Trust In Others Research Articles

To Err is human? How typographical and orthographical errors affect perceptions of online reviewers

Consumers increasingly rely on online product reviews when making purchase decisions. However, assessing the credibility of online reviewers presents consumers with unique challenges. This paper examines how consumer perceptions of reviewer credibility are influenced by the presence and type of textual errors in the review itself. The results of an online experiment indicate that consumers’ reactions to textual errors are moderated by their general trust in others. Low-trust consumers are relatively insensitive to textual errors in judging reviewer credibility. However, high-trust consumers are less forgiving of typographical errors (which may signal carelessness) than orthographical errors (which may indicate cognitive challenges). Implications for future research are discussed.

An Emerging Awareness of Generation Z Students for Higher Education Professors

Generation Z, sometimes referred to as the iGeneration by demographers, marketers, and psychologists are a point of research by business professionals. However, little work has been done by academicians to research these students’ perceptions on various issues in a college setting. This study investigated Generation Z college students’ views regarding trust, use of social media, and related issues. The variables studied relate to current literature and key indicators representative of this generation. College students were the targeted participants. Students were surveyed in business courses after permission of the instructor was obtained. Subsequent interviews of faculty have begun. Quantitative surveying of faculty has been initiated. The findings indicate a group with high expectations for trust in others and with dependency on social media. The ramifications for professors will be discussed.

Obesity and the Social Withdrawal Syndrome

The relation between obesity and Social Withdrawal Syndrome (SWS) was examined using the data gathered by Rotenberg, Bharathi, Davies, and Finch (2013). One hundred and 35 undergraduates (80 females; Mage=21years-10months) completed standardized scales that assessed the SWS (low emotional trust beliefs in close others, low disclosure to close others, and high loneliness). BMI was calculated from self-reported weight and height. As hypothesized, quadratic relations were found in which participants with BMI>30 (i.e., obese) demonstrated the SWS pattern of low emotional trust beliefs in close others, low disclosure to close others, and high loneliness. As further evidence, lower emotional trust in close others, lower disclosure to close others, and greater loneliness were found for obese participants (>30 BMI, n=27) than both normal weight (<25 BMI, n=67) and overweight participants (25 to 30 BMI, n=41). The findings confirmed the hypothesis that obesity was associated with the SWS. The findings suggested that the lack of trust in others by obese individuals contributes to their unwillingness to seek out help for health and psychosocial problems.

Life history strategy and human cooperation in economic games

Abstract Across five studies using samples from both Japan and United States ( N =2345), we take a multi-method approach to test the prediction from life history theory that a slow, compared to fast, life history strategy promotes investment in cooperative relationships. Studies 1 and 2 examined how different measures as proxies for life history strategy (i.e., Mini-K and High-K Strategy Scale) relate to cooperation in various economic games. Studies 3 to 5 measured early childhood environments (i.e., childhood harshness and unpredictability), manipulated resource scarcity using previously validated methods, and then measured cooperation. Across our studies, we also examined four hypothesized psychological mechanisms that could explain the relation between life history strategy and cooperation: temporal discounting, concern for reputation, social value orientation, and trust in others. Overall, we found no support for the hypothesis that life history strategy predicts cooperation or that early childhood environments interact with current resource scarcity to predict cooperation. Thus, our initial findings imply that life history theory may not account for individual variation in cooperation with unknown others.

Breaking Bread: the Functions of Social Eating

Communal eating, whether in feasts or everyday meals with family or friends, is a human universal, yet it has attracted surprisingly little evolutionary attention. I use data from a UK national stratified survey to test the hypothesis that eating with others provides both social and individual benefits. I show that those who eat socially more often feel happier and are more satisfied with life, are more trusting of others, are more engaged with their local communities, and have more friends they can depend on for support. Evening meals that result in respondents feeling closer to those with whom they eat involve more people, more laughter and reminiscing, as well as alcohol. A path analysis suggests that the causal direction runs from eating together to bondedness rather than the other way around. I suggest that social eating may have evolved as a mechanism for facilitating social bonding.

Dispositional optimism and stock investments

This paper analyzes the relationship between dispositional optimism and stock investments, controlling for cognitive skills and personality traits such as trust, social interactions and risk aversion. We use data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) on investors aged 50+ in twelve European countries. Our results show that dispositional optimism and personality matter for financial decisions. Optimism is positively and significantly related to both the ownership of stocks and the share of gross financial wealth invested in these assets and its role is especially relevant for risk tolerant investors and investors with little trust in others.

