TSS Values Research Articles

Geographical Distribution Pattern and Ecological Niche of Solenopsis invicta Buren in China under Climate Change

Invasive alien ant species pose serious threats to agricultural production, ecosystems, and human health in China. Solenopsis invicta Buren is the most destructive and aggressive invasive alien ant in China, causing serious agricultural and urban economic losses and public health concerns. Estimating its spatial distribution and ecological niche in China is crucial for S. invicta prevention and control. Based on 4195 occurrence records (4096 invasive occurrence records and 99 native occurrence records) and 10 environmental variables, we estimated the potential suitable area and ecological niche of S. invicta in China using the ensemble model and ‘ecospat’ package in R language. The mean AUC, KAPPA, and TSS values of the ensemble model were 0.989, 0.901, and 0.901, respectively, indicating that the ensemble model was better than the single-species distribution model for the simulation. Temperature, precipitation, and human factors are important variables that influence the distribution of S. invicta. Our results showed that the ecological niche similarity and equivalency test results showed that the ecological niches between native areas and China were not equivalent (D = 0.46, p = 0.001), but were more similar than would be expected by chance (p = 0.003). Under current climatic conditions, the total potential suitable area for S. invicta is 192.89 × 104 km2 in China, accounting for 20.09% of the land area in China; this land is mainly distributed in Hainan, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Chongqing, Sichuan, and Henan. Under future climatic conditions, the potential suitable areas of S. invicta will further increase, while the highly suitable areas will shift to higher latitudes. We suggest that early warning and monitoring of S. invicta in the central and northern areas of China should be strengthened to prevent its further spread.

Species Distribution Modelling Using Bioclimatic Variables on Endangered Endemic Species (Bubalus depressicornis and Bubalus quarlesi)

Sulawesi Island is an island located in the Wallacea area. Most of the fauna on the island of Sulawesi is a transitional fauna from Australia and Asia. This study aims to model the potential distribution of the species Bubalus depressicornis and Bubalus quarlesi using famous models in the present and in the future as a result of climate change phenomena throughout the island of Sulawesi and beyond their natural habitat. The parameters used are bioclimatic variables and in-situ presence data. The method used is Maximum Entropy by comparing the GLM, SVM, and RF algorithms. The model is evaluated with reference to the values of AUC, COR, TSS, Deviance, and observation data. The RF model is quite good in modeling the distribution of B. depressicornis and B. quarlesi species with AUC values of 0.92 and 1, COR values of 0.59 and 0.84, TSS values of 0.87 and 1, and Deviance values of 0.37 and 0.08, respectively, while the results of data observations show values of 80% and 84%. B. depressicornis was most affected by bio14=0.665, while B. quarlesi was most affected by bio2=0.525, which means that this endemic species is suitable to live in a tropical climate with a warm and wet climate throughout the year, where the difference in temperature at night and during the day is very large. In the future, B. depressicornis and B. quarlesi are estimated to be compatible in an area of 143,281.78 km2 (81%) and 136,892.89 km2 (77%) of the Sulawesi.
 Keywords : Species Distribution Model; Bubalus depressicornis; Bubalus quarlesi; Bioclimatic; Climate Change
 
 Copyright (c) 2023 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Predicting quality parameters of wastewater treatment plants using artificial intelligence techniques

Estimating wastewater treatment plants’ (WWTPs) influent parameters such as 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) is vital for optimizing electricity and energy consumption. Against this backdrop, the existing body of knowledge is bereft of a study employing Artificial Intelligence-based techniques for the prediction of BOD5 and COD. Thus, in this study, Gene expression programming (GEP), multilayer perception neural networks, multi-linear regression, k-nearest neighbors, gradient boosting, and regression trees -based models were trained for predicting BOD5 and COD, using monthly data collected from the inflow of 7 WWTPs over a three-year period in Hong Kong. Based on different statistical parameters, GEP provides more accurate estimations, with R2 values of 0.784 and 0.861 for BOD5 and COD respectively. Furthermore, results of sensitivity analysis undertaken by monte Carlo simulation revealed that both BOD5 and COD were mostly affected by concentrations of total suspended solids, and a 10% increase in the value of TSS resulted in a 7.94% and 7.92% increase in the values of BOD5 and COD, respectively. It is seen that the GEP modeling results complied with the fundamental chemistry of the wastewater quality parameters and can be further applied on other sewage sources such as industrial sewage and leachate. The promising results obtained pave the way for forecasting the operational parameters during sludge processing, leading to an extensive energy savings during the wastewater treatment processes.

