Trunk Lean Mass Research Articles

Effect of 12 Weeks Core Training on Core Muscle Performance in Rhythmic Gymnastics.

Simple SummaryThe aim of this study was to analyze the effect of 12 weeks of core muscle training on core muscle performance in rhythmic gymnasts. Core strength training leads to improvements in body composition, as well as improvements in trunk strength and increases in muscle electromyographic activity. These improvements could therefore improve performance during competitive rhythmic gymnastics exercises.Background: Rhythmic gymnastics performance is characterized by technical elements involving flexibility, aerobic capacity and strength. Increased core strength in rhythmic gymnastics could lead to improved sporting performance. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of 12 weeks of core muscle training on core muscle performance in rhythmic gymnasts. Methods: A randomized controlled study involving 24 rhythmic gymnastics was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to a control group (CG; n = 12; age 13.50 ± 3.17 years) or a training group (TG; n = 12; age 14.41 ± 2.35 years). Body composition, isometric strength of trunk, core endurance and core muscle electromyographic activity were measured (EMG) after 12 weeks of core training. Independent sample t-tests were carried out to compare baseline values between groups. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (time × group) was applied. Results: The TG improved body composition, trunk lean mass (mean differences MD = −0.31; p = 0.040), lean mass (MD = 0.43; p = 0.037) and bone mass (MD = −0.06; p < 0.001) after training. Core training increased isometric strength of trunk, flexion test (MD = −21.53; p = 0.019) and extension test (MD = 22.7; p = 0.049), as well as the prone bridge core endurance test (MD = −11.27; p = 0.040). The EMG values also increased in the TG in prone bridge for front trunk (MD = −58.58; p = 0.026). Conclusions: Core strength training leads to improvements in body composition, as well as improvements in trunk strength and increases in muscle electromyographic activity. These improvements could therefore improve performance during competitive rhythmic gymnastics exercises.

Abstract 11483: A 7-Year Arterial Stiffness and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression Predict Obesity, High Lean Mass, and Incident Hypertension from Age 17.7 to 24.5 Years: the ALSPAC Study

Introduction: An American Heart Association’s statement recommended investigating the natural history of arterial stiffness and blood pressure (BP) vis-à-vis the rate at which arterial stiffness and BP increase with age. Hypothesis: To test whether carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), a measure of arterial stiffness, and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) progression independently predict increased fat mass and BP. Methods: We studied 3862 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort. cfPWV and cIMT were measured by ultrasound scan, total and trunk fat mass, and lean mass by dual-energy Xray absorptiometry scan, body mass index (BMI), BP, heart rate, fasting insulin, glucose, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and lipid profile were measured at ages 17.7 and 24.5 years. Participants at &gt;75th percentile of total and trunk fat mass or having &gt;24.9 kg/m 2 BMI were classified as overweight and obese, &gt;75th percentile as high lean mass, and &gt;120/80 mm Hg as elevated BP and hypertension. Data were analysed with logistic regression and linear mixed models, adjusting for cardiometabolic and lifestyle factors. Results: Among 1719 [44.5%] male and 2143 [55.5%] female participants, cfPWV at 17.7 years independently predicted systolic hypertension [Odds ratio (OR) 1.19 (1.01 - 1.40); p=0.043], diastolic hypertension [OR 1.77 (1.32 - 2.38); p&lt;0.0001], BMI-obesity [OR 1.19 (1.01 - 1.41); p=0.041], and trunk fat mass-obesity [OR 1.24 (1.03 - 1.49); p=0.023] at age 24.5 years. cIMT at 17.7 years predicted high lean mass [OR 54.29 (0.73 - 4053.52); p=0.069] at 24.5 years with borderline significance. A 7-year increase in cfPWV was directly associated with the 7-year increase in lean mass [Effect estimate 0.09 kg (0.05 - 0.13); p&lt;0.0001], systolic BP [21.58 mmHg (14.32 - 28.84); p&lt;0.0001] and diastolic BP [31.74 mmHg (24.90 - 38.57); p&lt;0.0001], but inversely associated with BMI [-0.03 kg/m 2 (-0.06 - -0.01); p=0.039]. cIMT progression from age 17.7 - 24.5 years was directly associated with the 7-year increase in total fat mass, trunk fat mass, lean mass, BMI, and diastolic BP. Conclusions: Arterial stiffness and cIMT progression independently predicted obesity, high lean mass, and incident hypertension among young adults.

Energetics contribution during no-gi Brazilian jiu jitsu sparring and its association with regional body composition.