Does blindness influence trust? A comparative study on social trust among blind and sighted adults

Although blind individuals must often rely on others to navigate their physical environment, recent studies concerning differences between blind and sighted persons in attributing social traits to others based on nonvisual cues remain inconclusive. Here we examined whether blind and sighted individuals vary in their level of social trust in others. One hundred and twenty-four healthy men and women participated in the study, including 32 congenitally blind, 27 late blind, and 65 sighted adult controls. We measured levels of social trust represented by two independent convictions, that people are exploitative, or dishonest. Linear mixed models showed no significant differences between sighted, late blind and congenitally blind individuals, indicating that visual deprivation does not predict level of trust in others. For both blind and sighted participants, the belief that people are exploitative was stronger than the belief that people are dishonest.

Trust Development in One's Self and in Others of University Students Engaged in Innovative Activity

The article is designed to investigate the trust/distrust phenomenon of students who have different rates of innovative activity and different experiences of participation in innovative activity. Innovative activity refers to a qualitative personality characteristic that shows orientation towards creativity, innovation, creation of new knowledge (product, service) and its implementation into life. It is expected that students who have different rates of innovative activity would show varying degrees of trust. It was found that development of trust in others in young people with high levels of innovative activity contributed to group cohesion, team building and teamwork, they trust others in distinction from the students with low level of innovative activity. Actualization of trust in one's self in young people who do not take part in innovative contests was shown to aid one in uncovering personal potential and increasing innovative activity.

Affiliative interpersonal behaviors during stress are associated with sleep quality and presleep arousal in young, healthy adults

ObjectivesThis study examined the association between stress-related interpersonal behaviors, presleep arousal (PSA), and sleep quality. MethodsSixty-four participants (53% female) described a recent stressful interpersonal event that was coded for overall degree of affiliation (warmth vs hostility) and autonomy (independence vs interdependence). Cognitive and somatic PSA and sleep quality were examined using regression with affiliation and autonomy scores as predictors. Specific interpersonal behaviors that comprise overall affiliation were also examined. ResultsMore affiliation (warmth) was associated with lower cognitive PSA (β=−.32) and better sleep quality (β=−.28). Autonomy was not associated with sleep quality or PSA. The specific behavior trust in others was associated with better sleep quality (rs=−.25). ConclusionsBehaviors during stress reflect underlying dimensions of interpersonal security.Findings underscore importance of interpersonal frameworks for understanding associations between stress and sleep, and provide support for the anthropological theory that interpersonal security is necessary for healthy sleep.

Social Indicators and the Effectiveness of Social Transfers in Greece over the Recent Crisis

&lt;p&gt;In this paper we present key statistics on poverty, inequality and social exclusion in Greece and the eurozone over the crisis period 2009-2014. The data presented in this paper reveal that six years of economic recession and usterity in Greece have had a significant negative impact on rates of poverty and social exclusion, which have reached historically unprecedented and socially unacceptable high levels. Our data and analyses suggest that the Welfare State, one of the major functions of which is to redistribute income collected through taxation via social transfers, is the least effective in Greece, among all eurozone countries, in alleviating poverty and income inequality. Greece is ranked last in the Eurozone in terms of trust in government, freedom of choice, perceived levels of public sector corruption, and happiness, and third and second to last, respectively, in terms of trust in others and social support. We argue that the erosion of the social fabric and the perceived quality of the Greek climate of trust appear to be part of the story of Greece being the biggest happiness loser among 125 countries from 2005-2007 to 2012-2014.&lt;/p&gt;

Knowledge and utilization of sexual and reproductive healthcare services among Thai immigrant women in Sweden.

BackgroundMigration from Thailand to Sweden has increased threefold over the last 10 years. Today Thailand is one of the most common countries of origin among immigrants in Sweden. Since the year 2000, new HIV cases are also more prevalent among Thai immigrants compared to other immigrant nationalities in Sweden. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between knowledge and utilization of sexual and reproductive healthcare services, contraceptive knowledge and socio-demographic characteristics and social capital among Thai immigrant women in Sweden.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study using a postal questionnaire to all Thai women (18–64) in two Swedish regions, who immigrated to the country between 2006 and 2011. The questionnaire was answered by 804 women (response rate 62.3 %). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used.ResultsThe majority (52.1 %) of Thai women had poor knowledge of where they should turn when they need sexual and reproductive healthcare services. After controlling for potential confounders, living without a partner (OR = 2.02, CI: 1.16–3.54), having low trust in others (OR = 1.61, CI: 1.10–2.35), having predominantly bonding social capital (OR = 1.50, CI: 1.02–2.23) and belonging to the oldest age group (OR = 2.65, CI: 1.32–5.29) were identified as risk factors for having poor knowledge. The majority (56.7 %) had never been in contact with healthcare services to get advice on contraception, and about 75 % had never been HIV/STI tested in Sweden. Low utilization of healthcare was associated with poor knowledge about healthcare services (OR = 6.07, CI: 3.94–9.34) and living without a partner (OR = 2.53, CI: 1.30–4.90). Most Thai women had knowledge of how to prevent an unwanted pregnancy (91.6 %) and infection with HIV/STI (91.1 %).ConclusionsThe findings indicate that social capital factors such as high trust in others and predominantly bridging social capital promote access to knowledge about healthcare services.However, only one-fourth of the women had been HIV/STI tested, and due to the HIV prevalence among Thai immigrants in Sweden, policy makers and health professionals need to include Thai immigrants in planning health promotion efforts and healthcare interventions.