Properties of Plywood Bonded with Formaldehyde-Free Adhesive Based on Poly(vinyl alcohol)–Tannin–Hexamine at Different Formulations and Cold-Pressing Times

The plywood industry’s sustainability, performance, and production costs depend on wood adhesives and the hot pressing technique. In this investigation, a cold-setting plywood adhesive based on polyvinyl alcohol (P), tannin (T), and hexamine (H) was produced. The physical and mechanical properties of plywood were examined at different formulations such as tannin concentration (10% and 20%), hexamine content (5%, 10%, and 15%), and cold-pressing time (3, 6, 12, and 24 h). This study showed that high tannin and hexamine content also increased the solids content, but decreased the average viscosity of the adhesive. Markedly, the cohesion strength of PTH-based adhesives increased from 5.57 Pa at 1/s to 1411.6 Pa at 400/s shear rate, regardless of the adhesive formulation. The shear modulus subsequently decreased as a function of the shear rate and increased with a higher tannin and hexamine content. This study revealed that the higher tannin and hexamine content and longer cold-pressing times could produce plywood with the tested adhesive that met the Japanese standard strength requirements. A combination of PTH-based adhesive prepared with formula 2 and 24 h cold-pressing resulted in the highest TSS value of 1.42 MPa, MOR values of 88.7 MPa, MOE values of 14,025.6 MPa, and wood failure of 47.2%. This study showed the possibility of fabricating eco-friendly plywood panels bonded with PTH-based adhesive using the cold-pressing process as an alternative to conventional plywood.

Pengamatan Kondisi Mikroskopik dan Usaha Untuk Menghilangkan Bakteri Filamentous dengan Penambahan Klorin pada PT. X Industri Kertas di Jawa Timur

One type of industry that can cause water pollution is the paper industry. In order to reduce liquid waste for the environment, waste water treatment is carried out. Bacteria are widely used for various food and non-food production processes. Filamentous bacteria or also called filamentous bacteria are the abnormal growth of certain bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. The type of research used for this research is research with quantitative methods. Quantitative research method is a type of research that has specifications in a structured, planned and systematic way, starting from the beginning to the manufacturing process of the research design. In this study, using the addition of 0.5% chlorine solution at a dose of 5 ppm, and using 5 days The parameter tests in the aeration tank: DO, pH, MLSS, SVI, Filamentous Microscopic Conditions and parameter tests in the effluent bath: DO, pH, TSS, COD, Turbidity. From the research that has been done, the results obtained in the aeration tank with the pH parameter having an average value of 8.02, DO having an average value of 6.31, MLSS with an average of 3586, and SVI of 135. Results in the effluent bath parameter pH has an average of 7.83,. DO has an average value of 3.04, turbidity has a value of 10.7-76 on the fifth day, COD value has an average value of 168, and TSS value has an average value of 121.5.

Correlation of Microplastic Size Distribution and Water Quality Parameters in the Upstream Brantas River

Microplastics are contaminants resulting from plastic fragmentation with a size <5 mm. The spread of microplastics threatens the imbalance of the environment and organisms in the waters. So it is necessary to know the abundance, size distribution, and correlation between microplastic abundance and water quality parameters. This study used a quantitative descriptive method with purposive sampling. The study parameters included total microplastic abundance, microplastic abundance based on size characteristics, type of microplastic polymer, water quality parameters, and correlation between microplastic abundance and water quality. Calculating the total abundance of microplastics obtained a value range of 3311.11 – 18111.11 particles/m3. The results of the microplastic size distribution got the highest abundance percentage value in the class with a size <50 µm, which was 84.39%. There were eight types of polymers identified, including Polyethylene (PE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polypropylene (PP), High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polycarbonate (PC), and Nylon. Water quality measurements obtained temperature range of 17.37-26.63 °C, pH value range of 6.66-8.51, current velocity value range of 0.13-0.8 m/s, DO value range of 4, 32-6.103 ppm, BOD value range of 4.69-6.07 ppm and TSS value range 0.005-0.019 ppm. Correlation analysis using the Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) statistical method. The study showed that water quality parameters such as temperature, current velocity, and DO have a high score of 0.95, 0.83, and 0.8.

