Tube Experiments Research Articles

Регистрация радиационного теплового потока в ударной трубе с помощью термоэлектрического детектора

The results of experimental studies on registration of the radiative component of the total heat flux by a thermoelectric detector in a reflected shock wave are presented. An increase in the contribution of radiation to the heat flux with an increase in the intensity of the shock wave is estimated. It is shown that the technique can be used in experiments in shock tubes to isolate the radiative component of the total heat flux, and the thermoelectric detector itself can be successfully used to record such parameters.

Combined Experimental and Numerical Investigation into Combustion Characteristics of Crude Oil under Different Permeability Ranges: Thermal EOR Implication

In situ combustion (ISC) has drawn much attention in the exploitation of heavy oil reservoirs because of its small surface footprint and high recovery efficiency relative to steam injection. As for now, the combustion characteristics of heavy crude oil under different permeability ranges have not been well-understood, particularly in low-permeability conditions. In this work, we systematically conducted the combustion tube (CT) experiments under permeabilities of roughly 650 and 480 mD. Following that, a reaction kinetics model that could simulate the CT results well was established. Finally, the corrected reservoir simulation approach was used to study the ISC characteristics of one heavy oil in the permeability range of 50–1000 mD. The combustion characteristics under different permeability ranges could be classified into four main types on the basis of the experimental studies and numerical predictions. (1) The consecutive combustion front failed to be formed from 50 to 180 mD. (2) The consecutive combustion front was formed and the coking zone appeared from 180 to 250 mD, which was accompanied by weak heat release and serious plugging effect of the oil bank and coking zone. (3) The stable combustion front was formed with obvious heat release from 250 to 500 mD, and there was a weak plugging effect of the oil bank and coking zone at the initial stage of combustion. (4) In the permeability range of 500–1000 mD, the stable combustion front featured with a peak temperature higher than 500 °C was formed with a negligible plugging effect of the oil bank and coking zone. For heavy oil reservoirs with permeabilities lower than 250 mD, much attention should be put on the variations into combustion front temperature and displacement pressure difference at the initial period of combustion. If the temperature continued to decrease and/or the displacement pressure difference continued to rise, some measures should be actively adjusted to increase heat release yielded by combustion, including the increase of the air injection rate and ignition temperature, the injection of catalysts, and so forth. This work could add new insights into the differences and connections of combustion characteristics of heavy oil under different permeability ranges, which should be of great significance for thermal enhanced oil recovery.

Membrane sound absorber with a granular activated carbon infill

An impervious membrane sound absorber with an air cavity partially filled with a porous material is a viable alternative to perforated panels when impermeable surfaces are required. On the other hand, due to its unusually high sound absorption properties at low frequencies, using activated carbon (AC) in granular form as an absorbing material has recently received attention. This paper reports the sound absorption performance of a novel system consisting of a thin stretched impervious circular membrane made of silicone, backed by an air cavity partially filled with granular AC. The system is analyzed theoretically using the impedance translation theorem. The normal-incidence sound absorption was measured in an impedance tube for combinations of cavity depth, membrane tension, and membrane surface density. The results of using an AC and a fiberglass infill material of the same thickness in the air cavity were also compared. The findings validated the advantage of AC as porous infill material of a membrane sound absorber in the low-frequency range. Furthermore, the outcomes of the impedance tube experiments were in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The findings reported in this work could be used to design new innovating sound-absorbing metamaterials based on activated carbon and stretched membranes.

Immobilizing of lead and copper using chitosan-assisted enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation

Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is considered as an environmentally friendly method for immobilizing heavy metals (HMs). The fundamental of the EICP method is to catalyze urea hydrolysis using the urease, discharging CO32− and NH4+. CO32− helps to form carbonates that immobilize HMs afterwards. However, HMs can depress urease activity and reduce the degree of urea hydrolysis. Herein, the potential of applying the chitosan-assisted EICP method to Pb and Cu immobilization was explored. The chitosan addition elevated the degree of urea hydrolysis when subjected to the effect of Cu2+ toxicity where the protective effect, flocculation and adsorption, and the formation of precipitation, play parts in improving the Cu immobilization efficiency. The use of chitosan addition, however, also causes the side effect (copper-ammonia complex formation). Two calcium source additions, CaCl2 and Ca(CH3COO)2, intervened in the test tube experiments not only to prevent pH from raising to values where Cu2+ complexes with NH3 but also to separate the urease enzyme and Cu2+ from each other with the repulsion of charges. The FTIR spectra indicate that the chitosan addition adsorbs Cu2+ through its surface hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, while the SEM images distinguish who the mineral are nucleating with. The findings shed light on the potential of applying the chitosan-assisted EICP method to remedy lead- and copper-rich water bodies.