Manifestation of Trust Aspects with Orphans and Non-orphans

Abstract The article examines specifics of how orphaned children develop self-trust in, trust in others and in the world as a component of interpersonal interaction, socialization, social cognition. Person-to-person trust which serves as a basis for confidence in generalized “Others” determines trust culture shaping in children raised in two-parent families. The survey administered to orphans and non-orphans showed a higher level of trust in the world expressed by non-orphans as well as a greater role of the trust factor in the sphere of their interpersonal relations.

Attachment style and interpersonal trauma in refugees.

Refugees can suffer many experiences that threaten their trust in others. Although models of refugee mental health have postulated that attachment securities may be damaged by refugee experiences, this has yet to be empirically tested. This study aimed to understand the relationship between the nature of traumatic experiences sustained by refugees and attachment styles. In a cross-sectional study, treatment-seeking refugees (N = 134) were assessed for traumatic exposure using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Attachment style was assessed using the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale. Whereas gender and severity of interpersonal traumatic events predicted avoidant attachment style (accounting for 11% of the variance), neither these factors nor non-interpersonal trauma predicted anxious attachment. Exposure to interpersonal traumatic events, including torture, is associated with enduring avoidant attachment tendencies in refugees. This finding accords with attachment theories that prior adverse interpersonal experiences can undermine secure attachment systems, and may promote avoidance of attachment seeking. This finding may point to an important process maintaining poor psychological health in refugees affected by interpersonal trauma.

Cooperative Movements in Rural Areas in Contemporary Poland: A Brief Comparison of Farmers’ Attitudes of Members and Non-memebrs of Coooperatives

Abstract In this paper the authors consider some issues concerning the problems of rural cooperatives in contemporary Poland. In the first part, the important role of cooperatives in agricultural changes as well as rural development has been stressed, especially as an opposition to neo-liberal tendencies in the food economy. In such a context, the authors would like to compare some opinions concerning cooperative movements presented by farmers who are members and non-members of cooperatives. The characteristics of respondents contain some information about their sex, age, level of education as well as ownership status, including also the size of the possessed farms. Moreover, the presentation of attitudes has been focussed on the issues of cooperation with other farmers as well as general trust in others. The issues of knowledge about cooperative ideas and contemporary cooperative movements have been taken into consideration. In the final part of the empirical analysis some opinions concerning major obstacles to the development of cooperative movements have been considered. To conclude the whole paper the authors stress some differences in opinions and attitudes between members and non-members of cooperatives. However, what seems to be even more important is that even farmers who are members of cooperatives lacked sufficient knowledge on issues that make cooperatives successful.

Entrepreneurs’ Assessments of Early International Entry: The Role of Foreign Social Ties, Venture Absorptive Capacity, and Generalized Trust in Others

Drawing on the literature on social ties, we develop a model toward entrepreneurs’ assessments of early international entry. We argue that social ties in foreign markets trigger entrepreneurs’ assessed attractiveness of exploiting potentially valuable opportunities contingent on their perceptions of the venture's absorptive capacity and their generalized trust in others. We test these hypotheses using a metric conjoint experiment, and data on 4,352 international entry assessments nested within 136 entrepreneurs. Our findings reveal significant cross–level interactions between the characteristics of entrepreneurs’ social ties, venture absorptive capacity, and entrepreneurs’ trust in others in explaining how they assess international entry.

