two groups. The odds ratio for cancers other than lung cancer, 3.98 (confidence interval, 1.49, 10.65) in the elderly group was the only significant risk factor to differ between the two groups. Skin test responses to 5TU PPD were positive in 86.2 percent of young adults and 67.6 percent of elderly patients tested (p = 0.03). A total of 79.6 percent of young adults and 88.15 percent of the elderly patients (not significant) were culture positive. Comparison of radiologic findings in young adults vs elderly patients showed no significant differences apart from those with miliary TB 0.7 percent vs 6.7 percent (p = 0.04). In this population-based study, young adults were more likely to have hemoptysis, fever, and cough and to have a positive PPD response. Cancer was significantly associated as a risk factor in the older age group. There was no difference in bacteriologically proven disease or radiologic findings between the two groups, apart from the more common occurrence of miliary TB in the elderly.

Primary tuberculosis in young adults

Primary tuberculosis in young adults

Comparative analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults treated 1992/1987

Comparative analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults treated 1992/1987

Case-control study of the efficacy of BCG immunization against pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults in Santiago, Chile

We performed a case-control study of the efficacy of BCG immunization against pulmonary tuberculosis in 15- to 35-year-old Chilean patients born during a period when BCG coverage was incomplete. Our aims were to determine BCG efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults, to determine if repeated BCG immunization increased its protective effect, and to determine factors that could explain the failure of BCG immunization in patients with tuberculosis. We studied 68 patients who had pulmonary tuberculosis based on positive AFB in at least 1 of 2 sputum smears, a positive confirmatory culture and compatible chest roentgenogram abnormalities. The control group were 188 individuals without pulmonary tuberculosis seeking medical care for other ailments. The percentage of non-immunized individuals was 13.2 among patients with tuberculosis and 12.2 among controls. The vaccine efficacy calculated from these data was 10%. There was no difference in the percentage of individuals with 1, 2 and 3 BCG scars between tuberculosis patients and controls. The number and percent of individuals exposed to tuberculosis among BCG-immunized and non-immunized tuberculosis patients and controls were similar. No significant differences between BCG-immunized and non-immunized individuals were detected in tuberculosis patients or in the control group. However, tuberculosis patients as a group had significantly lower weight, education level, employment rate and family income than controls. These observations suggest that the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in BCG-immunized young adults is favored by the presence of genetic and/or acquired predisposing factors capable of overriding protective immunity induced by BCG vaccination.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study of 1566 Patients

A review was conducted of 1566 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis admitted to Sahary Chest Hospital in Riyadh between July 1983 and August 1987. The medical records, chest rafiographs, and sputum results were studied. The 21 to 30 year age group represented 40.7% of all patients, which indicates the need for improving measures for the control of tuberculosis in young adults, whose protection may have waned despite BCG vaccination in infancy. Non-Saudi males patients constituted more than half of the admission which raises the question of the efficacy of the current pulmonary tuberculosis screening policy for individuals entering the Kingdom. The four-drug regimen of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, when properly supervised, was very effective in achieving early sputum conversion. Based on results of this study, decentralizing tuberculosis services and attaching them to other local and general hospitals appears to be recommended.

B.C.G. vaccination in Birmingham: An assessment of its contribution to tuberculosis control in 1956–1967

The tuberculosis notification rate observed in BCG-vaccinated subjects in the City of Birmingham during the years 1956–1967 is 0·6 per 10,000 per year. In those found tuberculin-positive the rate is 5·5 per 10,000 per year. The rate for tuberculin-negative subjects not participating in the vaccination scheme is estimated to be 4·9 per 10,000 per year.Both tuberculin-negative and BCG-vaccinated groups show an increase in notification rates with age from age 14 years to about age 20 years, after which the rate declines with age in all groups: for each age-group up to 27 years the notification rate in vaccinated subjects is substantially less than that estimated for tuberculin negative subjects.There is no evidence of any substantial decline in notification rate for BCG-vaccinated or tuberculin-negative subjects age 14–21 years between 1962 and 1967. During this period the rate for vaccinated subjects of this age-group was about 0·5 per 10,000 per year and for tuberculin negative subjects about 3·5 per 10,000 per year.During the period 1962-67 BCG vaccination prevented the occurrence of 40 to 60 cases of tuberculosis in young adults in Birmingham each year, and it is concluded that BCG vaccination of schoolchildren is still contributing to the control of tuberculosis in Birmingham.