A mathematical model of CO2 miscible front migration in tight reservoirs with injection-production coupling technology

The CO2 front migration law and the CO2 breakthrough are of great significance to both of the CO2 flooding and CO2 sequestration. Currently, the numerical simulation study on CO2 front migration mainly focused on the continuous CO2 miscible flooding, is time-consuming, and requires many experimental results, such as the crude oil composition obtained by PVT analyses and the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) get by slim tube experiments. Besides, there is a little study on the CO2 miscible front migration of tight reservoirs with the injection-production coupling technology (IPCT) and few attentions are paid to build a correlation between the threshold pressure gradient (TPG) and CO2 concentration. In this paper, a correlation between the TPG and CO2 concentration is built firstly, and then a mathematical model of CO2 miscible front migration in tight reservoirs with IPCTs is proposed. The effects of parameters, such as the reservoir property, injection rate, CO2 adsorption, and injection-production cycle, on front migrations or CO2 breakthrough are analyzed, and the effects of continuous CO2 injection and IPCTs on the CO2 breakthrough is presented. From this work, it is concluded that the CO2 miscible flooding of IPCTs can alleviate the CO2 breakthrough when comparing with the continuous CO2 miscible flooding. The CO2 diffusion accelerates the CO2 breakthrough. The most important parameter that affects the CO2 breakthrough is the injection rate, followed by the adsorption effect, injection-production cycle time, and diffusion effect. When the injection volume in a cycle is a constant, a small injection-production cycle time can alleviate the CO2 breakthrough.

Labyrinthine Acoustic Metamaterials with a Subwavelength Bandgap Inspired by Topology‐Optimized Structural Design

Herein, a structural design for labyrinthine acoustic metamaterial is proposed using a topology optimization method to realize a subwavelength bandgap preventing the transmission of low‐frequency sounds. The optimized design is composed of air‐filled channels of different widths, which exhibit the subwavelength bandgap based on the monopole resonance induced in the meta‐atom. In addition to the optimized meta‐atom design, a simplified meta‐atom design with a small coiling coefficient is proposed by extracting structural features of the optimized design. The bandwidth and central frequency of the subwavelength bandgap can be controlled by adjusting the size parameters of the simplified meta‐atom. Numerical analysis for acoustic waves based on the finite‐element method is conducted to demonstrate the low transmission coefficients of the obtained designs for a wide‐ and low‐frequency range. Furthermore, using a 3D printer, experimental specimens of optimized and simplified meta‐atoms are constructed, and impedance tube experiments are performed to show their functionality.

A case study of the Severo-Danilovskoye field on experimental and numerical determination of miscibility parameters when justifying gas injection

Miscibility largely determines the performance of gas injection. Miscible displacement allows achieving maximum effect. The minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is a key parameter, which is determined when justifying a gas injection project. For the conditions of East Siberian reservoirs, the accuracy of correlation equations is 10-50 %, and A. M. Maklavani, H. M. Sebastian, and M. Dong equations demonstrate the most accurate values. The equation of state matched to the results of routine studies evaluates the MMP with an error of up to 30 %. Additional data from special studies (swell test) increased the estimating accuracy by up to 10 %. An express laboratory method for measuring the miscibility parameter (a method of vanishing interfacial tension) showed high accuracy of MMP estimate. The method also allows describing the process of changing the interfacial tension with increasing pressure or changing the gas composition, and complements the process of adjusting the equation of state when setting up a slim tube experiment.

