Trust In Others Research Articles

Models of teachers' trusty relations and peculiarities of interactions in educational space: empirical research

The theoretical analysis of home and foreign research shows that teacher's ability to set up trusting atmosphere in educational space is the most important factor of professional success and the guarantee of occupational health. The given research is based on the author`s concept that human trust in others is inseparable from self-trust, and the ratio of the level of expression of these two oppositely directed attitudes creates the features of trusting relations between a teacher and his (her) students. The mentioned trusting attitudes are included by the author into the teacher's communicative competence structure. A study of self-trust and trust in others among teachers revealed six different models of expression of trusting relations among teachers a model with high self-trust and trust in others; a model with high level of trust in others and medium self-trust; a model with high level of trust in others and low self-trust; a model with low level of trust in others and high self-trust; a model with low level of trust in others and medium self-trust; a model with low self-trust and low level of trust in others. An analysis of the relationships of trusting relations indicators in each of the identified models was then carried out with such qualities of communicative competence as strategies of behaviour in conflict, communicative tolerance, self-control in communication and empathy. The results showed that each empirical model of trusting relationships inherent to different teachers had different relationships with other indicators of communicative teacher`s competence included in the study. The results of the study enabled to obtain six different models of teacher-student interaction.

Trust in early childhood.

Children need to build trust in their primary caregivers or significant others, as well as people who are unrelated to them, including those who belong to different social groups. The present chapter focuses on children's trust in unfamiliar individuals. How do they determine who to trust? Does putting trust in another person operate differently depending on the specific issue at hand? To address these questions, we differentiate between two forms of trust: children's trust in others' epistemic states to learn from others (epistemic trust) and trusting others for social support and reassurance (social trust), for example, when to expect that interaction partners will be truthful and keep promises. We first review the literature on epistemic trust to show that young children seem to value others' accuracy and competence when learning from them, even when these individuals are from different linguistic or racial groups than their own. We then present findings on social trust suggesting that young children trust those who are well-meaning and who keep their promises. Finally, we raise the question of whether there are environmental influences on the interaction of both epistemic and social trust with intergroup factors such as race, and we propose that research with infants will be useful to better illuminate the developmental roots of human trust.

Impact of Blockchain Applications on Trust in Business

Blockchain applications are considered as “trustless” machines, because they reduce business’s needs of trust in others. The “trustless” nature draws researchers’ attention on investigating the implications of blockchain in a business environment. From a view of business ethics, this paper aims at evaluating the impacts of blockchain applications on trust and business. After expounding the relations between trust in blockchain and trust in business partners, I evaluate the impacts based on a framework of competence trust, contractual trust, and goodwill trust. My conclusion is that full acceptance of trust in blockchain over trust in others is not good and will cause several risks that cannot be neglected. The main contribution of this paper is investigating and summarizing ethical and commercial risks of blockchain applications including disintermediation fallacy, centralization of trust, ambiguous contract, noncognitive trust in untrustworthy partners, and more actions guided by moral minimum.

ІНДИВІДУАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОСІБ, ЯКІ ЗАЙМАЮТЬСЯ СОЦІАЛЬНИМ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВОМ

The results of empirical research devoted to the study of individual psychological characteristics of individuals engaged in social entrepreneurship in Ukraine are considered in this article. Social entrepreneurship is a new area of practice that is developing rapidly but is still insufficiently studied in psychology. Foreign research projects compare social entrepreneurs’ personal traits with the ones of traditional entrepreneurs, members of the general public, employees in the same area of activity, volunteers, etc. There are such personal traits of social entrepreneurs that have a higher level of development (compared to others) as empathy, willingness to take risks and to cooperate and develop social networks, creativity, need for autonomy and independence, optimism, trust in others, belief in positive social changes, ability to cope with obstacles on their way to social mission implementation. Most researchers emphasize the developed sense of social responsibility, moral obligations towards others, self-sacrifice of social entrepreneurs. As a result of the empirical research of individual psychological characteristics of individuals engaged in social and traditional entrepreneurship in Ukraine psychological particularities within each group of entrepreneurs have been determined. A psychological portrait of social entrepreneur has been compiled based on the obtained empirical data: an active, focused on the external world, intent on reflection and introspection, receptive to obtain new knowledge, hardworking, creative, relatively emotionally stable, moderately conformable and ambitious individual, which is characterized by a high level of empathy and an internal locus of control, which can work successfully both as a team member and independently, which can adequately estimate their capabilities and make right decisions in situations of uncertainty and risk. The differences between groups of traditional and social entrepreneurs in such factors as «Openness» according to the Big 5 Personality Traits, «Сreative tendency», «Calculated risk-taking», «Internal locus of control» according to the General measure of Enterprising Tendency (GET) test, as well as according to the Balanced Emotional Empathy Test have been detected. Based on these findings one can conclude that a phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is a dynamic process that meets the urgent needs of society, corresponds to individual motives and is determined by the specifics of professional tasks we solve, and therefore by the type of business activity in general.