DYNAMIC OF CHANGING AREA OF SUSPENDED SOLID BY UTILIZING LANDSAT 8 OIL IMAGES IN LAKE SINGKARAK, WEST SUMATRA PROVINCE, 2017 and 2022

TSS is suspended materials (diameter > 1 µm) retained on a millipore filter with a pore diameter of 0.45 µm. TSS consists of silt and fine sand and micro-organisms. The main cause of TSS in waterways is soil erosion or soil erosion that is carried into water bodies. If the TSS concentration is too high, it will inhibit the penetration of light into the water and result in disruption of the photosynthesis process (Effendi in Lestari, 2009:4). Many activities cause turbidity that affects the penetration of sunlight into water bodies, so it can hinder the process of photosynthesis and primary production of waters. Turbidity usually consists of an organic particle originating from watershed erosion and resuspension from the lake bottom. Keywords : Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Burn Ratio, Landsat 8, Severity Level of Forest and Land Fires. Based on the results of the study, researchers have obtained TSS values ​​in 2017 and 2022 at Lake Singkarak with the Landsat 8 image data processing method using the Syarif Budiman algorithm with several stages, namely first combining image data bands from band 1 to band 7 then cropping which serves to determine the area to examine then performs masking which functions to separate land from water and then enter the Syarif Budiman algorithm formula then classify the TSS values ​​in Lake Singkarak. It can be seen that the predicted TSS concentration has not been too much different from the TSS concentration in the field. researchers have obtained TSS values ​​in 2017 and 2022 at Lake Singkarak with the Landsat 8 image data processing method using the Syarif Budiman algorithm with several stages, namely first combining image data bands from band 1 to band 7 then cropping which functions to determine the area which will be examined then do masking which functions to separate land from water and then enter the Syarif Budiman algorithm formula then classify the TSS values ​​in Lake Singkarak. It can be seen that the predicted TSS concentration has not had too much difference in the concentration in the field. researchers have obtained TSS values ​​in 2017 and 2022 at Lake Singkarak with the Landsat 8 image data processing method using the Syarif Budiman algorithm with several stages, namely first combining image data bands from band 1 to band 7 then cropping which functions to determine the area which will be examined then do masking which functions to separate land from water and then enter the Syarif Budiman algorithm formula then classify the TSS values ​​in Lake Singkarak. It can be seen that the predicted TSS concentration has not to have o much difference with wififrameS concentration in the field.

Application of bioactive chitosan-based coatings with marine antagonists to control postharvest Persian lime decay caused by Penicillium italicum

ABSTRACT A novel edible coating with marine yeast in chitosan matrix was prepared. The biocompatibility of yeast cell incorporation of developed coatings was evaluated in terms of viability. Furthermore, the application of chitosan-based coatings was investigated in order to evaluate their efficacy to preserve postharvest quality and prevent fungal establishment of Penicillium italicum during storage under refrigeration. Results revealed that commercial chitosan as a matrix is compatible with Debaryomyces hansenii by maintaining 100% viability of the initial inoculum using chitosan at 0.5%. Preventive application of chitosan combined with the antagonistic yeast was more effective for controlling fungus infection than individual treatments of chitosan and yeast, showing an additive effect. Chitosan concentration had an impact on pH, TSS, acidity, and colour values. Further, the addition of yeast improved the barrier properties of coatings. This study demonstrates the potential application of chitosan-based coatings with antagonistic yeast D. hansenii for Persian lime quality maintenance as well as an effective alternative against blue mould disease.