We used measurements of metabolic perturbation obtained after sparring to estimate energetics contribution during no-gi Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Ten advanced grapplers performed two six-minute sparring bouts separated by 24 hours. Kinetics of recovery rate of oxygen uptake was modelled and post-combat-sparring blood-lactate concentration measured to estimate oxygen equivalents for phospholytic and glycolytic components of anaerobic energetics, respectively. Linear regression was used to estimate end-combat-sparring rate of oxygen uptake. Regional and whole-body composition were assessed using dual X-ray absorptiometry with associations between these measurements and energy turnover explored using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (significance, P < 0.05). Estimated oxygen equivalents for phospholytic and glycolytic contributions to anaerobic metabolism were 16.9 ± 8.4 (~28%) and 44.6 ± 13.5 (~72%) mL∙kg-1, respectively. Estimated end-exercise rate of oxygen uptake was 44.2 ± 7.0 mL∙kg-1∙min-1. Trunk lean mass was positively correlated with both total anaerobic and glycolytic-specific energetics (total, R = 0.645, p = 0.044; glycolytic, R = 0.692, p = 0.027) and negatively correlated with end-exercise rate of oxygen uptake (R = -0.650, p = 0.042). There were no correlations for any measurement of body composition and phospholytic-specific energetics. Six minutes of no-gi Brazilian jiu-jitsu sparring involves high relative contribution from the glycolytic component to total anaerobic energy provision and the link between this energetics profile and trunk lean mass is consistent with the predominance of ground-based combat that is unique for this combat sport. Training programs for Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners should be designed with consideration given to these specific energetics characteristics.

Effects of Low-Volume, High-Intensity Interval Training Compared with Continuous Training on Regional and Global Body Composition in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A post hoc Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on body composition in adults with metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods: This is a post hoc analysis of the randomized clinical trial Intraining-MET. Sixty adults (40–60 years old) were randomized to an MICT (n = 31) or HIIT (n = 29) supervised programme 3 days/week for 12 weeks. MICT sessions were conducted for 36 min at 60% of peak oxygen consumption (VO_2peak). HIIT sessions included 6 intervals at 90% VO_2peak for 1 min, followed by 2 min at 50% VO_2peak. Body composition was assessed with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: Body weight did not change from pre- to post-training in either MICT (78.9 ± 15.6 kg; 77.7 ± 16.5 kg, p = 0.280) or HIIT groups (76.3 ± 13.4 kg; 76.3 ± 13.7 kg, p = 0.964). Body fat percentage and fat mass (FM) decreased post-training in the MICT (−0.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.27 to −1.47 and −0.7 kg; 95% CI: −0.12 to −1.30) and HIIT groups (−1.0%; 95% CI: −0.32 to −1.68 and −0.8 kg; 95% CI: −0.17 to −1.47). Compared to the HIIT programme, MICT significantly reduced android FM (−0.14 kg; 95% CI: −0.02 to −0.26). Lean mass (LM) increased post-training in MICT (+0.7 kg; 95% CI: 0.01–1.41) and HIIT groups (+0.9 kg; 95% CI: 0.12–1.64), but only HIIT increased the trunk LM (+0.6 kg; 95% CI: 0.06–1.20). Conclusions: Both MICT and HIIT reduced FM without changing body weight in adults with MS. MICT had additional benefits by reducing the android FM, whereas HIIT seemed to increase LM. Given the characteristics of the post hoc analysis, further research is required to confirm these results.

Resting metabolic rate in adults with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

This study aimed to determine whether resting metabolic rate (RMR) is altered in adults with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Eleven people with FSHD (51± 12yrs, 2 females) and 11 controls (48± 14 yrs, 2 females) completed 1 visit, including 30-minutes of indirect calorimetry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning. RMR was calculated from resting oxygen consumption/carbon dioxide production; regional/whole-body fat mass and lean mass were collected from the DXA scan. Absolute RMR was 15% lower in FSHD (p= 0.04); when normalized to regional/local lean mass, no differences in RMR were observed (p> 0.05). Absolute RMR was correlated with total lean mass for all participants combined (p< 0.01, r= 0.70, males only: p< 0.01, r= 0.81) and when analyzed separately (FSHD males: p= 0.001, r= 0.92 and control males: p= 0.004, r= 0.85). Whole-body lean mass was 16% lower in FSHD and leg, arm and appendicular lean mass were lower in FSHD (p< 0.05 for all), though trunk lean mass was not (p= 0.15). Whole-body fat mass was 45% higher in FSHD, with greater leg fat mass (p= 0.01), but not trunk or arm fat mass (p> 0.05 for both). When RMR was expressed relative to lean body mass, no differences in RMR were found, indicating that the lower levels of lean mass observed in FSHD patients likely contribute to the lower absolute RMR values. Novelty: RMR is lower among people with FSHD, as compared with controls. The reduced RMR among people with FSHD is due to disease-related loss in muscle mass and likely related to lower physical activity and/or exercise levels.