Analysis of wave propagation and pulsation in an elastic tube using a diaphragm pump

In this research, the flow wave propagation, speed, and pulsation suppression in an elastic tube were studied using a diaphragm pump. The flow fluctuations with shocking pressure fluctuations occur in the elastic tube because the check ball was blocked, thereby preventing reverse flow. Consequently, the check ball is one of the causes of pulsating flows in diaphragm pumps. However, only a few studies have analyzed the relationship among the check ball movement, pressure, and flow fluctuations. In this study, we constructed several elastic tube experiments: (i) single-tube model; (ii) two-tube model. To predict the flow wave propagation and pulsation in an elastic tube, we developed an axisymmetric theoretical model and compared into the experimental results. Based on our study, the main results were as follows: the relationship among the check ball movement, pressure, and flow fluctuations showed that the pressure and flow rate pulsation were caused by the asymmetry of the check ball movement. Additionally, we observed that the theoretical flow wave propagation trend had a good agreement with the experimental results, although the flow wave speed in the urethane-tube experiment differed considerably from the theoretical prediction. Furthermore, the amplitude of the pulsation increased considerably owing to the reflected wave at the tube exit, although it did not increase when the resistance was added at the exit. Finally, we observed that the pulsation reduced more in the silicon tubes compared to the urethane tubes because the deformation of the silicon tubes was larger than that of the urethane tubes.

In vivo assessment of pharmacological potentials of different fractions of Fagonia olivieri DC

Introduction: Hemostasis mechanism involves blood coagulation as one of the step which is responsible for blood clot formation that restricts blood flow at site of injury. By inhibiting coagulation cascade and reducing thrombus formation, several cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and atherosclerosis can be prevented. Traditionally, Fagonia olivieri (zygophyllaceae) is reported in the treatment of diabetes, coughs, blood purifier, cooling agent, blood vascular diseases, digestive system disorders and cancer in initial stages. Objectives: Different fractions of F. olivieri methanolic extract were evaluated in this study for their anticoagulatory, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant potentials. Methodology: Anticoagulatory, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant potentials of ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous extracts of F. olivieri were assessed using capillary tube experiment, carrageenan induced paw edema test and forced swim test respectively. Results: The results of this investigation have revealed that ethyl acetate and butanol fractions possess significant anticoagulatory potentials as compared to control (P=0.0002). Butanol extract showed highest anti-inflammatory activity. Maximum anti-depressant activity was shown by ethyl acetate followed by n-butanol and aqueous extracts. Conclusion: Hence, it can be concluded that F. olivieri exhibits anticoagulatory, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant potentials which justifies its use for the treatment of various disorders particularly blood vascular diseases.

Lessons Learned from a Prematurely Ended High-Pressure Air Injection Test in a Light Oil Naturally Fractured Reservoir

Summary Sixty billion barrels of oil still reside in the matrix of mature onshore and offshore Mexican reservoirs located in the southeast basins after primary and secondary recovery. Capillary and viscous forces are responsible for this amount of oil retained within the pore structure of the matrix (immobile oil). Gravitational forces are not enough to counterattack these forces due to the high fracturing intensity. On the other hand, laboratory testing demonstrates that oil residing in the matrix could be mobilized by the exothermic reaction that takes place with air injection. Air injection in homogeneous heavy and light oil sandstones and nonfractured limestones, at small or large scales during short and long periods of time, is feasible for producing resources technically and economically nonrecoverable by other means. However, to the best of our knowledge, the published literature does not report any application of an air injection project in naturally fractured reservoirs. During 2015, an air injection pilot test was performed in a light oil naturally fractured reservoir in Mexico, referred to as “A” field. The implementation of the pilot test was preceded by its corresponding laboratory study, which consisted of five accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) tests and two combustion tube (CT) experiments. The analysis of the aforementioned experimental work led us to corroborate that air and oil react at reservoir conditions. Based on the above finding, the pilot test was conducted by injecting air at a rate of 10 MMscf/D with a wellhead pressure of 4,500 psia for 1.5 years, which was followed by a 1.5-year production period giving a total of 3 years for the pilot test. The results indicate that combustion was successfully applied in the reservoir. However, no oil was produced. This paper discusses the results of a prematurely ended air injection pilot test in “A” field and the main lessons learned from it, which could help in the design and its subsequent implementation in other naturally fractured reservoirs.