UTILIZATION OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGES IN MAPPING SUSPENDED SOLID IN LAKE MANINJAU WEST SUMATRA PROVINCE

Remote sensing is generally defined as the technical art of obtaining information or data regarding the physical condition of an object or object, target, target or area and phenomenon without touching or direct contact with the object or target (Soenarmo, 2009). With remote sensing data, this research can easily see how the condition of the lake water. Based on these factors, efforts are needed to monitor the distribution of TSS in Lake Maninjau considering the importance of water potential to support various needs. In this study the classification was divided into 5 for the first class with concentration values of tss- 0 – 15 mg/L, 15 – 25 mg/L, 25 – 35 mg/L, TSS 35 – 80 mg/L, TSS > 80 mg/L. The result of in situ data processing is the lowest value is 8.2 mg/L and the highest is 72.2 mg/L. The Syarif Budhiman algorithm has the lowest at 8.14 mg/L and the highest at 40.04 mg/L. The lowest Parwati algorithm is 3.32 mg/L and the highest is 32.86 mg/L. The Guzman - Santaella algorithm has the lowest at 3.15 mg/L and the highest at 164.38 mg/L. The TSS concentrations in the alleged party and budhiman algorithms tend to have the same pattern as the TSS concentrations in the field, but there are several points with significant differences. The validation test shows that the Budhiman Algorithm (2004) has the smallest NMAE value between in situ data and image processing with a value of 14.4%.

Fungus under a Changing Climate: Modeling the Current and Future Global Distribution of Fusarium oxysporum Using Geographical Information System Data.

The impact of climate change on biodiversity has been the subject of numerous research in recent years. The multiple elements of climate change are expected to affect all levels of biodiversity, including microorganisms. The common worldwide fungus Fusarium oxysporum colonizes plant roots as well as soil and several other substrates. It causes predominant vascular wilt disease in different strategic crops such as banana, tomato, palm, and even cotton, thereby leading to severe losses. So, a robust maximum entropy algorithm was implemented in the well-known modeling program Maxent to forecast the current and future global distribution of F. oxysporum under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6 and 8.5) for 2050 and 2070. The Maxent model was calibrated using 1885 occurrence points. The resulting models were fit with AUC and TSS values equal to 0.9 (±0.001) and 0.7, respectively. Increasing temperatures due to global warming caused differences in habitat suitability between the current and future distributions of F. oxysporum, especially in Europe. The most effective parameter of this fungus distribution was the annual mean temperature (Bio 1); the two-dimensional niche analysis indicated that the fungus has a wide precipitation range because it can live in both dry and rainy habitats as well as a range of temperatures in which it can live to certain limits. The predicted shifts should act as an alarm sign for decision makers, particularly in countries that depend on such staple crops harmed by the fungus.

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND AT GALUGA LANDFILL FOR LEACHATE TREATMENT: A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH

Aim: This study aims to treat leachate by using the constructed wetland. Moreover, the study of the usage of solid waste as a part of constructed wetland was also carried out to analyze the potential of solid waste utilization as filter media. Methodology and Results: Two different alternatives were proposed to obtain the best system, i.e., conventionally constructed wetlands with gravel, sand, and rock as the filtration media, and constructed wetlands that utilize solid waste as the media. The leachate was treated in a constructed wetland using the pandan plant through a phytoremediation process. The results showed that constructed wetlands were able to reduce BOD, COD, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations up to 87.3%, 87.7%, 86%, and 99.7% in a conventionally constructed wetland, also up to 77.1%, 76.9%, 98%, and 98.9% in constructed wetland using solid waste. The analysis results show that the TSS value still exceeds the quality standard due to suspended particles in the water. Conclusion, significance, and impact study: The results showed that constructed wetland significantly affected the reduction of BOD, COD, nitrate, and phosphate but did not significantly reduce TSS. Therefore, additional technology, such as a sedimentation tank, is needed. This ecologically constructed wetland is the first step in achieving sustainable development.

Assessment on Potential Suitable Habitats of the Grasshopper Oedaleus decorus asiaticus in North China based on MaxEnt Modeling and Remote Sensing Data.

Grasshopper populations can quickly grow to catastrophic levels, causing a huge amount of damage in a short time. Oedaleus decorus asiaticus (Bey-Bienko) (O. d. asiaticus) is the most serious species in Xilingol League of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The region is not only an important grassland but also a site of agricultural heritage systems in China. Therefore, projecting the potential geographic distribution of O. d. asiaticus to provide an early warning is vital. Here, we combined temperature, precipitation, soil, vegetation, and topography with remote sensing data to screen the predictors that best characterize the current geographical distribution of O. d. asiaticus. A MaxEnt model approach was applied to project the potential suitable distribution of O. d. asiaticus in Xilingol League (the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China) combined with a set of optimized parameters. The modeling results indicated that there were six main habitat factors that determined the suitable distribution of O. d. asiaticus such as the soil type (ST), grassland type (GT), elevation, precipitation during the growing period (GP), precipitation during the spawning period (SP), and normalized difference vegetation index during the overwintering period (ONDVI). The simulated result was good, with average AUC and TSS values of 0.875 and 0.812, respectively. The potential inhabitable areas of grasshoppers were 198,527 km2, distributed mainly in West Urumqi, Xilinhot City, East Urumqi, Abaga Banner, and Xianghuang Banner of Xilingol League. This study is valuable to guide managers and decision-makers to prevent and control the occurrence of O. d. asiaticus early on and this study may facilitate meaningful reductions in pesticide application.