Increases in Integrin-ILK-RICTOR-Akt Proteins, Muscle Mass, and Strength after Eccentric Cycling Training.

Recently, it has been suggested that a cellular pathway composed of integrin, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (RICTOR), and Akt may facilitate long-term structural and functional adaptations associated with exercise, independent of the mTORC1 pathway. Therefore, we examined changes in integrin-ILK-RICTOR-Akt protein in vastus lateralis (VL) before and after 8 wk of eccentric cycling training (ECC), which was expected to increase muscle function and VL cross-sectional area (CSA). Eleven men (23 ± 4 yr) completed 24 sessions of ECC with progressive increases in intensity and duration, resulting in a twofold increase in work from the first three (75.4 ± 14.1 kJ) to the last three sessions (150.7 ± 28.4 kJ). Outcome measures included lower limb lean mass, VL CSA, static strength, and peak and average cycling power output. These measures and VL samples were taken before and 4-5 d after the last training session. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in integrin-β1 (1.64-fold) and RICTOR (2.99-fold) protein as well as the phosphorylated-to-total ILK ratio (1.70-fold) were found, but integrin-α7 and Akt did not change. Increases in lower limb, thigh, and trunk lean mass (2.8%-5.3%, P < 0.05) and CSA (13.3% ± 9.0%, P < 0.001) were observed. Static strength (18.1% ± 10.8%) and both peak (8.6% ± 10.5%) and average power output (7.4% ± 8.3%) also increased (P < 0.05). However, no significant correlations were found between the magnitude of increases in protein and the magnitude of increases in CSA, static strength, or power output. In addition to increased muscle mass, strength, and power, we demonstrate that ECC increases integrin-β1 and RICTOR total protein and p-ILK/t-ILK, which may play a role in protection against muscle damage as well as anabolic signaling to induce muscle adaptations.

Body Composition Of NCAA Division I Football Players Pre And Post COVID-19 Quarantine

Strength and conditioning is an essential aspect to athlete development. The COVID-19 pandemic forced many collegiate athletes to train at home, without access to strength and conditioning facilities. PURPOSE: To examine body composition of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I football players pre- and post-COVID-19 quarantine. METHODS: Body composition of 29 NCAA Division I football players (Age = 21.0 ± 10 yrs, Ht = 186.7 ± 5.6 cm, Wt = 110.5 ± 22.8 kg) were measured around the start of Spring season (March) and prior to pre-season training (June) following a minimum 2 h fast and having refrained from recent exercise. Whole body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine regional (arms, legs, trunk) and total body fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and fat free mass (FFM). Fat-Free Mass Index (FFMI) was calculated (FFMI = [LM + Bone Mineral Content (BMC)]/Height2); participants were stratified by FFMI (Upper: >25 lbs/m2; n = 16, Lower: <25 lbs/m2, n = 13). Paired samples t-tests were used to evaluate the effect of pre vs. post-COVID quarantine on body composition. RESULTS: For the total sample, trunk LM (Mean Difference ± Standard Error: -0.96 ± 0.21 kg, p < 0.001), and trunk FFM (-0.98 ± 0.21 kg, p < 0.001) measures significantly increased from pre- to post-COVID quarantine. Legs FM was significantly decreased (0.46 ± 0.19 kg, p = 0.023) post-COVID-19. Players with a lower FFMI showed a significant decrease in legs FM (0.47 ± 0.17 kg, p = 0.016), trunk percent fat (1.15 ± 0.42%, p = 0.017), and trunk FM (0.55 ± 0.19 kg, p = 0.016). Players in the upper FFMI showed a significant increase in total LM (-0.96 ± 0.42 kg, p = 0.038), total FFM (-0.99 ± 0.43 kg, p = 0.036), and a decrease in arm FFM (0.49 ± 0.22 kg, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: The collective improvement in trunk LM and FFM, as well as decreases in leg FM, suggest the limited access to weight room equipment did not have a detrimental effect on body composition. Upper body FFM was lost only in the more muscular cohort (FFMI <25 lbs/m2). Overall, virtual programming and nutritional support likely played an important role in the improvements and maintenance of body composition outcomes during quarantine.

Impact of Follicular Menstrual Phase on Body Composition Measures and Resting Metabolism.