Study on artificial neural network-based prediction of thermal characteristics of supercritical CO2 in vertical channels

The aim of this paper is to achieve an accurate prediction of heat transfer deterioration and Nu of supercritical CO2 upward flowing in vertical channels using the artificial neural network method. Firstly, based on extensive experiments of round tubes and the square annular channel, a database with 11,589 data in 431 sets of experimental conditions was established. Then ANN models were trained with the training set which only contains the round tube data, and the optimal model structures were determined. The effects of input features on the prediction performance, including the experimental parameters, the dimensionless parameters, and the thermophysical property ratios, were compared, and the results showed that the model with all features in the input parameters performed best. The test set contains the experimental data of the round tubes and the square annular channel, the prediction results of the models on the test set showed that the model for HTD only has high precision on the round tube data, while the model for Nu has precise prediction performance both on the data of round tubes and the square annular channel. Simultaneously, the model for Nu shows a higher prediction performance than the correlations.

Gauge-Theoretic Study of Kundt Tube Experiment and Spontaneous Symmetry Transitions

In the Kundt’s experiment of acoustic resonance in closed tubes, two characteristic lengths were observed: one is the wave-length of the sound waves in resonance and the other the scale of dust striation. The latter has remained unresolved for its formation mechanism. Based on the Fluid Gauge Theory proposed recently by the author, formation mechanism of the dust striation is studied. When the sound is weak enough, the striation is unobserved. Once the wave intensity exceeds a threshold value, dust striations are formed. Formation of the dust striation is understood as a spontaneous transition of symmetry in the acoustics. According to the Theory, there is a transition of stress field within the fluid flow. Whereas the stress field is isotropic before transition, it becomes anisotropic after the transition. This is analogous to the spontaneous symmetry breaking known in the field theory. Lagrangian structures of both systems are verified to be analogous either.

Using shock tube species time-histories in Bayesian parameter estimation: Effective independent-data number and target selection

Species time-histories in shock tube experiments provide rich kinetic information for parameter estimation, but there are two problems in using these data in Bayesian approaches. First, the effective independent-data number is not equal to the number of data points in a curve, so brute multiplication of all data points in likelihood function can weaken the constraints from prior information. Second, taking all points of a curve as targets can lead to results different from that of taking several representative points in the curve. In this paper, we employed maximum a posteriori estimation combined with a neural network response surface to optimize a propane mechanism against multispecies time-histories of propane pyrolysis in a shock tube. Three methods of calculating the likelihood function are used: multiplying all points in a curve (C-160), taking the averaged likelihood in each point (C-1), and taking the likelihood of last points (LastP). The influence of effective independent-data number was studied by comparing C-1 and C-160. It was found that C-160 performed slightly better in fitting experimental data, but brute multiplication overtuned the rate constants beyond a reasonable range. The larger the effective independent-data number, the more severe the overtuning, leading to only a slight improvement of model predictions. The influence of target selection is investigated by comparing LastP and C-1. LastP outperformed C-1 slightly, which can be attributed to the fact that larger discrepancies observed between experimental data and model predictions of the last point can increase the weights of likelihood functions. This further implies that several critical points can represent the entire line for point estimation. This paper can provide a reference both for modelers about reasonable utilization of species time-histories, and for experimentalists about the importance of a detailed probability distribution of measurement error, as well as experiment design with emphasis on critical points.

Three-dimensional detonation structure and its response to confinement

Three-dimensional (3D) detonation simulations solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations with detailed chemistry are performed in both square channel and round tube geometries. The simulations are compared with each other and with two-dimensional (2D) channel simulations and round tube experiments of identical mixture and conditions (stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen with 3000 PPMv ozone at 300 K and 15 kPa) with the goal of understanding the effect of confinement and boundaries on detonation structure. Results show that 3D detonations propagate with highly inhomogeneous blast dynamics, where blasts emerge not only from intersections of two transverse waves (similar to 2D propagation) but also from intersections of many transverse waves (unique to 3D detonations in the confinements tested). Intersections of many transverse waves lead to extreme thermodynamic states and highly overdriven wave velocities, well in excess of those seen in the ZND model and in 2D simulations. 3D simulations in the square tube show highly regular blast latticing, smaller detonation cells, and highly oscillatory velocities when compared to the round tube simulations. Round tube simulations show more spatially non-uniform blast dynamics. The conclusions reached in the current work are found irrespective of numerical grid resolution.