Observations on lower lobe tuberculosis

The literature relating to lower lobe tuberculosis is reviewed and a further series of 30 patients is reported. The evidence presented supports the theory that lower lobe tuberculosis is a manifestation of progressive primary tuberculosis in young adults and is caused by ulceration of a lower lobe bronchus by caseous mediastinal glands.

Minimal Active Tuberculosis: an Increasingly Difficult Diagnosis

Accurate diagnosis of minimal active tuberculosis has been rendered increasingly difficult due to The large number of small, asymptomatic lesions detected by mass roentgenographic surveys. Clinical recognition of the mycotic diseases, notably histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis, and Increased knowledge of the “atypical” mycobacteria. A review of 166 cases of minimal active tuberculosis among Naval and Marine Corps personnel over a three year period shows that Four-fifths were admitted because of radiographic findings alone, Bacteriologic proof was obtained in only 81 (48.8 per cent), Recent conversion of the Mantoux reaction was demonstrated in 37 additional cases and was considered diagnostic, Examination of excised tissue in 22 cases produced bacteriologic evidence in only 15 (68.2 per cent), and The differential diagnosis of histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis was of primary importance. The question is raised as to how many of these cases were examples of primary tuberculosis in young adults.

Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults; an analysis of the combined results of three Medical Research Council trials.

Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults; an analysis of the combined results of three Medical Research Council trials.

Radiography and tuberculosis. Selective and mass methods

Summary o (1) Tables are given showing the incidence of active pulmonary tuberculosis discovered by mass radiography, by x-ray of patients with symptoms referred by their doctor and by routine radiography at a factory. (2) There is a possibility that the relative sex incidence of tuberculosis in young adults in the Edgware and Harrow chest clinic areas is the reverse of that usually reported. (3) The incidence of tuberculosis amongst cases referred by their practitioners is high. The importance of adequate accommodation and x-ray facilities at Chest Clinics is emphasized. (4) Assuming an adequate chest clinic service, suggestions are made for the more profitable employment of mass radiography.

Tuberculosis in medical students and nurses.

The very significant decline in mortality from tuberculosis in recent years stands out as one of the major achievements in the field of public health. One of the most encouraging features of the present-day picture is the more rapid rate of decline which has prevailed since 1945. Provisional figures for 1950 indicate the death rate to be 15% below that of the previous year. During the past five years tuberculosis mortality has declined approximately 42%. Since this presentation deals with the problem of tuberculosis in young adults, we must not overlook the very favorable mortality experience of this particular age group. In 1948 the number of deaths in the age group 15 to 24 years was 26.2% below that of the previous year. This very significant improvement in tuberculosis mortality bears a very direct relationship to the marked decrease in prevalence of tuberculous infection. Extremely low levels of infection have

Tuberculosis in student nurses and medical students at the University of Wisconsin.

