Security Trust Research Articles

A Proposed Methodology for Modelling the Solvency of a National Pension Scheme

The main aim of this study is to fit a model for predicting pension liability. The study proposed a stochastic population model to determine the status of a pension scheme. By categorizing the members of the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) pension scheme of Ghana into five groups, the birth and death process with emigration and the pure death process coupled with assumption of the Yule’s process, were combined to successfully formulate a model for forecasting the surplus of SSNIT to be used as a proxy for assessing the solvency status of the scheme. The reliability of the proposed model was corroborated by very high coverage probabilities of the estimates of expected surpluses produced. The study demonstrated how easy it is to use the proposed model to carry out sensitivity analysis which allows the exploration of various scenarios leading to formulation and implementation of policies to enhance the solvency of the scheme. One major advantage of the proposed model is that, it uses more information (variables) compared to others proposed elsewhere for the same purpose. This contributes to the precision of estimates from the model. A key finding of the study is that SSNIT would have still been solvent had she increased pension by 50%.

Mediating effect of Indonesia’s public trust on national security from the sense of safety, knowledge, and willingness to participate in state defense efforts

Several studies that focus on the willingness to participate show that trust is a vital variable in mediating a person’s disposition to do so. This study examines the role of public trust in national security as a mediating variable of a sense of security and knowledge of the willingness to participate in state defence efforts. The data was collected via a questionnaire distributed to 435 respondents across Indonesia. We used a simple random sampling method; we then analysed using LISREL with Structural Equation Model (SEM). We found that trust cannot mediate a sense of safety and knowledge on the willingness to participate. An exciting finding was that knowledge affects trust, but sense of safety does not affect trust. This is interesting because it contradicts many studies related to political trust, when the willingness to participate is directly influenced by a sense of security and knowledge related to national security. Thus, to increase the willingness to participate in state defence efforts, it is necessary to increase the community’s sense of security and knowledge related to national security. In this case, we recommend providing education related to defence and security to the community and increasing the community’s sense of security.

URLLC resource slicing and scheduling for trustworthy 6G vehicular services: A federated reinforcement learning approach

In the upcoming 6G era, vehicles will massively connect to the wireless network through edge access points such as roadside units (RSUs). The increasing number of connected vehicles and vehicular services will take 6G vehicular network to a new challenging security boundary, i.e., the so-called zero trust network. The traditional resource slicing and scheduling solution has to evolve to deal with the zero trust security problems. In this paper, we consider the trustworthy 6G vehicular services and focus on the typical scenario of vehicular task offloading with resource slicing and scheduling. In order to prevent vehicles from malicious attacks by untrusted edge access points, we exploit a subjective logic model to score the reputation of edge nodes. The vehicles will select the edge nodes with high reputation for task offloading. After that, we develop an federated asynchronous reinforcement learning algorithm to optimize the offloading problem. The simulation results show that our approach can efficiently schedule the slice resources and effectively protect the information security of vehicles.

Security factors on the intention to use mobile banking applications in the UK older generation (55+). A mixed-method study using modified UTAUT and MTAM - with perceived cyber security, risk, and trust

The convenience and accessibility of mobile banking applications has resulted in this becoming the preferred method of banking in the UK. Although popular amongst a younger generation, uptake is significantly lower among the older generation of those aged 55+, with some attributing this to cyber security and privacy concerns.This study proposes a model that can be used to measure the influence of cyber security factors on intention to use mobile banking applications, in the UK 55+. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model was modified to include perceived cyber security risk, perceived cyber security trust, and perceived overall cyber security. Unlike similar studies which have been solely quantitative, this research brings further insight using a mixed-methods approach which harnesses both qualitative and quantitative data.The research model was tested using partial-least-squares structural equation modelling on coded questionnaire data, collected from 191 participants. Qualitative data was analysed through a thematic analysis. Both sets of data were analysed using a final convergent mixed-method. The results show that performance expectancy followed by perceived cyber security risk are the main determinants of intention to use mobile banking applications in the UK 55+.