Political Ideology, Cooperation, and National Parochialism Across 42 Nations

Political ideology has been hypothesized to be associated with cooperation and national parochialism (i.e., greater cooperation with members of one’s nation), with liberals thought to have more cooperation with strangers and less national parochialism, compared to conservatives. However, previous findings are limited to few – and predominantly western – nations. Here, we present a large-scale cross-societal experiment that can test hypotheses on the relation between political ideology, cooperation, and national parochialism around the globe. To do so, we recruited 18,411 participants from 42 nations. Participants made decisions in a prisoner’s dilemma game, and we manipulated the nationality of their interaction partner (national ingroup member, national outgroup member, or unidentified stranger). We found that liberals, compared to conservatives, displayed slightly greater cooperation, trust in others, and greater identification with the world as a whole. Conservatives, however, identified more strongly with their own nation and displayed slightly greater national parochialism in cooperation. Importantly, the association between political ideology and behavior was significant in nations characterized by higher wealth, stronger rule of law, and better government effectiveness. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the association between political ideology and cooperation.

Access to healthcare in Portugal in the wake of the crisis. Not everything is money?

Unmet healthcare needs have been used to assess access to healthcare. In scenarios of recession and financial constraints on public policies, it is important to identify which factors besides income can be used to mitigate barriers to access. This was the focus of our study on Portugal's case in the wake of the crisis. We used 17,698 observations from the 5th National Health Survey (2014). We analyzed self-reported unmet needs for medical appointments and treatments, dental healthcare, and prescribed medications. We used a bivariate selection model, considering the fact that unmet needs could only be observed in the subsample of individuals that felt the need for healthcare. The risk of unmet needs for healthcare decreased in individuals with higher income and schooling levels and in the elderly and men. Exclusive coverage by the National Health Service increased the risk of unmet dental healthcare needs. The absence of a circle of close friends to whom one can ask for help and lack of trust in others increased the likelihood of unmet healthcare needs. Better health decreased the risk of unmet needs. While income is an important predictor of unmet needs, we found the impact of other factors such as gender, age, and education. Participation in informal groups reduced the likelihood of unmet needs. Individuals with more healthcare needs end up suffering additional risk.

Do Youth Trust in Political News on Social Media? Impacts of Trust or Distrust on the Egyptian Young Citizens Political Engagement

This study examines to what degree youth trust political news on social media as it is an important political communication platform. The study used standard attitudinal online survey questions to assess interest in politics, sources of getting political news, trusting attitudes, and online political engagement activities. The online survey was conducted on a sample of young citizens (n= 225, age 18 to 35 years). Findings reveal the importance of social media as a political information source for young people, however, trustworthy of political information has been discovered to be low. Youth has less trust in political information sources on social media, other citizens, and political institutions. Though, young citizens have also less trust in political news in the traditional media, surprisingly it is higher than trustworthy of social media. Mistrust attitudes predict distrusting behaviors, such as disengagement of societal or political activities as a reflection of political cynicism. Results confirm also, distrust leads to less interest to interact with other net users and a decline of social and political engagement. Trust in political news on social media alters when the public are of different age education, gender, and economic status. In addition, Regression analysis shows that trust in political information on social media is correlated to six predictor variables in the model: trust in traditional media, trust in government, trust in others, political engagement, gender, and the family economic status. These results shed a light on the need of improving the quality of online political news on social media as it seems to be a vital component of the virtual public sphere. It is plausible to assume that declining political news credibility and increasing mistrust of political news online sources confirmed by this study might negatively impact the public discourse, social capital and, potentially harm democratic transition.

To share or not to share: an explorative study of health information non-sharing behaviour among Flemish adults aged fifty and over

Introduction. This study explores health information non-sharing behaviour in everyday social settings and interactions. The novelty and relevance of the study lies in the fact that it explores a common yet understudied information behaviour, as very few studies have examined information non-sharing. Method. Forty qualitative in-depth interviews were held in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking northern part of Belgium, with adults between the ages of fifty and eighty. Analysis. A contextual framework was drawn from information studies and health information and communication research, consisting of the concepts of health orientation, information avoidance, uncertainty management, to help understand health information non-sharing. Thematic analysis was employed to identify reasons for non-sharing behaviour. Results. Seven key themes or reasons emerge for health information non-sharing behaviour; health as a non-topic, avoid being labelled as ill, individual responsibility, avoid burdening others, lack of trust in others, lack of trust in the internet, and avoiding information overload. Conclusions. This study is not only more nuanced than earlier work on sharing behaviour, but also leads to new questions about outcomes of health information non-sharing. The findings further illuminate 'non-information behaviour' within information studies, while also offering insights relevant to health communication researchers and healthcare practitioners.

