Sodium Pyrophosphate Research Articles

Preparation and thermal performance enhancement of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate- sodium acetate trihydrate /expanded graphite phase change energy storage composites

Heat energy storage using phase change materials (PCMs) in electric radiant floor heating system (ERFHS) is a favorable solution to the improvement of energy efficiency. In this paper, the sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3•5H2O,STP)- sodium acetate trihydrate (CH3COONa•3H2O, SAT) eutectic mixture was prepared by adding 30 wt.% STP and 70 wt.% SAT. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7,TSPP) were added to fabricate the modified STP- SAT phase change material. The results showed that almost no phase separation occurred in STP- SAT eutectics with 1 wt.% CMC and 0.4 wt.% TSPP, and its supercooling degree was reduced to 0.3 °C. The thermal properties of the composite phase change material (CPCM) with different contents of expanded graphite (EG) were studied. And the experimental results showed that the composite containing 8% EG displayed a high phase change enthalpy (186.0 kJ/kg) and an ignorable supercooling degree. The addition of EG increased the thermal conductivity of STP-SAT from 0.748 to 2.92 W/m•K. The thermal reliability of CPCM was confirmed through the thermal cycle test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). After 200 thermal cycles, CPCM exhibited fantastic thermal stability and reliability.

Effect of phosphate salts on the shelf-life and quality characteristics of semi-dried noodles

The effect of four types of phosphate salts (PS) on the shelf-life and quality characteristics of semi-dried noodles, as well as their underlying mechanism were investigated. Microbial analysis showed 0.2% or 0.4% sodium dihydrogen phosphate (MSP) extended the shelf-life of noodles from 3 days to 5 days. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed PS decreased the mobility of free water in noodles. Cooking and texture analysis showed sodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) increased the cooking loss of noodles, and MSP decreased the tensile force of noodles. Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), TSPP, and MSP increased the hardness of noodles, while sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) decreased the hardness. Thermal properties analysis indicated STPP and TSPP increased the gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH) of starch in noodles, while SHMP and MSP decreased the ΔH. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed SHMP, STPP, and MSP strengthened the gluten network formation, while TSPP weakened the network.

Pyrophosphate ions inhibit calcium phosphate cement reaction and enable storage of premixed pastes with a controlled activation by orthophosphate addition

The standard preparation routine of a calcium phosphate cement includes mixing a solid and a liquid component (reactive cement powder and mixing liquid) in an open bowl at the operating theatre. This poses the risk of preparation-related deviations of the resulting properties when the cements are mixed by different persons. Hence, facilitating this mixing procedure is highly desirable. It can be achieved by application of premixed cement pastes: The mixing liquid and a stable suspension of the cement powder are assembled and mixed in a special syringe, minimizing the impact of these preparation-related effects.In this study, a suspension of reactive α-tricalcium phosphate powder in water was stabilized by sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate (PP). Controlled activation of these premixed pastes was then accomplished by adding a concentrated Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4 (Na2/Na) solution. Systematic assessment of the activation mechanism, including the effect of the PP concentration and the amount of Na2/Na added, was performed by isothermal calorimetry, quantitative in-situ X-ray diffraction, rheological characterization and automated Gillmore needle measurements at 37 °C.Premixed pastes with addition of at least 0.05 wt% PP were successfully stabilized for up to 2 weeks at 25 °C, and even 4 weeks at 4 °C. This pre-storage had no significant impact on the setting performance of the pastes. Increasing the PP concentration at constant Na2/Na amount systematically retarded the setting reaction, while an elevated quantity of Na2/Na addition at constant PP concentration resulted in an acceleration.Based on these results, a composition stabilized with 0.05 wt% PP and activated with 20.8 vol% Na2/Na related to the amount of liquid in the premixed pastes appears ideal with respect to the desired setting performance.