Usability, Security and Trust of E-commerce Websites: The effect on the Nigerian E-shopper

With the internet fast-penetrating the Nigerian populace, e-commerce businesses have become commonplace, this has given rise to an increase in the number of Nigerians shopping online. However, there is a growing concern that most Nigerian e-shoppers prefer foreign to local online shops, resulting in an online fund-leak from the local economy. This work presents a comparative analysis of the usability of e-commerce websites in Nigeria, highlights the key findings viz: security and lack of trust. The findings were then related to why Nigerians prefer shopping from foreign rather than local e-commerce websites. We argued that for e-commerce to thrive; usability should be given prime consideration, security should be guaranteed and trust-building ethos is practiced. We conclude that despite the ‘pay on delivery’ mode applied by e-commerce websites to woo customers and gain trust, the insecurity posed by the prevalence of online fraud in Nigeria has created apprehension and distrust among Nigerians towards local e-commerce websites and is contributing to why Nigerians prefer to buy from foreign rather than local e-commerce websites.

Activation of international cooperation in the field of cybersecurity: the ways of improvement in today’s realities

The strategic bases of Ukraine's international cooperation in the field of cybersecurity have been identified. The tasks of international cooperation in the field of cybersecurity are generalized. The international initiatives implemented to strengthen the protection of cyberspace are analyzed. The directions of information security policy modernization at the UN level are detailed. The key priorities of international cooperation in the field of cybersecurity between Ukraine and NATO are outlined. Prospective activities of the NATO Cyber Security Trust Fund in Ukraine are considered. Modern world trends that affect NATO's security policy and require appropriate response measures are substantiated. On the basis of generalization, the directions to improve international cooperation in the field of cybersecurity have been identified.

Novel Authentication and Secure Trust based RPL Routing in Mobile sink supported Internet of Things

ABSTRACT In the modern era, prevalence of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices that have de facto protocol as IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL). Yet, RPL protocol is vulnerable to many attacks such as rank attack, password spoofing and more. To this end, most of the works have focused their research on securing the RPL-based IoT network. However, still there exist downsides such as high energy consumption, lack of effective authentication and high packet losses. Motivated by these preceding defects, this paper proposes the Novel Authentication and Secure Trust-based RPL Routing in Mobile sink-supported Internet of Things (SecRPL-MS). At first, SecRPL-MS performs a registration process where all IoT nodes in the network register themselves in the security entity. In this work, the frequent death of IoT nodes is alleviated through deploying mobile sink in the network. If any grid member (GM) node wants to transmit their data to the grid head (GH) node, then it must undergo authentication process. Secure routing is adopted in RPL by utilising the sail fish optimisation algorithm. Each GM node encrypts its sensed data using the prince algorithm before transmitting it to the GH node. The moving points are selected for the mobile sink using the Quantum Inspired Neural Network (QINN) algorithm. This proposed SecRPL-MS performance is evaluated using the Network Simulator 3 (NS3) in terms of the Packet Delivery Ratio (%), Delay (ms), Energy Consumption (mJ), Key Generation Time (ms) and Malicious Node Detection Accuracy (%). The proposed SecRPL-Ms outperforms 23% of malicious node detection accuracy when compared to existing systems, which represent the proposed SecRPL-MS system providing high security by mitigating the following attacks such as rank attack, Sybil attack, blackhole attack and man in the middle attack.

IoT-based airport systems: A unified approach towards establishing trust for high security and integrity of industrial IoT platforms and sensors

This paper introduces the latest research information on the emerging importance of internet of things (IoT) and edge or fog computing in modern Operational Technology (OT) based airport systems. It cites the novel aspects that arise as they become integral parts of critical systems such as airport; building automation; energy; environmental, physical and perimeter security; passenger processing and other airport systems. IoT-based sensors provide a whole new range of features considerably advanced than those of previous generations of sensors, by capturing and processing data and information at the source. Although the benefits of using IoT-based platforms and edge computing have proven a game changer for airport systems, aspects such as the privacy, security and safety and risk of utilising IoT-based architectures emerged from airport operators, as they were introduced and employed at airport operational environments. It is the aim of this paper to provide readers with the latest research on technologies that address those topics and their importance within an airport business and operational framework. This research has taken place in the context of CHARIOT project under the funding of Horizon programme by a consortium of companies that developed and validated those methods and tools that aim to address the privacy, security and safety aspects of IoT-based airport systems.