Biochemical Attributes of Grapes Grown at High Elevations in Himachal Pradesh

A large extent of biochemical diversity was recorded in 53 grape genotypes grown at different altitudes in Himachal Pradesh. The average values for TSS, TA, TSS/TA, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, colour intensity, phenols, tannins and anthocyanin were 15.5Brix; 0.76%; 22.26; 147.25 (mg/g fresh wt.); 186.67 (mg/g fresh wt.); 0.62%; 0.91(mg/g fresh wt.); 2.24 (mg/g fresh wt.) and 244.75 mg/litre respectively. Although statistically insignificant, we observed +ve correlation between elevation with colour intensity and phenols in the berries. However, our results are based on different genotypes growing at different elevations and planned experiments for growing selected wine varieties at different elevations may yield better results on this aspect. At higher altitude, enhanced exposure of berries to UV-B radiation and cool climate can lead to an enhancement in colour intensity due to an increase in the synthesis of anthocyanins, flavanols and tannins, therefore, potentiality of high ranges in Himachal Pradesh for growing best quality wine grapes needs to be explored through planned research and infrastructural development.

Constructing an Ensemble Model and Niche Comparison for the Management Planning of Eucalyptus Longhorned Borer Phoracantha semipunctata under Climate Change.

Phoracantha semipunctata is a destructive invasive alien forest pest worldwide. It primarily damages the eucalyptus via adults, affecting almost all parts of the eucalyptus. Its larvae develop in almost all major tissues of the plant. Phoracantha semipunctata spreads both via the migration of adults and global trade in intercontinental translocation. Currently, this pest has spread to six continents worldwide, except Antarctica, resulting in substantial economic losses. Based on global occurrence data and environmental variables, the potential global geographical distribution of P. semipunctata was predicted using an ensemble model. The centroid shift, overlap, unfilling, and expansion scheme were selected to assess niche dynamics during the global invasion process. Our results indicated that the AUC and TSS values of the ensemble model were 0.993 and 0.917, respectively, indicating the high prediction accuracy of the model. The distribution pattern of P. semipunctata is primarily attributed to the temperature seasonality (bio4), mean temperature of the warmest quarter (bio10), and human influence index variables. The potential geographical distribution of P. semipunctata is primarily in western and southwestern Asia, western Europe, western and southern North America, southern South America, southern Africa, and eastern and southern Oceania. The potential geographical distribution of P. semipunctata showed a downward trend in the 2030s and the 2050s. The distribution centroid showed a general tendency to shift southward from the near-current to future climate. Phoracantha semipunctata has largely conserved its niche during the global invasion process. More attention should be paid to the early warning, prevention, and control of P. semipunctata in the countries and regions where it has not yet become invasive.