ANALISIS YURIDIS TINDAK PIDANA PENGGELAPAN YANG TIMBUL DARI HUBUNGAN SEWA MENYEWA MOBIL DIKAITKAN DENGAN PASAL 372 KUHP

Crime embezzlement car rentals are lately often devastating car rental owner. This is an issue where the meaning of a rule of law if the crime committed community can not be followed by the rule of law, such as crimes by way of evasion is one of the types of crimes against human wealth which is stated in Article 372 of the Criminal Code, which is a crime that does not exist inexhaustible, both from the bottom layer to the top layer of society can also be committing a criminal act embezzlement is a crime that originated from the existence of a trust in others, and that trust is lost because of the lack of an honesty. It is stated that the crime of embezzlement have a problem that is closely linked to attitudes, moral, mental, honesty and trust humans as individuals. The purpose of this study are as follows: 1) To determine and analyze the occurrence of the crime of embezzlement car rental. 2) To know and analyze the application of Article 372 of the Criminal Code the crime of embezzlement in the rental car. 3) To know and analyze the efforts of the police in preventing crime of embezzlement car lease. This study uses normative juridical approach that is used to make the description clear, systematic, transparent and precise about the facts / specific nature of the area and population which is then analyzed to obtain the desired facts. Criminal offense embezzlement rental car can be imprisoned if they meet the overall elements of the offenses charged by the public prosecutor and the offender accountable for his actions. If the offender does not meet one of the elements of which the accused, then it can not be convicted. The elements of criminal responsibility are: 1) committing illegal or criminal acts; 2) for the criminal should be able to be responsible; 3) to have a fault; 4) absence of an excuse. The conclusion from this study is the adoption of Article 372 of the Criminal Code in criminal offenses of embezzlement car rental where the incidence of criminal acts committed tenants for the rented goods belonging to the owner of the rental rights because of misuse or abuse of trust in which the crime of embezzlement are set in the provisions of Article 372 of the Criminal Code.

Trust matters for doctors? Towards an agenda for research

Sociological research offers crucial understanding of the salience of trust for patients in mediating a plurality of healthcare activities and settings. Whilst insights generated surrounding the salience of trust for patients are important, other trusting relations within healthcare have largely been neglected. This paper focuses on the significance of trust for doctors, arguing that trust is salient for doctors in facilitating their professional role, in the management of complexity and uncertainty in contemporary medical practice, and is a key mechanism underpinning professional identity. As such, the paper develops a preliminary conceptual framework for researching trust by doctors built upon the idea of a ‘lattice’ of doctor trust relations in various entities and at various levels that may be interconnected. The lattice of doctor trust comprises four primary conceptualisations – trust in patients, self-trust, workplace trust and system trust. The paper explores the notions of doctors’ need to trust patients to provide accurate information and to commit to certain treatment pathways; the relationship between the self-trust of the doctor, clinical activity and trust in others; the need for doctors to trust their professional colleagues and the broader organisational setting to ensure the smooth running of services and integration of care; and notions surrounding the complexity of the broader systems of modern (bio)medicine and the role of trust by doctors to facilitate system functioning.

The Association Between Generalized Trust and Physical and Psychological Health Across Societies

Prior research found that physical and psychological health are positively associated with generalized trust of others. This association is known to vary across societies, though the extent of this variation and its source remains poorly understood. The current research examined whether differences in development across societies describe why the effects of trust on health differ across societies. Drawing on the dataset from the World Values Survey, we found that the participants’ generalized trust was associated with their physical health, happiness, and life satisfaction. Multi-level analysis showed that these associations varied substantially across societies. For physical health and happiness, the variation was related to differences in societal development. Generalized trust was more strongly associated with physical health and happiness in developed societies than in developing societies.

The Barça foundation: Sport in the service of social development

The United Nations acknowledges sport as an effective means of promoting health, development and peace, and fostering social inclusion and equality. It constitutes a unique tool of tolerance and empowerment for children and people with disabilities. These ideas are reiterated in the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which highlights the essential role of sport in social progress. Sport breaks through the barriers that divide people and communities and can be used to help prevent conflicts and build peace. The FC (Futbol Club) Barcelona Foundation, established in 1994, promotes understanding between young people in school and in social settings, helping to reduce tensions and generate dialogue while encouraging the growth of self-confidence as well as trust in others. Our objective is to provide young people with the tools to become free individuals with values living in solidarity with others.

Life in State of Fear

This article reflects on the film The Secret in Their Eyes as a platform to discuss fear of government and fear of the different other as obstacles to attain freedom. Oppressive administrative practices subsume the individual into fear and deep dread and truncate the basic human drive for interrelational experiences. In that context, not only is public space under siege but also sheer human existence. The author argues that parrhesia—free and direct speech or truth-telling—can be the first step toward regaining trust in others under oppressive governmental regimes or administrative situations.