Maintaining Zero Trust With Federation

Federated activity presents a challenge for enterprises with high-level security architectures. Federation involves information sharing among services and with working partners, coalition partners, first responders, and other organizations. Federation may be unilateral or bilateral with similar or dissimilar information-sharing goals. Strong internal security, including zero trust controls, often do not extend cleanly across enterprise boundaries, potentially leading to insecure shortcuts and workarounds that can become the rule instead of the exception. This paper presents methods for an enterprise to extend its zero trust security policies to include federation partners. It applies to federation partners that support the same security policies with compatible standards and services and to partners that provide a similar but incompatible security framework, a subset of required security services, or no security services. The partner organization may be fully trusted, partially trusted, or untrusted. Even for trusted partners, the services may not meet required security standards. Our solution combines selected partner security services, internal services, derived credentials, delegated authorities, and supplemental services to form the federation security architecture based on zero trust premises to the maximum extent. This paper uses the Zero Trust for Enterprise (ZTE) architecture as the starting point for a secure enterprise and addresses the challenge of extending this model to federate with different types of partners. We review the security approach, the security properties, and several options for an enterprise to maintain the ZTE security properties while enabling federated sharing with other enterprises that have different capabilities and levels of trust

The Value of Delayed Social Security Claiming for Higher-Earning Women

This study estimates the expected benefit from delayed Social Security claiming for higher-earning, healthier women who can expect to receive more future income payments than other Americans. The expected net present value of Social Security payments from delayed claiming for healthy women is $179,999, or more than twice the value of delayed claiming for a male of average health. The benefit from delayed claiming ranges from a low of $16,548 per year to $29,395 per year for healthy women. Even average health women gain at least $132,202 in Social Security wealth by waiting until age 70 to claim Social Security income benefits. Significant gains to women who delay claiming are robust to a 2% increase in real discount rates and to a 21% reduction in income that could occur if the Social Security trust fund depletes in 2026. The added benefits from reduced longevity and inflation risk suggest that the failure to delay claiming results in a significant loss in both retirement wealth and expected welfare.

정보보안 정책 목표, 제재, 그리고 조직 신뢰가 조직 몰입 및 준수의도에 미치는 영향

정보보안 정책 목표, 제재, 그리고 조직 신뢰가 조직 몰입 및 준수의도에 미치는 영향

Japan Takes the Lead in Western Pacific Maritime Security

executive summary: This article demonstrates that Japan has become the unassuming leader of multilateral security cooperation in the western Pacific and the local partner of choice for extraregional powers seeking to expand their role in maritime affairs within the second island chain. main argument After a 50-year history of delivering carefully balanced initiatives aimed at improving the maritime safety and security of Southeast Asian states, Japan has earned the region's trust as a maritime partner. From this position, it has steadily supported multilateral cooperation throughout the region and emerged as the western Pacific's most important maritime leader. Now, as extraregional powers seek to expand their roles in the western Pacific, they are generally turning to Japan as their partner of choice. Japan's Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) vision offers a common strategic umbrella that provides attractive utility for these states. An analysis of these trajectories shows that Japan has become the key regional maritime partner for Australia, the United Kingdom, India, Canada, and France. policy implications • Japan's proactive, balanced, and unassuming approach to security partnerships has earned it favor as the most trusted security partner among Southeast Asian states. • Japan leads by example by quietly facilitating multinational arrangements and lending reliable support to states and multilateral groups in the region. • The FOIP concept has become a common element of extraregional powers' policy approaches toward the western Pacific. The varied FOIP conceptualizations employed by these states are generally more akin to Japan's approach than to the U.S. Indo-Pacific posture, which is regarded as more focused on military aspects. • Japan's expanded efforts to build its bilateral security partnerships have been favorably received by powers outside the region, making it their partner of choice in the western Pacific.

Securing the Web Browser Local Data Storage

The security browsers represent the level of trust in system security. This is has led to the urgent need for an encryption process for these personal accounts on the browser page, because intruders are working to steal these accounts, in addition to trying to penetrate accounts, either for material or personal purpose. What has been worked on in this paper is made an extension layer on chrome browser used the user's key encryption. The RSA algorithm was used as it is one of the strong encryption algorithms in the current era. Where a 2048-byte encryption key was used, the aim of increasing is the strength of the encryption.Finally, this paper tested the experiments by applying the model on the experimental application and WhatsApp application

Public Trust and Political Legitimacy in the Smart City: A Reckoning for Technocracy

The 2020 introduction by China’s central government of a national security law (NSL) in Hong Kong marked a watershed moment in the social and political history of the semiautonomous city. The law emerged after months of street protests that reflected declining public trust in Hong Kong’s government. Against this turbulent backdrop, Hong Kong’s policy projects moved forward, including smart city development. This article explores public trust in and political legitimacy of Hong Kong’s smart cities endeavors in the period leading up to the introduction of the NSL. At a theoretical level, the smart cities phenomenon invites critical reflection about tensions between technocracy and democracy, but this topic remains largely unexploited by empirical literature. Using survey data from 1,017 residents, this study identifies confidence in the benefits of smart cities but lesser trust in privacy and security and lesser satisfaction with participation opportunities in related policymaking. Probing these dynamics, the study finds that trust in smart city mechanics and governance associate positively with support for smart cities, controlling for ideology and issue awareness. Illuminating a theoretical and practical puzzle, these findings contribute empirically to discussions about the political legitimacy of scientific, technological, and technocratic undertakings in the public sector.

