Trustworthiness Of Qualitative Research Research Articles

“Collecting Loose Change:” Conceptual Clarifications on Bias, Subjectivity, Positionality, Reflexivity, & Autoethnography in Leisure Research

With the rise of the acceptance, normalization, and increasing sophistication of qualitative research across the social sciences, there is a proliferation of paradigmatic approaches, methodologies, data generation methods, analytical techniques, and forms of representation. As qualitative methods continue to develop, expand, and hybridize, there is a need to conceptually clarify some of the “loose change” that has come with the rise of its legitimacy. In this essay, we build upon previous work advocating for a greater need for the use and conceptual clarification of trustworthiness in qualitative research to make an additional necessary call to encourage nuance when engaging with concepts that focus on the role of the self. We try to nuance the role(s) of articulating one’s place through declarations of bias, subjectivity, and positionality and the mechanisms for managing and/or understanding one’s place in the research vis-a-vis reflexivity as a process and/or autoethnography (methodology). In doing so, we call for the appropriate deployment of these techniques to align with the paradigmatic approach used in the research endeavor.

CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING AND ENSURING THE TRUSTWORTHINESS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

The trustworthiness of qualitative data has been debatable, yet it has strong support from its supporters. However, the importance and worth of qualitative data cannot be undermined. This paper presents a critical review of the trustworthiness of the qualitative data. The degree of trustworthiness of qualitative research can be measured by ensuring the credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability of research design, process, and action. The guarantee of trustworthiness in qualitative research is more complex than in quantitative research due to its subjective nature. Many researchers and experts denied the generalizability of qualitative research. However, few researchers, like Guba (1985), developed a widely accepted model and strategies to ensure the trustworthiness and generalizability of qualitative research. Credibility is like internal validity in quantitative analysis and provides the actual data about the phenomenon. Transferability shows the degree of application of the research finding in other exact natures of context, people, groups, and settings. If the findings of one study are replicated in a similar population, condition, or context, then the findings are dependable. Neutrality is the degree of fairness of results consisting of purity of initial responses and bias-free.

Sampling and Trustworthiness Issues in Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is crucial in exploring the complexities of human experiences, behaviors, perceptions, and social phenomena. It is particularly effective in generating hypotheses, exploring new research topics, and capturing the subjective aspects of human interaction and experience. It emphasizes social, economic, and political context, cultural nuances, and participants' voices for comprehensive and holistic understanding. Determining an appropriate sampling method and adequacy of sample size remains a challenging aspect of qualitative research methodology. This paper highlights the key issues related to sampling approaches, sample size, and trustworthiness in qualitative research.

Challenges Facing Students with Hearing Impairment in Inclusive Classroom in Public Secondary School in Mabira Secondary School in Kyerwa District, Tanzania

This study explored the challenges facing students with hearing impairment in the inclusive classroom in public secondary school in Kyerwa District. The study was guided by the theory of mind by David Premack in 1978. Specifically, the study intended to identify the academic challenges facing students with hearing impairment in inclusive classroom. The study employed a qualitative research approach. The study used a case study research design. The study used twenty-nine respondents. Data were collected through interview guide, focused group discussion, documentary review and observation. The study considered all aspects of trustworthiness in qualitative research. The study employed non probability sampling techniques which were purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Data were analysed and presented through content analysis. The findings revealed that students with hearing impairment face academic challenges including: lack of sign language interpreters, lack of hearing devices and delay in achieving and capturing the concepts taught in the class. The study recommended that, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology should provide seminars and training to the teachers who are teaching students with hearing impairment so as they can get knowledge about inclusive education.

A-Methodological Saturation: A Grounded Theory Analysis

The purpose of this qualitative study was to develop an abstracted theoretical model concerning how counseling and counselor education researchers utilize saturation in their qualitative research. Given the importance of rigor and trustworthiness in qualitative research, this study addresses saturation, a method for ensuring methodological rigor and trustworthiness. The qualitative study included 23 participants from a range of social locations, methodological expertise, and research agendas. The findings from this qualitative study were analyzed and presented using Straussian grounded theory and resulted in the development of an abstracted theoretical model, which included the following: causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening conditions, actions, consequences, and a core category. The abstracted theoretical model can aid researchers in the process and practice of saturation. Advances in saturation can support the development of rigorous qualitative research design and methodological integrity. Discussion and implications are discussed across the areas of practice, education, advocacy, and research.