This study aimed to identify the effects of early follicular (EF) and midfollicular (MF) menstrual phases on body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and respiratory quotient (RQ) assessment accuracy to identify an optimal testing period. Body composition was obtained from a four-compartment (4C) criterion model (fat mass (FM), fat-free mass, body fat percent, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA; FM, lean mass (LM), trunk FM, and trunk LM) in 19 eumenorrheic females (mean ± SD: age, 21.3 ± 3.1 yr, body mass index, 23.6 ± 1.8 kg·m-2). RMR (kcal·d-1) and RQ (a.u.) were measured via indirect calorimetry for 25 min. Body composition, RMR, and RQ were measured during the EF and MF phases. Dependent-samples t-tests were used to compare outcomes between EF and MF. 4C outcomes were similar between phases (P > 0.05). During EF, the following 4C components were significantly greater (P < 0.05): body volume (mean difference (MD) ± SD, 0.70 ± 1.05 L), extracellular fluid (MD ± SD, 0.27 ± 0.51 L), and body mass (MD ± SD, 0.56 ± 0.80 kg). DXA-measured LM, body fat percent, trunk LM, and trunk FM were similar (P > 0.05); however, DXA FM was significantly greater during EF (MD ± SD, 0.29 ± 0.40 kg; P = 0.005), yet within measurement error of the device. Although RMR was not significantly different between phases (MD ± SD, 6.0 ± 190.93 kcal·d-1; P > 0.05), RQ was significantly higher during EF (mean ± SD, 0.03 ± 0.06 a.u.; P = 0.029) compared with MF. Body composition from 4C and DXA do not seem to be affected beyond measurement error as a result of compartmental changes from the menstrual cycle. During MF, women oxidized more fat as demonstrated by a lower RQ. Researchers should aim to be more inclusive and schedule testing for females within 11-12 d from the onset of menstruation.

Body composition and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis

Aim – to study the relationship between body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Material and methods. 68 postmenopausal women, median age 59 [54; 63] years, with RA were included in the study. Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were assessed with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.Results. 33 (48.5%) women had osteopenia, and 17 (25.0%) – osteoporosis (OP). Low lean muscle mass was found in 10 (14.7%) patients. There were positive correlations between different areal BMD and body weight, trunk fat, trunk lean muscle mass and total lean muscle mass. In the multivariate linear regression analysis total lean muscle mass was associated with BMD of lumbar spine (β=0.638; p=0.001) and total hip (β=0.473; p=0.008), and appendicular lean muscle mass, estimated using the appendicular muscle index, with femoral neck BMD (β=0.360; p=0.014).Conclusion. 73.5% of patients with RA had a reduced BMD, and 14.7% women – low muscle mass. The revealed significant association between the lean muscle mass and BMD of lumbar spine and proximal femur indicates the importance of detecting and correcting low lean muscle mass, as well as preventing its decline in order to prevent loss of BMD and osteoporotic fractures.

Design of the ForesiGHt Trial: A Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo- and Active-Controlled Trial to Compare Once-Weekly TransCon hGH (lonapegsomatropin) to Placebo and Daily Somatropin in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD)

BackgroundAdult GHD results from insufficient growth hormone (GH) secretion from the anterior pituitary gland and may represent either a continuation of childhood-onset GHD or GHD acquired during adulthood. Clinically, adult GHD is associated with central adiposity, decreased lean muscle mass, increased fat mass, decreased bone mineral density, and reduced quality of life. Current standard of care consists of GH replacement via daily injections.Lonapegsomatropin is a long-acting prodrug of somatropin (hGH), designed to deliver unmodified hGH with a weekly exposure profile. Lonapegsomatropin consists of somatropin that is transiently bound to a carrier via a proprietary TransCon Linker. The carrier extends the duration of somatropin in the circulation through a shielding effect that minimizes renal excretion and receptor-mediated clearance of the prodrug. At physiologic conditions, lonapegsomatropin releases fully active, unmodified somatropin via autocleavage of the linker in a controlled manner.The safety and efficacy of lonapegsomatropin have previously been evaluated in two phase 3 trials and one long-term extension trial in pediatric GHD. Changes in body composition are an objective and sensitive endpoint that reflects biologic activity of GH and clinical efficacy of GH replacement. Methods: The primary objective of the foresiGHt trial is to evaluate the efficacy of once-weekly lonapegsomatropin compared to placebo at 38 weeks in adults with GHD. The trial will be conducted at approximately 120 sites in North America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Approximately 240 subjects will be randomized 1:1:1 to once-weekly lonapegsomatropin, once-weekly placebo, or daily somatropin (Norditropin®). Subjects will be treatment-naïve or without GH therapy for at least 12 months. Subjects with well-controlled non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (HbA1c ≤ 7.5%) will be eligible. Following screening, the 38-week treatment period will consist of a 12-week gradual dose titration period and 26 weeks of fixed dose maintenance. Fixed dosing will be used to ensure maximal comparability across the treatment arms in the trial. Three dosing groups per arm will be established to allow for differences in age and oral estrogen intake in women.The primary endpoint is change from baseline in trunk percent fat at week 38, as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Secondary efficacy endpoints are change from baseline in trunk fat mass and change in total body lean mass at week 38. Exploratory efficacy endpoints include total body fat mass, trunk lean mass, visceral adipose tissue, and patient-reported outcomes. Conclusion: The ongoing global phase 3 foresiGHt trial is designed to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lonapegsomatropin by weekly administration, compared to weekly placebo and daily hGH replacement therapy in adults with GHD.