Феномен доверия в философии Адама Селигмена

The article analyzes the picture of historical changes in perceptions of the phenomenon of trust, which was proposed by the American philosopher and sociologist Adam Seligman. For a long time thinkers perceived trust as something identical to “faith”. However, under the in­fluence of the works of Niklas Luhmann, this understanding began to be reconsidered. Trust began to be seen as an integral element of daily interactions and was explored not only as a part of interpersonal communication, but also as a part of an individual’s interaction with social institutions and systems. Luhmann showed that the phenomenon of trust plays a much important role in our lives than it was thought before, and this gave impetus to further re­search into trust. It was on this wave that Seligman’s concept of trust arose. In his opinion, the phenomenon of trust in its proper sense appeared only in the Modern Times and it was connected with the formation of individualism, increasing social differentiation and deepen­ing the division of labor. The individual becomes an autonomous bearer of values, and this changes the previous balance between social prescriptions and individual acts of will. Under the new conditions, people, according to Seligman, began to express themselves much more through actions that transcended social roles and reflected the uniqueness of the individual. The individual actualizes himself as an individual by moving from one social role to another in a space where there are no clear prescriptions and norms, thus deserving or losing the trust of others. For more complete comprehension of the phenomenon of trust the article compares trust with confidence, faith and spiritual closeness.

Group Competition and Personality in an Experimental Public Goods Game

Based on an experiment in Japan in 2008, this paper explores a new dimension of thinking. This paper introduces a variant form of public goods game, that is, ten participants compete for awards. It uses experimentation to consider behavioral and personality aspects, enabling us to explore new areas. In terms of behavior, awareness within and between groups is effective rather than a climate of non cooperation. In the aspect of personality, this paper studies the game from four aspects: preference for competition, preference for risk, enthusiasm for profit and trust in others. In a word, in a collective: the more people think about themselves, the less cooperative they are, and in most cases, they will not make profits; the more people who consider the collective, the more likely they are to cooperate, and in most cases, the higher their profits.

Lessons of Policing and Exclusion

While active shooter training in schools is socially framed as a necessary response to the perception that our educational institutions are inherently dangerous to our children, this paper provides an alternate read that hopefully leads to critical conversations about such training and practices. It situates active shooter training squarely in the ever-expanding culture of fear that has prompted the usurping of various freedoms in exchange for greater levels of security through institutional and intrapersonal policing. In framing episodes of violence as expected and expanding the possibility of who perpetrates violence to include everyone, active shooter training is able to construct a rational justification for furthering hypervigilance and exhaustive surveillance. At the same time, it can be argued that such inclusive and boundless understandings of violence, especially when considering related pedagogical messages in the context of schooling and students, constructs a reality in which trust in others is a casualty, that surveillance is not simply institutional but instead an individual reality in which people normatively monitor one another, and in general, where difference is the impetus for the construction of metaphorical walls. And while these have been the responses to danger present in the commodified and individualized social world, it is important to question whether both the means and ends are justified. If democratic interaction is understood as requiring, among other things, attention to difference and dialogue, can democracy, let alone the expansion of democratic possibilities, exist in a reality in which these things are feared and avoided? Can schools, as sites where democratic interactions can be practiced, carry out this vital function if these needs are viewed in contention with or even subordinate to safety, as defined as furthering fear, policing, and exclusion?

Economic crisis and social trust: Reviewing the effects of economic polarisation on social and institutional confidence

The economic crisis of 2008 led to a significant erosion of trust in the countries that were hit hardest. However, whether this fall can best be explained by external economic factors or by the lack of response on the part of the institutions to civic needs and demands is unclear. This study uses the extreme case of Spain to bring new insights to this debate. Its aim is to analyse, in comparison with perceived institutional performance and other factors, the effect of increasing economic inequality and its polarisation on levels of social and institutional trust. The study examines the respective impact of these factors upon different social groups according to their degree of exposure to the effects of the crisis. It uses a simultaneous equations model to jointly examine interpersonal and institutional effects. Our results show that the social groups most severely affected by the recession lose a great deal of trust in others. We also find that polarisation of economic conditions has different effects depending on the institution. Institutional trust seems to vary according to the interest of different groups, but the economic position is an underlying factor, especially for specific segments of the population. Without calling into question the importance of institutional performance, our research sheds new light on the importance of economic polarisation and its joint impact on social and institutional trust. We suggest that, in severe economic recession scenarios, rising inequalities have a direct impact on the institutional trust of certain social groups and deteriorate a lot interpersonal confidence among the most disadvantaged.