EFISIENSI PENURUNAN KADAR BOD DAN TSS DENGAN BAKTERI KULTUR EM4 PADA AIR LIMBAH RUMAH SAKIT DENGAN SISTEM AERASI

Water is an important resource for human life and other living things, and is also a valuable capital investment. Water quality is a problem because of the large amount of waste generated by human activities. This waste includes things like wastewater from households, factories, and other activities. Therefore, an effective micro-organism-4 (em4) is needed to treat wastewater. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of EM4 can reduce the amount of pollutants in hospital waste. The research method used is a laboratory experimental method used to study the effect of the variables studied. Experiment using the formula . The results of this study show the effectiveness of pollution levels using EM4 culture with a time of 16 days with the highest efficiency value found on day 16 in each parameter. Treatment on day 0 shows BOD 20.035 mg/L until treatment on day 16 results in BOD value of 6.087 mg/L and the second repetition (Y2) treatment on day 0 shows BOD value of 20.022 mg/L until treatment on day 16 BOD value is 5.022mg/L. It shows that the mean (Mean) BOD decreased from the initial concentration of 20.029 at 0 days to 5.555 at 16 days treatment. On the 16th day the efficiency value of setting aside BOD levels is 72.3%, on day 0 the TSS result is 85 mg/L until the repetition (Y1) on the 16th day the BOD result becomes 28 mg.L and the second repetition (Y2) on day 0 TSS result 83 mg/L until repetition (Y2) on day 16 the result TSS value 26 mg/L. Then the mean value (Mean) of TSS decreased from the initial concentration of TSS value of 84 mg/L on treatment day 0 and became 27 mg/L. on 16 days of treatment while for TSS levels that is equal to 67.86%.

Recent Production and Marketing Scenarios of Water Chestnut (Trapa spp.) in India: A Review

Water chestnut (Trapa spp.) is an important annual, floated but rooted aquatic plant of temperate and tropical freshwater wetlands of India. The water chestnut is native to Europe, Asia and Africa and has been widely cultivated for a long time for food in Asia. It thrives best in nutrient-rich water with a pH range of 6.7 to 8.2. The plant Trapa spp. has also been recognized as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial. The kernels of water chestnut act as a diuretic, aphrodisiac, nutrient, appetizer, astringent, coolant, anti-diarrheal and tonic. It is an excellent source of minerals such as K, Ca and Mg, as well as carbohydrates and protein. In the creation of mixed products, many food products derived from the chestnut kernel and its flour are used. The yield per hectare is approximately 4-4.5 tones of fresh fruit and 1-1.5 tones of dry nuts. As fresh, canned fruit, dry nuts and flour, it has a very promising market in India and internationally. Fresh fruits are extremely delicious. TSS values varied from 7.0 to 9.00B. It is a very lovely and low-cost nutritious food that has the potential to manipulate the food market by making available various water chestnut mix flour items that might play an essential role in addressing malnutrition in India. This study of enumerated areas, production and marketing potential may be of immense value and great interest to researchers and academicians.

Influence of time of sowing and nutrient management on yield and quality of table beet in Bangladesh

The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from November 2019 to March 2020 to find out the effect of date of sowing and nutrient management on the growth, yield and quality of table beet. The experiment comprised three dates of sowing, viz. 15 November 2019, 15 December 2019 and 15 January 2020, and five nutrient managements, viz. recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer (RDF) N-P-K @ 60-100-60 kg ha–1, respectively, 75% RDF + cowdung @ 10 t ha-1, 25% RDF + cowdung @ 10 t ha-1, 75% RDF + vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, 25% RDF + vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Growth traits, yield components, yield and quality were significantly influenced by date of sowing, nutrient management and their interactions. The highest shoot length and leaf number and were recorded in early sowing on 15 November fertilized with 75% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + vermicompost @ 5 t ha–1. The highest root girth, root length, root yield, TSS (%) and value of vitamin c were recorded when the crop was sown on 15 November. Yield components, root yield and grain TSS (%) gradually decreased due to delay in sowing. In case of nutrient, the highest root girth, root length, root yield and value of TSS (%) were recorded when the crop was fertilized with 75% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + vermicompost @ 5 t ha–1. The highest value of ascorbic acid was recorded when fertilized with 25% RDF + vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1. Early sowing on 15 November fertilized with 75% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer + vermicompost @ 5 t ha–1 was found to be promising practice for the cultivation of table beet under Old Brahmaputra Floodplain Soils of Bangladesh.

In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of extracts from Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabura l. leaves