Skeletal Muscle Health in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Protective Effect of Hyperandrogenism or Detrimental Effect of Insulin Resistance? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) exhibit reduced skeletal muscle insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Altered muscle mass may affect insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation, thereby potentially aggravating reproductive status including ovulatory cyclicity and fertility potential. However, the relationship between PCOS and skeletal muscle mass is elusive given conflicting reports on protective or detrimental influence of PCOS endocrine derangements (hyperandrogenism, IR) on muscle. We evaluated whether muscle mass and function are affected by PCOS in response to a call to elucidate musculoskeletal alterations in the International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of PCOS. Databases of MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched (January 1990 to September 2020) to identify observational studies on skeletal muscle mass (lean tissue mass) and function (strength) in PCOS and control groups. The primary outcome was total lean body mass (LBM) or fat-free mass (FFM). Data were pooled by random-effects models and expressed as weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. Forty-five studies (n = 3,676 [1,854, PCOS; 1,822, controls]) were eligible. Forty-one evaluated lean tissue mass and five strength. PCOS groups had increased total (0.83 [0.08, 1.58] kg; P=0.03; I2 = 72.0%) yet comparable trunk (0.84 [-0.37, 2.05] kg; P = 0.15; I2 = 73.0%) LBM/FFM. There were no associations between mean differences of groups in total testosterone (TT) or homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) and total/trunk LBM/FFM (All: P ≥ 0.75) by meta-regressions. However, mean differences of groups in body mass index (BMI) were associated with total (0.65 [0.23, 1.06] kg; P < 0.01; I2 = 56.9%) and trunk (0.56 [0.11, 1.01] kg; P = 0.02; I2 = 42.8%) LBM/FFM. Accordingly, PCOS sub-group with overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) exhibited greater total LBM/FFM than controls (1.58 [0.82, 2.34] kg; P < 0.01; I2 = 64.0%) unlike a lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2) sub-group (-0.45 [-1.94, 1.05] kg; P = 0.53; I2 = 69.5%). Some study results were contradictory (i.e., increased appendicular mass or strength in PCOS group or comparable findings between groups) and study methodology varied; thus, inclusion in meta-analyses was not possible. PCOS cohorts have a tendency for increased total and trunk lean tissue mass likely attributed to obesity. However, most critically, whether PCOS influences other lean tissue areas (appendicular), morphology, and function is unclear. Our observations do not support any protective/detrimental influence of hyperandrogenism (TT) or IR (HOMA-IR) on lean mass. Heterogeneity among studies warrants research to address any contributions of lifestyle, healthcare, and biological factors to observed differences for future guideline recommendations to improve PCOS musculoskeletal and reproductive health (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO ID, CRD42020203490).

Obesity, but not hyperandrogenism or insulin resistance, predicts skeletal muscle mass in reproductive-aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 45 observational studies.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) exhibit reduced muscle insulin-mediated glucose uptake, potentially attributed to altered muscle mass; however, this is inconclusive. Altered muscle mass may aggravate PCOS complications. Our systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated whether PCOS alters muscle mass and function. Databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus) were searched through September 2, 2020, for studies documenting skeletal muscle mass (lean tissue mass) and function (strength) in PCOS and control groups. The primary outcome was total lean body mass (LBM) or fat-free mass (FFM). Data were pooled by random-effects models and expressed as mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. Forty-five studies (n= 3676 participants) were eligible. Women with PCOS had increased total (0.83 [0.08,1.58]kg; p= 0.03; I2 = 72.0%) yet comparable trunk (0.84 [-0.37,2.05]kg; p= 0.15; I2 = 73.0%) LBM or FFM versus controls. Results of meta-regression analyses showed no associations between mean differences between groups in total testosterone or homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and total or trunk LBM or FFM (All: p≥ 0.75). Mean differences in body mass index (BMI) were associated with total (0.65 [0.23,1.06]kg; p< 0.01; I2 = 56.9%) and trunk (0.56 [0.11,1.01]kg; p= 0.02; I2 = 42.8%) LBM or FFM. The PCOS subgroup with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 had greater total LBM or FFM versus controls (1.58 [0.82,2.34]kg; p< 0.01; I2 = 64.0%) unlike the PCOS subgroup with BMI < 25 kg/m2 (-0.45 [-1.94,1.05]kg; p= 0.53; I2 = 69.5%). Appendicular lean mass and muscle strength data were contradictory and described narratively, as meta-analyses were impossible. Women with PCOS have higher total and trunk lean tissue mass attributed to overweight/obesity, unlike hyperandrogenism or insulin resistance.