Adaptation study on nitrogen foam flooding in thick reservoirs with high water cut and high permeability

Most of the oilfields in China are in high- or ultrahigh-water-cut stages, and the impacts of water flooding developments have declined due to the increase in reservoir heterogeneity, the rapid increase in the water cut and the discontinuous distribution of crude oil under these conditions. Based on this phenomenon, an experimental study of nitrogen foam flooding is conducted in this paper. The oil displacement characteristics of nitrogen foam in oil and water layers of thick, high-porosity and high-permeability reservoirs are studied through one-dimensional core tube experiments, and the mechanisms of profile control and water plugging are analyzed. Through two-dimensional visualization experiments, we observe the migration and diffusion patterns of nitrogen foam, analyze the effects of different degrees of vertical foam production on the residual oil after water flooding, clarify the production effect of gas overburden on the residual oil at the top of the reservoir, and summarize the mechanisms of nitrogen foam flooding involved in improving the recovery factor. The results show that in the core tube experiment, the recovery factor of the high-permeability core is 93.73%, the recovery factor of the low-permeability core is 71.33%, and the total recovery factor reaches 83.23% in the stage of nitrogen foam flooding, which is 28.96% higher than that of water flooding. In the visualization experiment, the recovery factor of the nitrogen foam flooding stage is 57.12%, which is 24.99% higher than that of water flooding. The recovery degrees of the layers are similar; by comparing the increase in the recovery degree of each layer before and after the two stages, it is found that the increase in recovery degree increases from the bottom to the top. The foam system exhibits a good selective plugging ability under the conditions of severe heterogeneity and low residual oil in the high-permeability zone. Nitrogen foam flooding can effectively improve the recovery factor in the late-stage reservoir development of the ultrahigh-water-cut stage, and it shows good adaptability to these types of reservoirs.

On using ab initio calibration to fit temperature from AlO B-X emission

Aluminum Oxide (AlO) emission can be an important indicator of reaction and temperature in combustion and explosion systems. The Δv=-1 and particularly Δv=-2 sequences are attractive for temperature measurement, but have presented some challenges in modelling, especially for high vibrational energy transitions. Recent studies and ab initio simulations have offered parameters for the simulation of high resolution AlO spectra (Patrascu et.al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2015). In this paper we compare simulated spectra with high resolution emissions of AlO, both from laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and carefully calibrated shock tube experiments (3000<T<5000 K). In this manner, we assess the spectral model and its capacity for temperature assignment, rather than assume model accuracy and a best-fit-temperature. The experimental and modeled spectra agree below 0.1 Å resolution, and line features agree within our experimental resolution, in some regions down to 3 pm. Least squares fitting was performed on the experimental spectra, resulting in temperatures in agreement with calibration temperatures. The Δv=-2 sequence fits with residuals less than 4%. Our analysis suggests that experimental measurements with a resolution of 0.2 nm in this sequence can reliably fit the temperature within 100 K. Because of the apparently accurate fits to temperature, apparent accuracy of line position list, and reasonableness of line width model, we assess that the line strengths are likely also accurate and that ab initio simulated calibrations are useful for measuring temperature in AlO.

The Influence of Reservoir Clay Composition on Heavy Oil In Situ Combustion

Thermally enhanced oil recovery methods, such as in situ combustion and steam injection, are generating considerable interest in terms of improving oil reserve exploitation and satisfying oil demand and economic growth. However, the early breakthrough of the in situ combustion front and the significant amount of heat loss associated with steam injection for deeper reservoir applications are the main challenges that require urgent solutions. Further data collection related to the effects of a reservoir’s physical and chemical properties, temperature, and pressure on in situ combustion front propagation and steam injection heat transfer inefficiency would be needed to achieve better reservoir oil recovery. Most studies have focused on the application of catalytic systems and the investigation of minerals’ effects on combustion front stabilization; however, the effect of clay interlayers’ minerals on the performance of in situ combustion is still poorly understood. This paper takes a new look at the role played by the interlayers’ minerals in stabilizing the combustion front using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and combustion tube experiments. The studied samples’ compositions were analyzed by XRD, TG/DSC, and NMR techniques. Meanwhile, the effects of interlayers’ minerals on oil production were screened by combustion tube experiments. The data obtained from this study suggest that clay dispersion within a reservoir would improve oil recovery via in situ combustion, and our study led us to obtain an 80.5% recovery factor. However, the experiments of models with clay interlayers showed less recovery factors, and the model with interlayers led to a 0% recovery factor in the presence of air injection. Meanwhile, the same model in hydrothermal and air injection conditions led to a 13.9% recovery factor. This was due to the hydrothermal effect improving permeability and pore enlargement, which allowed the transfer of heat and matter. Moreover, our study found that clay minerals exhibit excellent catalytic effects on the formation of fuel deposition and the coke oxidation process. This effect was reflected in the significant role played by clay minerals in decreasing the number of heteroatoms by breaking down the C-S, C-N, and C-O bonds and by stimulating the processes of hydrocarbon polymerization during the in situ combustion. Our results add to a growing body of literature related to in situ combustion challenges and underline the importance of a reservoir’s physical parameters in the successful application of in situ combustion.