Phosphorylation modification on functional and structural properties of fish gelatin: The effects of phosphate contents

The gel, rheological and structural properties of fish gelatin (FG) were investigated through phosphorylation with different ratios of sodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) (FG:TSPP = 40:0, 40:1, 40:2, 40:4, and 40:6). It showed that phosphorylation modification significantly increased gel strength, textural properties, emulsification, and emulsification stability of FG. The surface hydrophobicity and intrinsic fluorescence of phosphorylated FG were also significantly increased. Rheological results revealed that the apparent viscosity, melt/gel points, and gel strength of FG were increased by phosphorylation with TSPP, but shortened the gelation time. Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) showed that phosphorylation reduced mobility of water in FG. FTIR results indicated that phosphorylation increased the β-sheet/β-turn contents but reduced the random coil contents. This study might provide a new guideline for the exploration of TSPP phosphorylation increased the functional properties of FG.

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate ameliorates oxidative damage to the TGase-catalyzed gelation of actomyosins

The present study attempted to investigate the interactive roles of protein oxidation (0–20 mM H2O2) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) on the crosslinking efficiency of actomyosin mediated by transglutaminase (TGase). Oxidation at 0–20 mM H2O2 was not conducive to TGase-mediated crosslinking as indicated by the relative reduction of free amine consumption from 35.3% to 11.7%, and caused the principle crosslinking sites to progressively convert from myosin subfragment-1 (S1) to subfragment-1 (S2) as evidenced by electrophoresis. However, the binding of TSPP to myosin alleviated oxidation suppression to TGase-catalyzed crosslinking in varying degrees and retarded the migration of crosslinking site from S1 to S2. Moreover, oxidation (especially 20 mM H2O2) decreased the final (90 °C) elasticity index (EI) and water holding capacity of TGase-treated actomyosin gel, while TSPP intensified those of TGase-catalyzed actomyosin gel, indicating that TSPP had a positive effect on ameliorating the oxidative stress to TGase-catalyzed gelation of actomyosin.

Mitigation of oxidation-induced loss of myofibrillar protein gelling potential by the combination of pyrophosphate and l-lysine

Protein oxidation, a common quality deterioration in muscle foods, could change the physicochemical characteristics and processability of the meat proteins. The present study focused on the effects of sodium pyrophosphate (PP, 1 mM), Lysine (Lys, 5 mM) and their combination (1 mM PP + 5 mM Lys) on the changes in structure and gelling properties of oxidized myofibrillar protein (Ox-MP). Treatment with the additives modified protein structures, reduced the average particle diameter (d3,2 and d4,3), restored the gelling behavior of Ox-MP, and remarkably improved the water holding capacity and breaking strength of heat-induced protein gels. The combination of PP and Lys showed a synergistic effect and resulted in the optimal enhancement of Ox-MP gel properties. Specifically, the set gel exhibited a fine, homogeneous and compact microstructure and a breaking strength 4-fold that of Ox-MP. Therefore, a combination of PP and Lys is recommended for aerated meat processing to maintain or enhance the MP gelling potential.

Effect of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) on the formation kinetics of CO2 hydrate in bulk and porous media in the presence of pure water and seawater relevant for CO2 sequestration

Enhanced kinetics of carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrate formation will assist in developing technologies for CO2 gas storage, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), and potentially for methane production from natural gas hydrates. The present work is focused on understanding the kinetics of CO2 hydrate formation in both bulk and porous media with pure water and seawater under the influence of non-toxic and low-cost inorganic emulsifiers or builders. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) was used in a very low concentration of 0.2 wt.% to promote its economic viability. The experiments were carried out in a 300 mL stirred tank reactor and 100 mL porous bed reactor with an initial pressure of 3.5 MPa and 274.65 K with pure water and seawater, respectively. The porous bed was made with 0.15 mm silica sand with 70% water saturation. Both STPP and TSPP showed significant improvement in induction time for CO2 hydrate formation. Moreover, STPP showed reasonable enhancement in CO2 gas uptake compared to TSPP in both bulk and porous bed with both pure water and seawater. The average rate of hydrate formation was also better for STPP with multiple growth peaks. The results obtained will enhance hydrate-based technologies for efficient CO2 sequestration in shallow subsea sediments.