Effects of adding post-workout microcurrent in males cross country athletes

Post-exercise microcurrent based treatments have shown to optimise exercise-induced adaptations in athletes. We compared the effects of endurance training in combination with either, a microcurrent or a sham treatment, on endurance performance. Additionally, changes in body composition, post-exercise lactate kinetics and perceived delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) were determined. Eighteen males (32.8 ± 6.3 years) completed an 8-week endurance training programme involving 5 to 6 workouts per week wearing a microcurrent (MIC, n=9) or a sham (SH, n=9) device for 3-h post-workout or in the morning during non-training days. Measurements were conducted at pre- and post-intervention. Compared to baseline, both groups increased (P < 0.01) maximal aerobic speed (MIC, pre = 17.6 ± 1.3 to post=18.3 ± 1.0; SH, pre=17.8 ± 1.5 to post = 18.3 ± 1.3 km.h−1) with no changes in O2peak. No interaction effect per group and time was observed (P=0.193). Although both groups increased (P < 0.05) trunk lean mass (MIC, pre=23.2 ± 2.7 to post=24.2 ± 2.0; SH, pre=23.4 ± 1.7 to post=24.3 ± 1.6 kg) only MIC decreased (pre=4.8 ± 1.5 to post=4.5 ± 1.5, p=0.029) lower body fat. At post-intervention, no main differences between groups were observed for lactate kinetics over the 5 min recovery period. Only MIC decreased (P<0.05) DOMS at 24-h and 48-h, showing a significant average lower DOMS score over 72-h after the completion of the exercise-induced muscle soreness protocol. In conclusion, a 3-h daily application of microcurrent over an 8-week endurance training programme produced no further benefits on performance in endurance-trained males. Nonetheless, the post-workout microcurrent application promoted more desirable changes in body composition and attenuated the perception of DOMS over 72-h post-exercise.

Association between parents-children verbal communication time and the adiposity levels of chilean pre-schoolchildren

To determine the association between the time of verbal communication parents-children with the adiposity levels of pre-schoolchildren, and secondly to describe the socio-demographic, and body composition outcomes of pre-schoolchildren by the verbal communication parents-children time. A descriptive, cross-sectional study of multi-centric application, with participation of (n=70) pre-scholars. The outcomes described were the adiposity, socio-demographic data of parents and the time of verbal communication parents-children. Considering a low (<100 min/day) versus a high (≥100 min/day) time of verbal communication parents-children, there were significant differences in the weight of the obesity classification "total communication/day" [TC] (TC<100 min/day 20.6±4 vs. TC≥100 min/day 18.4±3 kg, P=0.039), zweight/height (TC<100 min/day 1.791±8 vs. TC≥100 min/day 1.010±4, P=0.030), lean mass in kg (TC<100 min/day 7.5±3 vs. TC≥100 min/day 6.3±2 kg, P=0.046), body fat in % (TC<100 min/day 36.3±2 vs. TC≥100 min/day 33.9±3%, P<0.05). The height and ratio weight/height do not showed significant association with the time of verbal communication parents-children. Additionally, muscle mass (TC<100 min/day 5.7±3 vs. TC≥100 min/day 5.1±3 kg, P=0.047), and trunk lean mass (TC<100 min/day 5.2± 4 vs. 4.6±3 kg, P=0.039) were significantly associated with the main outcome. The daily time of verbal communication parents-children is significantly associated with higher levels of adiposity by the weight, zweight/height, and body fat in pre-schoolchildren. These findings require major and more complex research for corroborating.

Identification of pleiotropic loci underlying hip bone mineral density and trunk lean mass.