Stigma, trauma and sexuality: the experiences of women hospitalised with serious mental illness.

Women with serious mental illness (SMI) occupy a social position in which their experiences are simultaneously influenced by stigmatisation, institutionalisation and gendered dimensions of trauma and power. Women with SMI are stigmatised in society, pushed to the margins and left vulnerable to victimisation and rejection, particularly if hospitalised in psychiatric institutions. Using modified labelling theory, I investigate how women hospitalised with SMI, especially those who have histories of sexual abuse and trauma, experience sexuality and perceive men and masculinity. I extend modified labelling theory by empirically analysing the role of social status and power in the labelling process. Specifically, I focus on gender, and analyse interviews with 55 women in US psychiatric hospitals, focusing on gendered experiences of trauma, stigma and attitudes about sexuality. I show how trauma increases the salience of stigma and potential for retraumatisation, both of which are amplified by the institutional setting. I find meaningful differences in the narratives of women who have experienced trauma and those who have not. Modified labelling theory helps explain how labelling can perpetuate self-stigma, which threatens women's self-esteem, safety and trust in others. The intersection of these experiences extends modified labelling theory and may have profound implications for recovery.

Young Adults Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence in Childhood: the Qualitative Meanings of this Experience

Adults exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) in their childhood are often considered in studies to be a homogeneous group and are not questioned about the meanings that they give to IPV. This study focuses specifically on the 18–25 age group and seeks to answer the following questions: 1) How do young adults exposed to IPV explain what IPV meant to them? 2) In their opinion, which experiences in their life course contributed to construction of meanings?. Semi-structured interviews using an adaptation of the Life History Calendar were conducted with 35 young adults who were exposed to IPV in their childhood. Analysis was based on the Life Course Theory. Overall, the specific life courses of each young adult exposed to IPV helped us to better understand the nuances in the meanings they gave to IPV. The construction of these meanings relied on the context around IPV and on other trajectories constituting the life course (e.g., school, work, friendship). This construction seemed to rely on three processes: 1) an awareness process, 2) a process leading to greater trust in others, and 3) an empowerment process. These findings have generated new questions about the construction of these meanings and their impact on the consequences of IPV. Our findings could also lead practitioners to pay more attention to these meanings in order to better understand the reactions of individuals exposed to IPV.

Governing the Commons: Why Self-Administered Farm Outlets Flourish in Switzerland

Investigations of the question why some commons flourish and why others fail is one of the most exciting and interesting topics in the social sciences. In this paper we take a look at the performance of self-administered outlets. In Switzerland, many farmers offer their products via self-administered outlets. Offering such an outlet is a trust game for the farmer and a commons dilemma for the customers. By law customers are required to pay for the products. However, in practice detecting and prosecuting shoplifting at outlets is almost impossible. Hence, for the customers paying the demanded price for a product is more or less voluntary and constitutes a social dilemma. If all pay, the outlet flourishes and provides convenient access to agricultural products. But shortsighted payoff-maximizing behavior suggests shoplifting which leads sooner or later to the disappearance of the self-administered outlet. Our study consists of 240 telephone interviews with farmers who either have an outlet, had one in the past but closed it, and of farmers who never had a self-administered outlet. We find that self-administered outlets increased in popularity in recent years and flourish very well in Switzerland. Farmers that offer a self-administered outlet place higher trust in others than farmers not having an outlet. Furthermore, outlets work well with respect to shoplifting and percent of demanded price paid under two conditions: if the outlet is monitored and if it contains inexpensive products as compared to more expensive ones. Hence, outlets work when the decision to pay is a low-cost decision for customers.

Education and Social Trust in Transitional China

It is commonly held that education generates higher trust in others. In this article we consider how education might affect trust in transitional China where sociopolitical risks are widespread. We adopt an instrumental variable approach utilizing China’s two educational reforms––the Compulsory Education Law (1986) and the University Enrollment Expansion (1999)––as IVs. Analyzing data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies, we show a causal negative effect of education on trust in China. We also show education and risk awareness interact to shape trust: the negative effect of risk awareness on trust is stronger among the better educated. Taken together, the findings not only contribute to a recent debate on whether modernization has an erosive impact on social cohesion in China, but they also shed light on how education might affect trust differently across sociopolitical contexts.