Ameliorative effects of phosphorylated peptide from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) against H2O2-induced damage in MC3T3-E1 cells

Phosphorylated peptide from Antarctic krill (P-AKP) was prepared by the dry-heating method with sodium pyrophosphate in order to improve its antioxidant activity and osteogenic activity. P-AKP exhibited more competitive DPPH• and OH• scavenging activities compared to the native Antarctic krill peptide (AKP). In hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage of MC3T3-E1 cells, both AKP and P-AKP pretreatment could dose-dependently improve superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities through attenuating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Moreover, AKP and P-AKP prevented oxidative stress-induced down regulation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and matrix mineralization. Particularly, the promoting effects of P-AKP on the enzymatic antioxidant defense system, differentiation and mineralization was higher than that of AKP. These results suggested that phosphorylation might be a promising approach to improve the antioxidant and osteogenic activity of AKP, and P-AKP could be a beneficial agent for attenuating oxidative stress-related bone loss.

Anti-Allergic Properties of Humic Acids Isolated from Pine-Sphagnum-Cotton Sedge Peat.

The course administration of humic acids isolated by the sodium pyrophosphate method from pine-sphagnum-cotton sedge peat reduced the general anaphylaxis reaction in mice and guinea pigs immunized with ovalbumin and decreased serum content of IgG1 and IgE in mice. The serum from mice treated with humic acids and sensitized with ovalbumin did not increase the rate of degranulation of mast cells isolated from intact Wistar rats in the presence of ovalbumin in comparison with the serum of control animals.

Electrochemically functionalized graphene for highly sensitive detection of nitrofurazone.

Graphene nanosheets (GS) were prepared by ultrasonic exfoliation of bulk graphite in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone with the assistance of sodium pyrophosphate. The obtained GS suspension was modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GS/GCE), and then functionalized at different voltages (e.g. 1.0, 1.4 and 1.6 V) for 2 min in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer. The electrochemically functionalized GS/GCE (i.e. EGS/GCE) possesses more oxygen-containing groups and a higher defect level. More importantly, the active response area, electron transfer ability and interface adsorption capacity of the EGS/GCE enhanced remarkably. The possible mechanism of the performance enhancement is discussed, and the sensing application of the EGS/GCE in the detection of nitrofurazone (NFZ) is investigated. Compared with the GS/GCE, the EGS/GCE is much more active for NFZ oxidation and greatly increases the detection sensitivity. As a result, a highly sensitive electrochemical detection method has been developed for NFZ, with a detection limit of 2.1 nM. The practical application of the EGS/GCE was tested in fish meat samples, showing good accuracy and feasibility.

Study on the Mechanism of Stain Removal by the Effect of Sodium Pyrophosphate

Study on the Mechanism of Stain Removal by the Effect of Sodium Pyrophosphate

Study on Purification and Characterization of Polyphenol Oxidase from Acetes chinensis

Acetes chinensis (belonging to the Decapoda Sergestidae genus) is widely distributed in East Asian waters and is extremely widespread and present in the shallow coastal areas of China. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), which was extracted from Acetes chinensis, was purified in a four-step procedure involving phosphate-buffered saline treatment, ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-Cellulose chromatography, and Phenyl-Sepharose HP chromatography, and then, its biochemical characterization was measured. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was increased to 643.4 U/mg, which is a 30.35 times increase in purification, and the recovery rate was 17.9%. L-dopa was used as the substrate, the enzymatic reactions catalyzed by PPO conformed to the Michaelis equation, the maximum reaction velocity was 769.23 U/mL, and the Michaelis constant Km was 0.846 mmol/L. The optimal pH of PPO from Acetes chinensis was 7.5, and the optimal temperature was 35 °C. The metal ions experiment showed that Mn2+ and K+ could enhance the activity of PPO; that Ba2+ and Ca2+ could inhibit the activity of PPO; and that Cu2+ had a double effect on PPO, increasing the PPO activity at low concentrations and inhibiting the PPO activity at high concentrations. The inhibitor experiment showed that the inhibitory effects of EDTA and kojic acid were weak and that ascorbic acid and sodium pyrophosphate had good inhibitory effects. The purification and characterization of Acetes chinensis serve as guidelines for the prediction of enzyme behavior, leading to effective prevention of enzymatic browning during processing.