Bone mineral density (BMD) and lean body mass (LBM) not only have a considerable heritability each, but also are genetically correlated. However, common genetic determinants shared by both traits are largely unknown. In the present study, we performed a bivariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of hip BMD and trunk lean mass (TLM) in 11,335 subjects from 6 samples, and performed replication in estimated heel BMD and TLM in 215,234 UK Biobank (UKB) participants. We identified 2 loci that nearly attained the genome-wide significance (GWS, p < 5.0 × 10-8) level in the discovery GWAS meta-analysis and that were successfully replicated in the UKB sample: 11p15.2 (lead SNP rs12800228, discovery p = 2.88 × 10-7, replication p = 1.95 × 10-4) and 18q21.32 (rs489693, discovery p = 1.67 × 10-7, replication p = 1.17 × 10-3). The above 2 pleiotropic loci may play a pleiotropic role for hip BMD and TLM development. So our findings provide useful insights that further enhance our understanding of genetic interplay between BMD and LBM.

The Physical Characteristics of Elite Female Rugby Union Players

This study explored the anthropometric and body composition characteristics of elite female rugby union players, comparing between and within different playing positions. Thirty elite female rugby union players (25.6 ± 4.3 y, 171.3 ± 7.7 cm, 83.5 ± 13.9 kg) from New Zealand participated in this study. Physical characteristics were assessed using anthropometric (height, body mass, skinfolds) and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) measures. Forwards were significantly taller (p < 0.01; d = 1.34), heavier (p < 0.01; d = 2.19), and possessed greater skinfolds (p < 0.01; d = 1.02) than backs. Forwards also possessed significantly greater total (p < 0.01; d = 1.83–2.25) and regional (p < 0.01; d = 1.50–2.50) body composition measures compared to backs. Healthy bone mineral density values were observed in both forwards and backs, with significantly greater values observed at the arm (p < 0.01; d = 0.92) and femoral neck (p = 0.04; d = 0.77) sites for forwards. Tight-five players were significantly heavier (p = 0.02; d = 1.41) and possessed significantly greater skinfolds (p < 0.01; d = 0.97) than loose-forwards. Tight-five also possessed significantly greater total body composition measures (p < 0.05; d = 0.97–1.77) and significantly greater trunk lean mass (p = 0.04; d = 1.14), trunk fat mass (p < 0.01; d = 1.84), and arm fat mass (p = 0.02; d = 1.35) compared to loose-forwards. Specific programming and monitoring for forwards and backs, particularly within forward positional groups, appear important due to such physical characteristic differences.

Measuring maternal body composition by biomedical impedance can predict risk for gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study among 22,223 women

Objectives This study aimed to identify which element of body composition measurements taken before 17th week gestation was the strongest risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Chinese pregnant women. Design and setting A retrospective study was performed using data retrieved from the Electronic Medical Record database of Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children (China) from January 2014 to December 2015. Participants A total of 22,223 women were included with singleton pregnancies and no preexisting diabetes who underwent bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) before 17 gestational weeks and 75-g OGTT at 24–28 gestational weeks. Results The prevalence of GDM from 2014 to 2015 was 27.13% (IADPSG). All indicators of BIA (total body water, fat mass, fat-free mass, percent body fat, muscle mass, visceral fat levels, proteins, bone minerals, basal metabolic rate, lean trunk mass), age, weight and body mass index (BMI) were risk factors that significantly increased the occurrence of GDM (p < .001 for all). Women older than 30 years or with a BMI more than 23, had a significantly higher GDM prevalence (34.89% and 34.77%). After adjusted covariates, visceral fat levels at the third quartile, the ORs of GDM were 1.142 (95% CI 1.032–1.263) in model I and 1.419 (95% CI 1.274–1.581) in model II used the first quartile as reference (p < .05 for both); bone minerals at the third quartile, the ORs of GDM were 1.124 (95% CI 1.020–1.238) in model I and 1.311 (95% CI 1.192–1.442) in model II (p < .05 for both). After adjusted for age, visceral fat levels and bone minerals, OR of GDM for percent body fat more than 28.77% at the third quartile was 1.334 (95% CI 1.201–1.482) in model II (p < .05 for both). Conclusions Visceral fat levels, bone minerals and percent body fat were significantly associated with an increased risk of GDM, providing the reference ranges of visceral fat levels, bone minerals and percent body fat as predictive factors for Chinese women to estimate the risk of GDM by BIA during pregnancy.