Taming anger and trusting others: Roles of skin conductance, anger regulation, and trust in children's aggression.

Proactive and reactive aggression subtypes are distinguishable as early as the preschool years. However, their early physiological and social-emotional correlates have not been examined simultaneously. We tested whether children's skin conductance level, anger regulation, and trust in others were differentially related to their proactive and reactive aggression. Four-year-olds and their primary caregivers were recruited from a large Canadian city (N=150). Controlling for reactive aggression, higher trust was associated with lower proactive aggression, but only for children with low anger regulation or skin conductance level. Controlling for proactive aggression, lower anger regulation was related to higher reactive aggression, and higher trust was related to higher reactive aggression for children with high skin conductance level. Findings highlight the unique and collective relations of physiology, emotion regulation, and trust to different forms of aggression in early childhood. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject Proactive and reactive aggression subtypes are distinguishable as early as the preschool years. Unique physiological and social-emotional correlates of each subtype have been studied in middle and late childhood. Trust is a critical milestone for positive social interactions in early childhood and has been linked to aggression. What the present study adds Physiological and social-emotional correlates are uniquely linked to subtypes of aggression already at age 4. Trust is differentially linked to aggression subtypes as a function of anger regulation and skin conductance level.

Disadvantaged early-life experience negatively predicts prosocial behavior: The roles of Honesty-Humility and dispositional trust among Chinese adolescents

Early-life experience affects individuals' lifelong development in various domains. In this research, we examine how early-life experience affects adolescents' prosocial behavior using a large-scale survey among 2,975 Chinese senior high school students (47.6% boys, Mage = 16.12 years). We operationalize disadvantaged early-life experience as having unpredictable and resource-scarce environments, and distant parent-child relationships in childhood. Findings suggest that disadvantaged early-life experience negatively predicts adolescents' self-reported prosocial behavior and prosociality in a resource allocation task. Moreover, this observed relation between early-life experience and prosocial behavior is explained by Honesty-Humility and dispositional trust. Specifically, adolescents who experience more unpredictability, resource scarcity, and distant parent-child relationships during childhood display lower levels of Honesty-Humility and dispositional trust in others, and thus behave less prosocially. Notably, Honesty-Humility does not mediate the relation between early-life experience and self-reported prosocial behavior, and only significantly predicts boys' prosocial behavior. These findings emphasize that creating benign early rearing environments can facilitate individuals to develop prosocial traits and behaviors later in life.

Airbnb, Blablacar, Le Bon Coin… À qui bénéficient les plateformes de consommation collaborative ?

Le succès de Airbnb , Blablacar ou Le Bon Coin témoigne de l’engouement des Français pour les plateformes de consommation collaborative. Les récents travaux sur l’économie collaborative et l’économie du partage ont montré la diversité des motivations des utilisateurs : économiques, environnementales, idéologiques. Dans cet article nous cherchons à expliquer les déterminants des usages des plateformes de consommation collaborative, ainsi que des gains monétaires obtenus sur ces plateformes. En exploitant une enquête sur 2 000 Français âgés de plus de 18 ans, nous trouvons que les individus ayant des utilisateurs de plateformes dans leur entourage, un niveau de vie confortable, un niveau d’éducation élevé, et un niveau de confiance fort envers les autres, sont plus enclins à utiliser des plateformes collaboratives, et ont un usage plus diversifié de ces plateformes. Les effets varient selon le type de plateforme considéré et à l’intérieur de chaque type de plateforme, selon le rôle des utilisateurs (offreurs ou demandeurs). Enfin, les offreurs qui retirent les gains monétaires les plus élevés sur ces plateformes sont ceux qui ont un niveau de vie confortable et un niveau de confiance élevé, suggérant un possible renforcement des inégalités. Classification JEL : L86

Психологические особенности участников виртуальной группы

The paper deals with the psychological characteristics of the subjects who regularly play computer games together. An empirical study confirms the hypothesis about the differences in the indicators of social and psychological adaptation, exposure to stress and the differences in the types of interpersonal relationships among the members of real and virtual groups. The subjects who regularly play computer games together have less trust in others and are less likely to cooperate and communicate with them and adapt to social conditions. They are more prone to stress development and feel more emotional discomfort compared to the members of real social groups. Based on the research findings, the author concludes that these subjects face psychological problems. These problems are either compensated or replaced by the involvement in a virtual group.