Effects of security on social trust among Chinese adults: Roles of life satisfaction and ostracism

ABSTRACT The study aims to explore the effect of security on social trust and the roles of life satisfaction and ostracism among Chinese adults. Toward this end, the study recruited 1,206 Chinese adults to complete the Security Questionnaire, Social Trust Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Ostracism Experiences Scale. Results show that (a) security is positively correlated with social trust among Chinese adults, (b) life satisfaction partially mediates the effect of security on social trust, and (c) ostracism moderates the relationship between security and social trust. Furthermore, findings indicate that security can directly predict social trust as well as indirectly predict social trust through life satisfaction for adults in China. Security has a strong predictive effect on social trust – especially for individuals with low levels of ostracism.

“At Gethsemane”: The Shandong Decision at the Paris Peace Conference and Wilson’s identity crisis

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s proposed policy of Wilsonianism during World War I was riddled with inherent contradictions. Wilson wanted to resolve the conflicts between imperialist powers and their colonial populations through the principle of “national self-determination,” but also relied on the support of the victorious great powers to realize his vision for a League of Nations. The first goal put him at odds with the great powers while the latter required him to ally with them. Wilson’s contradictory relationship with the victorious Allies manifested itself in the resolution of the Shandong question and how Wilson was unable to reconcile the moral principle of self-determination with realist power politics. To form a League of Nations, Wilson had to choose between “ethics” and “politics,” leading to a personal identity crisis. For Wilson, choosing to trust in collective security over moral responsibility was a choice made “at Gethsemane.”

The Economic Impact of Laws that Weaken Encryption

The Economic Impact of Laws that Weaken Encryption

Blockchain: A Method to Improve Voting System

In order to overcome the disadvantages of poor security and lack of trust in the traditional electronic voting system and improve the reliability of the election system, this paper proposes an electronic voting system based on blockchain. This system is divided into voting module and blockchain management module, which mainly aims at the credibility of voting data and the protection of voters' privacy. The voting module begins with the verification of voter's identity, uses Zero Knowledge Proof algorithm to prove that the entrant is the legitimate owner of part of the rights and interests, uses ECDSA to encrypt the data, and uses Digital Signature to verify the security and integrity of the data. The main purpose of the blockchain management module is to update the data in real time, make the newly added nodes complete data synchronization, check the consistency of the data, and provide the user with historical records.

Inefficiency in Social Security Trust Funds Forecasts

We examine forecast accuracy and efficiency of the Social Security Administration’s projections for cost rate, trust fund balance, trust fund ratio made during 1980-2020 with horizons up to 95 years. We find that the reported deterioration in the accuracy of the forecasts during 2010’s has reversed. The level of informational inefficiency was pervasive during 1990-2009, although it shows signs of improvement after 2010.

Research on Public Adoption Willingness of “Internet + Government Affairs” in Blockchain Industry

In view of the low utilization rate of “Internet + government” service users and the weak awareness of public participation, the paper analyzes the influencing factors of “Internet + government” public adoption in the context of the blockchain industry. The empirical research is carried out from three dimensions: perceived trust, environmental characteristics, and public satisfaction; combined with the advantages of application blockchain technology in “Internet + government affairs,” it analyzes the characteristics of public adoption behavior at different stages, builds a process‐based “Internet + government affairs” public adoption model, and utilizes methods of factor analysis and structural equations to verify the models, and finally recommendations are provided to boost the public adoption. The research shows that government trust, big data security trust, and blockchain technology advantages have a significant impact on the public’s initial willingness to participate; perceived ease of use, usefulness, and quality of perception directly and positively affect public satisfaction and indirectly affect public continuous willingness to use. The results of the research provide a theoretical basis and data support for continuously improving “Internet + government affairs” quality, to fully realize the value of government affairs services in the blockchain industry.