Analyzing The Impact Of Body Composition On Vertical Jump Performance In Collegiate Female Volleyball Players

The vertical jump (VJ) test is often used in sport and recreational performance sectors. Prior studies have examined the effects that anthropometric and body composition values have on VJ performance in no less than averagely fit populations. Yet, it appears that no study has evaluated the relationship between body fat percentage (BF), body mass index (BMI), lean leg mass (LLM), and trunk lean mass (TLM) on VJ performance using collegiate female volleyball players. PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between BF%, BMI, LLM, and TLM on VJ performance in collegiate female volleyball players. METHODS: After having descriptive data recorded, 12 female collegiate volleyball players had their BF%, BMI, LLM, and TLM assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Subjects had their reach height measured, participated in an 8 min dynamic warm-up, were then given a 4 min passive recovery (PR) period after the warmup, and then completed three familiarization jumps (ie. trials) using a VJ measurement device. After another 4 min PR period, subjects completed one series of six jumps with 30 secs of PR between each jump. Pearson Correlations were then performed between BF%, BMI, LLM, TLM, and VJ (ie. the highest of the six jumps) with significance differences determined at p < 0.05. RESULTS: A non-significant low negative correlation existed between BF% and VJ (r = -0.350, p = 0.132), yet a non-significant low correlation occurred between BMI and VJ (r = 0.371, p = 0.117), TLM and VJ (r = 0.265, p = 0.202), and LLM and VJ (r = 0.372, p = 0.117). CONCLUSIONS: BF% appears to have a low negative relationship with VJ performance in collegiate female volleyball players, while TLM, BMI, and LLM have a low relationship with VJ performance. Having a lower BF% may not necessarily predict higher jumping performance in collegiate female volleyball players. Further research may be required to determine if gender, fitness level, or a different type of body fat percentage measurement technique may play a factor when considering if BMI, BF%, LLM, and TLM have a relationship with VJ performance in athletes who specialize in sports with repetitive jumping movements.

Sex-moderated association between body composition and cognition in older adults.

Some studies have reported an association between body composition and cognition in older adults, but underlying mechanisms and physiological factors remain poorly understood. Moreover, sex-related differences in metabolic health and age-related cognitive decline have gained major interest lately. The present study investigated the potential moderating effect of sex on the relationship between body composition and cognition in older adults. Global cognition, assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and body composition, measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), were analyzed in 155 women and 65 men aged 60years old or more. Moderation analyses were computed to determine if sex moderates the effect of the different body composition parameters on the MoCA while controlling for the body mass index and the level of education of the participants. Sex moderated the association between total lean mass, trunk lean mass, arms lean mass, and the MoCA score. These body composition parameters were positively associated with cognition only in men. Fat mass was not associated with cognition in any sex. Overall, higher lean mass and in particular trunk and arms lean mass was associated with higher cognitive abilities in older men. Longitudinal studies or intervention studies are needed to further identify physiological mechanisms that sustain the relationship between lean mass and cognition.

Two novel pleiotropic loci associated with osteoporosis and abdominal obesity.

Aiming to uncover a shared genetic basis of abdominal obesity and osteoporosis, we performed a bivariate GWAS meta-analysis of femoral neck BMD (FNK-BMD) and trunk fat mass adjusted by trunk lean mass (TFMadj) in 11,496 subjects from 6 samples, followed by in silico replication in the large-scale UK Biobank (UKB) cohort. A series of functional investigations were conducted on the identified variants. Bivariate GWAS meta-analysis identified two novel pleiotropic loci 12q15 (lead SNP rs73134637, p = 3.45 × 10-7) and 10p14 (lead SNP rs2892347, p = 2.63 × 10-7) that were suggestively associated and that were replicated in the analyses of related traits in the UKB sample (osteoporosis p = 0.06 and 0.02, BMI p = 0.03 and 4.61 × 10-3, N up to 499,520). Cis-eQTL analysis demonstrated that allele C at rs73134637 was positively associated with IFNG expression in whole blood (N = 369, p = 0.04), and allele A at rs11254759 (10p14, p = 9.49 × 10-7) was negatively associated with PRKCQ expression in visceral adipose tissue (N = 313, p = 0.04) and in lymphocytes (N = 117, p = 0.03). As a proof-of-principle experiment, the function of rs11254759, which is 235kb 5'-upstream from PRKCQ gene, was investigated by the dual-luciferase reporter assay, which clearly showed that the haplotype carrying rs11254759 regulated PRKCQ expression by upregulating PRKCQ promoter activity (p = 4.60 × 10-7) in an allelic specific manner. Mouse model analysis showed that heterozygous PRKCQ deficient mice presented decreased fat mass compared to wild-type control mice (p = 3.30 × 10-3). Mendelian randomization analysis demonstrated that both FNK-BMD and TFMadj were causally associated with fracture risk (p = 1.26 × 10-23 and 1.18 × 10-11). Our findings may provide useful insights into the genetic association between osteoporosis and abdominal obesity.