Article1 October 1950TUBERCULOSIS IN STUDENT NURSES AND MEDICAL STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSINHELEN A. DICKIE, M.D., F.A.C.P.HELEN A. DICKIE, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-33-4-941 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIn the school year of 1933-34 a tuberculosis case-finding program was started in the Student Health Service of the University of Wisconsin. The problem of tuberculosis control among the medical students and student nurses was delegated to this department. With the complete coöperation of the Medical School and the School of Nursing we have been able to carry out the program as desired. With few exceptions, all students have been tuberculin tested on entrance to these schools. Since many of the students have their undergraduate college work at the University, we frequently have tuberculin records prior to their professional training....Bibliography1. FurculowHewellNelsonPalmer MLBWECE: Quantitative studies of the tuberculin reaction, Pub. Health Rep. 56: 1082-1099, 1941. CrossrefGoogle Scholar2. BreanKane HPLW: Pulmonary tuberculosis in Harvard medical students, New England J. Med. 235: 315-321, 1946. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. IsrealHetheringtonOnd HLHWJG: Study of tuberculosis among students of nursing, J. A. M. A. 117: 839-844, 1941. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. BadgerRitvo TLM: The tuberculin test and roentgenogram in the early tuberculosis lesion, Am. J. Roentgenol. 45: 481-488, 1941. Google Scholar5. Daniels M: Primary tuberculosis infection in nurses, Lancet 247: 165-170, 201-204, 244-246, 1944. CrossrefGoogle Scholar6. DanielsRidehalghSpringettHall MFVHIM: Tuberculosis in young adults, Report on the Prophit Tuberculosis Survey 1935-1944, London, H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd. Google Scholar7. Heimbeck J: Incidence of tuberculosis in young adult women with special reference as to employment, Brit. J. Tuberc. 138: 32-154, 1938. Google Scholar8. Meade GS: Presented before the Am. Trudeau Society Eastern Section, New York, Nov. 8, 1946. Google Scholar9. Wright HP: The comparative value of various tuberculin tests in children, medical students and nurses in training, Canad. M. A. J. 44: 44-46, 1941. MedlineGoogle Scholar10. Lees HD: Fifteen years of tuberculosis control at University of Pennsylvania, Journal Lancet 67: 255-259, 1947. Google Scholar11. Morris SI: Tuberculosis as an occupational hazard during medical training, Am. Rev. Tuberc. 54: 140-157, 1946. MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: *Received for publication September 30, 1948.From the Department of Preventive Medicine and Student Health, University of Wisconsin. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byMetabolites enhance innate resistance to human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infectionVaccination Against Tuberculosis: Revamping BCG by Molecular Genetics Guided by ImmunologyImmunity and HealthIFN-γ-independent immune markers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposureLong-term Stability of Resistance to Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Highly Exposed Tuberculosis Household Contacts in Kampala, UgandaInfection resisters: targets of new research for uncovering natural protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosisGenetic Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and DiseaseImmunological mechanisms of human resistance to persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infectionRisk of Progression to Active Tuberculosis Following Reinfection With Mycobacterium tuberculosisUse of the Bacille Calmette-Guerin Vaccination for the Prevention of Tuberculosis: Renewed Interest in an Old VaccineUse of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccination for the Prevention of Tuberculosis: Renewed Interest in an Old VaccineNosocomial tuberculosis in physicians: An analysis of direct costs of prevention and diseaseTuberculosis among Urban Black ChildrenLetter: BCG vaccination article challenged.Isoniazid Prophylaxis and BCG Vaccination in the Control of TuberculosisTuberculin Reaction Trends And BCG VaccinationAn Epidemic of Tuberculosis in a Medical SchoolTuberkulöse Kindheitsinfektion und ErwachsenenmorbiditätThe Status of Immunization in 1954Tuberculosis: Incidence among American Medical Students, Prevention and Control and the Use of BCG 1 October 1950Volume 33, Issue 4Page: 941-959KeywordsMedical servicesPreventive medicineTuberculinUndergraduates ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1950 PDF downloadLoading ...

MEDICINE

MEDICINE Get access Tuberculosis in Young Adults. Report on the Prophit Tuberculosis Survey, 1935–1944 Marc Daniels Frank Ridehalgh V. H. Springett. & I. M. Hall ( Royal College of Physician.) London: H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd., 1948. xvi + 227 pages ; 58 plates ; 22 figures. 25 × 19 cm. £1 10s. [£1.5] F. R. G. Heaf F. R. G. Heaf Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar British Medical Bulletin, Volume 6, Issue 3, 1949, Page 234, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a073533 Published: 01 January 1949

TUBERCULOSIS IN YOUNG ADULTS: REPORT ON THE PROPHIT TUBERCULOSIS SURVEY, 1935–1944 By MarcDaniels, M.D., D.P.H., FrankRidehalgh, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., M.R.C.P., and V. H.Springett, M.B., B.S. London: H. K. Lewis &amp; Co., Ltd. 1948. Crown 8to. pp.xvi + 228, with 52 plates and 22 illustrations in the text. Price 30s. net.

International Journal of Clinical PracticeVolume 2, Issue 8-9 p. 367-369 Selected Review TUBERCULOSIS IN YOUNG ADULTS: REPORT ON THE PROPHIT TUBERCULOSIS SURVEY, 1935–1944 By Marc Daniels, M.D., D.P.H., Frank Ridehalgh, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., M.R.C.P., and V. H. Springett, M.B., B.S. London: H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd. 1948. Crown 8to. pp. xvi + 228, with 52 plates and 22 illustrations in the text. Price 30s. net. A. G. Hounslow, A. G. HounslowSearch for more papers by this author A. G. Hounslow, A. G. HounslowSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 August 1948 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.1948.tb00143.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume2, Issue8-9August-September 1948Pages 367-369 RelatedInformation

Tuberculosis in Young Adults: Report on the Prophit Tuberculosis Survey, 1935-44

Tuberculosis in Young Adults: Report on the Prophit Tuberculosis Survey, 1935-44

Primary Tuberculosis in young Adults

Primary Tuberculosis in young Adults