Fooling Ourselves and Others: Confirmation Bias and the Trustworthiness of Qualitative Research – Part 1 (the Threats)

Fooling Ourselves and Others: Confirmation Bias and the Trustworthiness of Qualitative Research – Part 1 (the Threats)

Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research.

Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research.

Strategies for Establishing Dependability between Two Qualitative Intrinsic Case Studies: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis

Dependability (also known as consistency) is one of four criteria in rigor and trustworthiness in qualitative research. In this article, the process of establishing consistency is discussed through the lenses of constructivism and interpretivism, as the observed social reality is viewed as epistemologically counter-intuitive. Two strategies were used to establish consistency. First, method, source, and data triangulation were conducted concurrently to overcome differences in data collection methods from two qualitative intrinsic case studies. Second, code and meaning saturation were used in ATLAS.ti to identify similar meanings and interpretations despite different data collection methods. The findings showed that consistency can still be achieved, and similar meanings and interpretations can be established despite different data collection methods.

Fooling ourselves and others: confirmation bias and the trustworthiness of qualitative research – Part 2 (cross-examining the dismissals)

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe and critique ways in which the threats from confirmation bias have been rejected.Design/methodology/approachDismissals of the existence of, or threats from, confirmation bias are identified from a review of literature across a very wide range of disciplines. The dismissals are robustly examined.FindingsThe dismissals are categorised as: (1) radical scepticism (2) consequentialism: and (3) denial. Each type of dismissal, it is argued, is flawed.Originality/valueThe three-fold structuring of confirmation bias dismissal is novel. In addition to drawing from organisation, management and wider social science literature, the article also uses arguments and examples from the creative arts.

Verifying rigor: analyzing qualitative research in international marketing

PurposeThere has been a growing call regarding broad criteria for assessing qualitative methods' reliability and validity in international marketing (IM) research. In response, this study synthesizes the past literature to present an overarching, yet adaptable, trustworthiness verification framework for assessing the rigor of various qualitative methods used in IM.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on qualitative research from various disciplines. It uses content analysis to examine how trustworthiness is conceptualized in qualitative studies in International Marketing Review (IMR) from 2005 to 2019.FindingsThe analysis reveals that strategies to ensure rigor and trustworthiness of qualitative research in IMR are partially applied. There remain gaps in implementing quality criteria across the trustworthiness dimensions of credibility, transferability, dependability, conformability and ethics.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper highlights the importance of incorporating strategies for assessing the quality of qualitative research in IM research. Since the analysis only focused on IMR, future research should explore and test the framework in other IM and business journals to reach a broader consensus in assessing qualitative studies' rigor.Originality/valueIM researchers have yet to develop a consensus regarding broad criteria for assessing qualitative methods' reliability and validity. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap.

Fooling ourselves and others: confirmation bias and the trustworthiness of qualitative research – Part 1 (the threats)

PurposeTo describe the implicit epistemic flaw of “confirmation bias” and to illustrate and evaluate the threats to qualitative research trustworthiness from that bias.Design/methodology/approachThe article overviews evidence and analysis from a wide range of disciplines. The adverse effect of three varieties of confirmation bias is described in some detail in illustrative examples.FindingsIt is argued that the threats from the bias go to the heart of the research. A subsequent article summarizes and critiques counter-arguments.Practical implicationsDiscussions and illustrations of varieties of confirmation bias can increase awareness of the unwitting bias and reduce its influence.Social implicationsThe bias not only threatens the trustworthiness of academic and other professional research but also underpins much ideological extremism, the effectiveness of post-truth politics and inter- and intra-group conflict. These are directly discussed in the article.Originality/valueThe article extends and enriches descriptions of threats to the trustworthiness of qualitative from confirmation bias. Such threats are inadequately recognized in many qualitative research arenas. It identifies a previously unrecognized variety of confirmation bias: hollow citations.