Previous studies on M. calabura (Jamaica cherry) leaves reported the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins. However, the deep research focus on the antifungal activity of Jamaica cherry leaf extract (JCLE) is still limited. Hence, the current study was conducted on JCLE samples by using various solvents, i.e., 70% ethanol, 70% methanol, and 70% acetone, and then evaluating their antifungal activity. Analytical results showed that JCLE could be used as a natural antifungal potential agent against mold-causing spoilage in fruits. Specifically, the ethanolic extract had a strong inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. While the methanolic and acetonic extracts prevented sharply the growth of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium equiseti, respectively. Generally, the ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the various mold strains better than the other solvents. Furthermore, the results showed that the percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) of JCLE increased gradually as the concentration increased from 4000 to 40000 mg GAE/kg. The highest data obtained for C. gloeosporioides, A. alternata, F. equiseti, and L. theobromae were 53.29%, 57.03%, 54.81%, and 75.03%, respectively. In vivo experiment, the samples were treated with and without JCLE (the control sample) occuring the black spots caused by C. gloeosporioides on mango’s surface after 21 days and 30 days of storage at 12 ± 2 °C, respectively. Whereas the TSS and TA values of both samples were similar. While the visual appearance of the control was more yellow compared to the samples treated with JCLE. In conclusion, JCLE was able to significantly delay the development of pathogenic mold, though it quite inhibited the maturation of mango fruit. Further studies may be needed to evaluate the phtychemical profile of M. calabura extract to gain a deeper understanding of its antifugal activity.

Generation of Electricity from Abattoir Waste Using Microbial Fuel Cell

This study undertook the generation of electricity from abattoir waste with the aim of eliminating the polluting effects of this waste. To achieve the aim of the study, three abattoirs were randomly selected within Ile-Ife in Osun State, southwest Nigeria. Using interactive and investigative methods, the average number of cows and goats that were slaughtered daily, weekly and monthly was established; and the amount of waste generated was subsequently estimated. Water samples were collected from water sources for the abattoirs. Wastewater samples were also collected at different carefully selected stages of the abattoir processes. The wastewater samples were exposed to air for 6 hours to 48 hours. The water and wastewater samples were then subjected to physico-chemical analysis, using standard procedures. Using standard method and appropriate materials, salt bridge was prepared and Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) were assembled. Subsequently, electrical set up was done, abattoir wastewater introduced into the chamber and electricity generated and evaluated. Voltage, voltage drop, power and current readings were observed and recorded for a period of six (6) days (between 131-144 hours). Surveys revealed that an average of two (2) cows was slaughtered daily in each abattoir. Results showed that the quantity of waste generated from each abattoir per day stands at 100-120 kg per day. For fresh water samples, the pH fell within WHO standard (6.98 to 7.05); while the average pH value for the wastewaters showed that it is basic. Also, for fresh water samples, TS, TSS and BOD values met WHO standard (340 to 440 mg/l), 200 to 220 mg/l and 240 to 600 mg/l) respectively, while the values were excessively high for wastewaters. Generally, the voltage generated from waste with longest exposure to air had the least values. The study concluded that electricity generation is possible from abattoir waste using microbial fuel cells.

Bitki Büyümesini Arttırıcı Bazı Rhizobakteri Türlerinin Sulu ve Susuz Yetiştirilen Kavunlarda Meyve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri

It has been determined in many research results that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) affect yield, plant growth and fruit quality and play an important role. However, the use of biostimulants in agricultural production in Malatya is negligible. In order to contribute to the region's producers, a research was planned directly in the producer's garden in the Malatya/Arguvan region, which is an important melon production center. A trial was established with Arguvan (Narmikan) melon type and Kırkağaç 637 melon cultivars, which are the most grown local cultivars in the summer period of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in irrigated and non-irrigated melon cultivation in Malatya-Arguvan conditions, and the trial was repeated for two consecutive years. In the research, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megatorium, Enterococcus spp. and cocktail bacteria solutions, which are a mixture of these three bacteria were used. Inoculation of bacteria into seeds was done by soaking the seeds in bacterial solution for 24 hours. The effects of the use of bacteria on the fruit quality of melon in cultivation with the method of seed sowing in the field were determined. In the study, the presented of which are resulted in fruit only pomological porperties ; fruit height, fruit weight, fruit flesh thickness, fruit shell thickness, fruit diameter, seed cavity diameter, pH and WTSS contents were examined, and two-year results were presented. The effects of different bacteria on the fruit pomological properties were not found statistically significant except for the TSS values of Kırkağaç 637 cultivars grown under non-irrigated conditions. The effects of different bacteria on the fruit pomological characteristics of Kırkağaç 637 melons grown under non-irrigated conditions were found statistically significant, although there were differences in other parameters, it was not statistically significant. Bacillus subtilis bacteria application has been the prominent bacterial application in terms of fruit characteristics.