Chemically modified wool waste keratin for flame retardant cotton finishing

Environmentally friendly flame retardant chemicals are being developed in recent studies as legislation for eco-sustainable textile production becomes more stringent around the world. Utilisation of waste generated by the wool spinning industry is a prime concern with present work. The extraction and modification of keratin from waste wool for flame retardant cotton has not been attempted previously. The research describes a unique method for using chemically modified keratin derived from wool waste as an environmentally acceptable nitrogen/phosphorus containing flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Melamine and sodium pyrophosphate were used as nitrogen and phosphorus sources, respectively, along with glyoxal as a cross-linking agent. The improved thermal stability of modified wool waste keratin and treated cotton fabrics was confirmed by TGA, while structural changes were established by FTIR and XRD analyses. Due to the synergistic impact of nitrogen and phosphorous, the modified wool waste keratin resulted in the formation of a continuous and intact layer of char that confers flame retardancy on treated cotton. The limiting oxygen index of cotton after application of the modified keratin showed a nearly 66.7% increase in flame retardancy compared to untreated cotton. Overall, the findings in the paper show a sustainable approach for the textile industry that combines waste utilisation from one textile sector (minimizing solid waste from the wool industry) with waste management elements to add value to another (multifunctional textile finishing agent for the cotton industry).

Preparation of novel cosmetic white pigment by pyrophosphate treatment of zinc oxide

Zinc oxide, which has photocatalytic activity, is used as a white pigment in cosmetics. With cosmetics containing zinc oxide, some sebum on the skin is broken down by the UV rays of the sun. In this study, in order to suppress the photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide, zinc oxide was added to an aqueous solution of sodium pyrophosphate and shaken, so that novel white pigment coated with zinc phosphate having no photocatalytic activity was prepared for use in cosmetics. The chemical composition, powder properties, photocatalytic activity, hue (visible light reflectance and L* a* b* values), and smoothness of the resulting powder material were studied. Part of the zinc oxide reacted to zinc phosphate by this pyrophosphate treatment. The photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide was suppressed by this zinc phosphate coating. The resulting sample had sufficiently high reflectance in the visible light region and a high L* value in the L*a*b* color space. The treated samples had lower static friction resistance than the original zinc oxide. Judging from the results of photocatalytic activity, L* value, and smoothness, the optimum conditions were the molar ratio P/Zn of 1/4 for 6 h of shaking the mixture.

Improved bactericidal efficacy and thermostability of Staphylococcus aureus-specific bacteriophage SA3821 by repeated sodium pyrophosphate challenges

As antibiotic resistance is being a threat to public health worldwide, bacteriophages are re-highlighted as alternative antimicrobials to fight with pathogens. Various wild-type phages isolated from diverse sources have been tested, but potential mutant phages generated by genome engineering or random mutagenesis are drawing increasing attention. Here, we applied a chelating agent, sodium pyrophosphate, to the staphylococcal temperate Siphoviridae phage SA3821 to introduce random mutations. Through 30 sequential sodium pyrophosphate challenges and random selections, the suspected mutant phage SA3821M was isolated. SA3821M maintained an intact virion morphology, but exhibited better bactericidal activity against its host Staphylococcous aureus CCARM 3821 for up to 17 h and thermostability than its parent, SA3821. Sodium pyrophosphate-mediated mutations in SA3821M were absent in lysogenic development genes but concentrated (83.9%) in genes related to the phage tail, particularly in the tail tape measure protein, indicating that changes in the tail module might have been responsible for the altered traits. This intentional random mutagenesis through controlled treatments with sodium pyrophosphate could be applied to other phages as a simple but potent method to improve their traits as alternative antimicrobials.

Identification of Regulators for Ciliary Disassembly by a Chemical Screen.

Cilia are organelles for cellular signaling and motility. They are assembled in G0/G1 and disassembled prior to mitosis. Compared to what is known about ciliary assembly, less is understood about ciliary disassembly. To uncover new mechanisms of ciliary disassembly, we performed an unbiased chemical screen. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells were experimentally induced for ciliary disassembly by treatment with sodium pyrophosphate. An FDA approved drug library (HY-L022P-1, MedChemExpress) was used for the screening. Primary screening with further experiments has identified microtubule stabilizer taxanes, CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib and Raf inhibitor dabrafenib being effective in inhibiting ciliary disassembly induced experimentally but also under physiological conditions. In addition, their effects on ciliary disassembly in mammalian cells has also been confirmed. Thus, our studies have not only revealed new mechanisms in ciliary disassembly but also provided new tools for studying ciliary disassembly. These discovered drugs may be used for therapeutic interventions of disorders involving ciliary degeneration such as retinopathies.