Pharmacy professionals’ views regarding the future of NHS patient medicines helpline services: A multimethod qualitative study

Abstract Introduction Patient medicines helpline services (PMHS) have been established at some National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England, to provide medicines-related support to recently discharged hospital patients and carers. However, findings suggest that, due to a lack of resources, considerable variation exists in the operation of PMHS, and that their access, availability, and promotion do not meet national standards regarding helpline provision (1, 2). To develop recommendations for service improvement, this qualitative study sought to examine pharmacy professionals’ views regarding the future of PMHS. Aim To examine pharmacy professionals’ perceptions of the future of PMHS, and develop recommendations for service improvement. Methods University ethics and Health Research Authority approval were obtained before commencement. Participants comprised pharmacy professionals from acute, mental health, specialist, and community NHS Trusts that provided a PMHS. Invitations to participate in an online qualitative survey and subsequent semi-structured telephone interview were sent via email to pharmacy services at all Trusts that provided a PMHS. Within the survey and the interview schedule was one question “How do you see patient medicines helplines at NHS Trusts developing in the future?” and only the data generated from this open-ended question were analysed for this study. Survey data were collected via SurveyMonkey (n=100). Individuals interested in participating in an interview contacted the research team, resulting in 34 interviews. Interviews were conducted from May-October 2018, and ranged from 16 to 53 minutes. Braun and Clarke’s inductive reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Guidelines for enhancing the validity and trustworthiness of qualitative research were used. Results Two themes were generated from the survey and interviews. Enhancing value for service users identifies suggestions for improving the value of PMHS for service users. These include providing access methods beyond the telephone, and providing patients/carers with post-discharge follow-up calls from a pharmacist. Improving efficiency identifies that, in the future, and in line with NHS plans for efficiency and shared resources, PMHS may become centralised or provided by community pharmacies. Centralised services were considered to likely have more resources available to provide a patient medicines information service compared to hospital pharmacies. Participants often referred to the Carter report and sustainability and transformation plans, which promote the sharing of resources within regions. However, such a change was perceived to only increase efficiency if patient information can be shared between relevant healthcare settings. Conclusion PMHS are perceived by pharmacy professionals as likely to become centralised in the future (i.e., provided regionally or nationally) or provided by community pharmacies. This is dependent upon patients’ information being shared between hospitals and the centralised PMHS or pharmacies. To enhance the value of PMHS for service users, providers could establish other methods of access, such as email and video consultation. A limitation of this study is that it did not seek the perspectives of pharmacy professionals who do not provide a PMHS, other healthcare professionals, nor patients and carers. Considering the uncertainty around the future of PMHS, research should establish the best way to support all patients and carers regarding medicines following hospital discharge.

Using tables to enhance trustworthiness in qualitative research

In this essay, we discuss how tables can be used to ensure—and reassure about—trustworthiness in qualitative research. We posit that in qualitative research, tables help not only increase transparency about data collection, analysis, and findings, but also—and no less importantly—organize and analyze data effectively. We present some of the tables most frequently used by qualitative researchers, explain their uses, discuss how they enhance trustworthiness, and provide illustrative examples to inspire readers in their use of tables in their own research.

Contextualizing reliability and validity in qualitative research: toward more rigorous and trustworthy qualitative social science in leisure research

Issues of trustworthiness in qualitative leisure research, often demonstrated through particular techniques of reliability and/or validity, is often either nonexistent, unsubstantial, or unexplained. Rather than prescribing what reliability and/or validity should look like, researchers should attend to the overall trustworthiness of qualitative research by more directly addressing issues associated with reliability and/or validity, as aligned with larger issues of ontological, epistemological, and paradigmatic affiliation. In reviewing contemporary qualitative research methodologies, we present a variety of reliability and validity techniques that might lead to increased trustworthiness in analysis and representation of findings. Qualitative leisure scholars are encouraged to align paradigmatic assumptions, theoretical orientations, methodological practices, analytical techniques, and representational practices to engage trustworthiness techniques that can be assessed for quality and credibility. This conceptualization offers a useful pedagogical model and supports common language of qualitative preferred practices, while providing space and openness for growth, development, improvisation, and critique.

Editorial Essay: The Tumult over Transparency: Decoupling Transparency from Replication in Establishing Trustworthy Qualitative Research

Management journals are currently responding to challenges raised by the “replication crisis” in experimental social psychology, leading to new standards for transparency. These approaches are spilling over to qualitative research in unhelpful and potentially even dangerous ways. Advocates for transparency in qualitative research mistakenly couple it with replication. Tying transparency tightly to replication is deeply troublesome for qualitative research, where replication misses the point of what the work seeks to accomplish. We suggest that transparency advocates conflate replication with trustworthiness. We challenge this conflation on both ontological and methodological grounds, and we offer alternatives for how to (and how not to) think about trustworthiness in qualitative research. Management journals need to tackle the core issues raised by this tumult over transparency by identifying solutions for enhanced trustworthiness that recognize the unique strengths and considerations of different methodological approaches in our field.