Shock tube experiments and numerical study on ignition delay times of ethane in super lean and ultra-lean combustion

Super lean (usually Φ < 0.5) and ultra-lean (usually Φ < 0.3) combustion are regarded as promising combustion techniques owing to high fuel economy and low emission. Ethane is one of the key components of natural gas. In the present study, the ignition delay times (IDTs) of ethane/oxygen/argon mixture were measured behind reflected shock waves at three equivalence ratios of 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, two pressures of 1.68, 9.0 atm, and in the temperature range of 1120 – 1351 K. The OXYMECH2.0, proposed in our previous works, is modified in the present study by updating several elementary reactions. The modified OXYMECH is validated by ethane IDTs of super lean combustion measured in the present study, in high CO2 atmospheres and O2/Ar atmospheres from the literature as well as laminar flame speeds (LFSs) under O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres. Aramco3.0, San Diego, NUIGMech0.9, and CRECK-GB models are also evaluated by ethane IDTs measured in the present study, the results show that modified OXYMECH, NUIGMech0.9, and CRECK-GB models provide equally accurate predictions for experiments. The NUIG Mech0.9 and CRECK-GB are further evaluated using the ethane IDTs in high CO2 atmospheres and experimental LFSs of ethane under O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres, the results show that modified OXYMECH has good performance in predicting IDTs and LFSs of ethane. The detailed comparisons of IDTs and LFSs prediction between modified OXYMECH and CRECK-GB models are conducted. The effects of superabundant air, which is the air excess with equivalence ratio decreases from Φ1 to Φ2, on the ignition in super lean combustion consist of the dilution and oxidation effects, which are studied in the present study in detail. It is very interesting that the dilution effects promote the ignition while the oxidation effects inhibit the ignition at Φ < 0.3 and P = 9.0 atm.

Study of the Frequency Self-Modulation in Gyro-TWT Based on Two -Band Amplifiers

Periodical radiation spectrum with a frequency difference of ~160 MHz is observed in hot-test experiments of Ku-band gyrotron traveling-wave tubes (gyro-TWTs). By the means of eigenmode analyses and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation considering the whole output transition section from the interaction circuit end to the output window, we found that the circuit oscillation is pronounced because of frequency self-modulation (FSM). As a comparison, the cutoff taper contributing to the FSM is removed and a new amplifier has been developed; hot-test results indicate that the periodical property has been greatly alleviated as expected and the stability of the amplifier is well improved.

Shock ignition of aluminium particle clouds in the low-temperature regime

In this paper, we present results from spontaneous ignition of aluminium particle clouds in a series of shock tube experiments. For all experiments, the shock propagates along a narrow pile of 40-upmu m aluminium particles. The study includes shock Mach numbers in the range from 1.51 to 2.38. The results are visualised using photographic techniques and pressure gauges. The combination of two Phantom high-speed video cameras and a beamsplitter allows a compact schlieren setup mounted together with a dark-film high-speed camera. While the schlieren technique allows the shock features to be identified, the dark-film camera is used to capture the ignition and burning of the aluminium particle clouds. Based on extensive image processing and shock tube relations for reflected shocks, spontaneous ignition of the aluminium particle cloud is found to take place for reflected shock gas temperatures above 635 K. For increasing Mach numbers, we find a decreasing trend for the ignition delay. Additionally, the burning time is observed to decrease with increasing Mach number, indicating that the burning process is more efficient with increasing gas temperature.