Characterization of AgNPs and AuNPs in sewage sludge by single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

This study develops for the first time an analytical method for the characterization of silver and gold nanoparticles in sewage sludge. The evaluation of the effect of temperature, extracting agent and centrifugation speed and time on the extraction yield was carried out through a multifactorial analysis of variance which allows us to select 289 g, 5 min and 20 mM sodium pyrophosphate tetrabasic as optimal extraction conditions. Under these conditions, the analysis of the extract by single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry provided recovery percentages of 70 ± 2% and 56 ± 1% for silver and gold nanoparticles, respectively. Moreover, the complementary results obtained upon analysis of these extracts by transmission electron microscopy and single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry showed that the developed method did not modify the original size and shape of these nanoparticles during the extraction procedure. Size detection limits of 23 nm and 16 nm as well as number concentration limits of 3.12 × 109 particles kg−1 and 1.38 × 109 particles kg−1 were obtained for silver and gold nanoparticles, respectively. Moreover, a stability study of silver and gold nanoparticles in sewage sludge for 12 months showed differences between the two nanoparticle types. Although the sizes were not affected during the 12 months, silver nanoparticles underwent an oxidation process from 6 months onwards, which was reflected in an increase in the percentage of ionic silver from 14 ± 1% at 6 months to 24 ± 2% at 12 months. The developed methodology represents a simple, reliable and fast tool for detecting, quantifying and assessing the stability of nanoparticles in an important environmental sample such as sewage sludge.

Prevention of low-temperature gelation in milk protein concentrates by calcium-binding salts

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding low concentrations of calcium-binding salts on the prevention of low-temperature gelation in milk protein concentrates (MPC). The MPC were created by a combination of ultrafiltration and diafiltration, standardized from 14 to 17% (wt/vol) protein content and mixed with one of 5 calcium-binding salts (sodium citrate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium monophosphate) adjusted to a pH of 6.75. The flow properties, apparent viscosity, and gel strength were determined for MPC containing a wide range of calcium-binding salt concentrations. Low-temperature gelation occurred in MPC with 16.0% and higher protein content. Low-temperature gelation at 16.0% protein content was prevented by the addition of any of the 5 salts tested at low concentrations (0.30 mM or less; sodium citrate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate or sodium monophosphate), with sodium polyphosphate and sodium monophosphate being the most consistent in preventing low-temperature gels. All MPC samples exhibited shear-thinning behavior (n = 0.52-0.72), which increased (lower n values) as the protein content increased and decreased by addition of salt. At concentrations of salt above 1.00 mM, thermally irreversible gels were observed with relative strength dependent on the salt and protein content.

The effect of dentifrice including dental type silica, tocopherol acetate, sodium fluoride and sodium pyrophosphate on mineral density in enamel

The effect of dentifrice including dental type silica, tocopherol acetate, sodium fluoride and sodium pyrophosphate on mineral density in enamel

In vitro antibacterial effect of nanomaterial calamine

Calamine can be made into clinical medicinal powder by the traditional calcination water flying method, but its particle size distribution is wide and its specific surface area is small. The application of nanomaterials in traditional Chinese medicine materials shows that part of them can improve the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine materials. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the application of nanomaterials in calamine and analyzes the antibacterial effect of nanocalamine in vitro. The experimental results show that the particle size measured by 0.3% sodium pyrophosphate solution is basically consistent with that measured by electron microscope, and polymer dispersity index (PDI) is the smallest. Therefore, 0.3% sodium pyrophosphate solution was selected as the best dispersion medium of calamine nanoparticles. Nanocalamine has the properties of medicinal calamine and nanotraditional Chinese medicine. It shows the active effect of calamine and nanoparticle. The antibacterial activity of nanocalamine is stronger than that of medicinal calamine. The antibacterial activity of calcined calamine is stronger than that of medicinal calamine and weaker than nanocalamine. Alkaline zinc carbonate has no antibacterial activity. Nanocalamine has the characteristics of medicinal calamine and nanotraditional Chinese medicine, which shows the positive role of calamine and nanoparticles.