Establishing Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research

Establishing Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research

Addressing the Ten Commonly Asked Questions about Qualitative Research in the Philippines

There is no doubt that the need for qualitative research has increased and has been felt all around the world. Once feared, detested, or even not much valued by some, qualitative research has now become the rare bird many people are trying to catch. Unfortunately, as more and more people and institutions try to embrace qualitative research, maybe more damage is being done in the process because of the lack of solid understanding of qualitative research. To pave a strong way to excellence in qualitative research conduct and dissemination, it is important to have an idea of the current state of qualitative research. This paper is based on content analysis of the input from 197 higher education professors, administrators, researchers, graduate and doctoral students from 40 higher education institutions in the Philippines. It is based on 10 most commonly asked questions about qualitative research. These questions are grouped into three major themes: the fundamentals, the methodology, and the trustworthiness of qualitative research. Understanding these commonly asked questions can help us pave better the way to quality capability training in qualitative research.

Spiritual Needs and Care of Patients from Nurses Perspectives on ICU

Background: Current studies mainly emphasized the spiritual needs and care of cancer and hospice patients; few deal with the other critically ill patients. Aim: This study aimed to describe the spiritual needs and care of ICU patients from nurses’ perspectives. Design: This is a qualitative study. Method: The semi-structured guided interviewing on ICU nurses in a medical center of southern Taiwan was approved by the IRB at the research department of the hospital and data collection was carried out from January to June 2012. The investigator repeatedly read the transcribed text, and found statements relevant to the themes in the transcriptions to form significant statements as the basis of data analysis. To ensure the rigor of this study, the investigator adopted the approach of trustworthiness of qualitative research proposed by Lincoln and Guba. Results: For the assessment of patients’ spiritual needs, the patients were divided into two groups: conscious and unconscious groups. The spiritual needs of the former were assessed by the clinical observation and judgment, while the latter were assessed through family interpretation. In addition, there are six themes in general spiritual care: care skills, interaction promotion, religious belief, cultural care, wish fulfilment, alleviation of grief and terminal care. Spiritual care of the conscious and unconscious patients were also included. Conclusion: Spiritual needs and care from ICU nurses’ perspective were different from the patients; however, both of views were focused on the general spiritual care, while ICU nurses divided spiritual care into the conscious and unconscious patients. Relevance to clinical practice: The authors suggested that a complete guideline of spiritual care for critically ill patients integrating with the cultural care and interdisciplinary cooperation could be developed on the basis of the results of this study in the future, which could provide more empirical data as the nursing reference.

Ensuring rigour and trustworthiness of qualitative research in clinical pharmacy.

The use of qualitative research methodology is well established for data generation within healthcare research generally and clinical pharmacy research specifically. In the past, qualitative research methodology has been criticized for lacking rigour, transparency, justification of data collection and analysis methods being used, and hence the integrity of findings. Demonstrating rigour in qualitative studies is essential so that the research findings have the "integrity" to make an impact on practice, policy or both. Unlike other healthcare disciplines, the issue of "quality" of qualitative research has not been discussed much in the clinical pharmacy discipline. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of rigour in qualitative research, present different philosophical standpoints on the issue of quality in qualitative research and to discuss briefly strategies to ensure rigour in qualitative research. Finally, a mini review of recent research is presented to illustrate the strategies reported by clinical pharmacy researchers to ensure rigour in their qualitative research studies.

Combatting Challenges to Establishing Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research

Member checks are widely utilized in qualitative research for soliciting participant insight on research findings. Although they are appraised as the gold standard for establishing trustworthiness, limited description and detail exist regarding how to actually conduct member checks. In light of this gap in the literature, this paper introduces a novel set of concrete strategies to increase the utility of member checks as a viable technique for researchers in establishing trustworthiness. These strategies include: (a) understanding the population, (b) conveying the data analysis process, (c) reconstructing data collection memories and being open to change, (d) comparing themes, and (e) incorporating member checks into the data analysis process. I illustrate each step with an example from a research project that solicited member checks from students. This procedure can be used with a number of different populations, and with a variety of qualitative data.