True Space Research Articles

Structure of supergravity group

It is shown that the true supergravity group is a unification of two complex conjugated general covariance groups in two smaller “chiral” superspaces, the left-handed one and the right-handed one. The gravitational superfield is introduced as the imaginary part of the complex space-time coordinate in our complex superspace, while the real part is identified with the true space coordinate. Simultaneously, the gravitational superfield is a “metric” object of the real subspace. In this way, a simple and clear geometrical picture of the supergravity group is obtained. A generalization to extended supergravity is straightforward.

Drug kinetics and alcohol ingestion.

Acute and chronic ethanol ingestion can alter both the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of other drugs. For psychotherapeutic drugs, modification of drug action by alcohol is much more important than kinetic interaction, such as ethanol induced drug metabolism. In contrast, the importance of the effects of alcohol on the kinetics of other classes of drug is incomplete. The probability and mechanism of alcohol kinetic interactions with other drugs can nevertheless be anticipated, in part, on the basis of the extent of binding of the drug to plasma proteins, the capacity of the liver for extracting the drug from blood passing through the liver and the true distribution space of the drug. Highly bound drugs with low intrinsic hepatic clearance are among the most commonly reported to have their kinetics altered by ethanol (e.g. benzodiazepines, phenytoin, tolbutamide and warfarin). Less highly bound drugs are less consistently affected (e.g. meprobamate, glutethimide, pentobarbitone and phenobarbitone). Acute administration of ethanol to laboratory animals or incubation of microsomal preparations with ethanol inhibits the mixed function oxidase activity. In the human, the elimination half-life of meprobamate, pentobarbitone and tolbutamide is increased by acute ethanol administration. Chronic administration of ethanol to rats and humans causes proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, increase in microsomal protein content and cytochrome P450 and results in an augmentation in drug metabolising ability of the microsomes in vitro. Even though the plasma half-life of some drugs is decreased by chronic ethanol ingestion, the clinical determination of the mechanism is incomplete because few studies have measured drug metabolite levels. In addition, alcohol effects on drug distribution have not been studied very extensively. The effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on drugs with low and high hepatic extraction, high and low binding, important tissue localisation and microsomal and non-microsomal metabolism will be quite different. Systematic studies of the mechanism of alcohol kinetic interactions are needed. Such kinetic studies should be combined with pharmacodynamic measures in order to establish the clinical importance of changes in drug kinetics.

Lattice vibrations of boehmite (γ-AlOOH): Evidence for a C122 v rather than a D172 h space group

The lattice vibrations of boehmite can be separated into O 2− translations, lying between 500 and 765 cm −1 and OH − translations, lying between 300 and 410 cm −1. Comparison of the i.r. spectra of random and oriented preparations of platy crystals allows the recognition of transition moments perpendicular to the plates. Bands additional to those required by the statistical symmetry indicated by diffraction ( D 17 2 h , Cmcm) establish that the true space group must be C 12 2 v ( Cmc2 1), each domain of which probably extends over an entire hydrogen bonded double hydroxyl sheet.

On the true space distribution of the galactic X-ray sources

On the true space distribution of the galactic X-ray sources

Reexamination of Super-Lattice Structure and Diffuse Scatterings in (NH4)2BeF4

Reexamination of super-lattice reflections corresponding to 2b, 2c by X-ray reveals no exsistence of such a superlattice structure in the paraelectric and ferroelectric phases. In the paraelectric phase, however, interesting diffuse scatterings are observed around reciprocal points where the super-lattice reflections were expected. In the ferroelectric phase, only the super-lattice reflections corresponding to 2a are observed, and no diffuse scatterings are observed as in the paraelectric phase. It is confirmed that the true space group is Pnam in the paraelectric phase, and P n 2 1 a in the ferroelectric phase.

Unit-cell vibrational spectra of chromium trichoride and chromium tribromide

Raman spectra (at temperatures down to 4.2°K) and infrared spectra (at room temperature) of chromium trichloride and chromium tribromide have been obtained. Based on a factor group analysis and on the insensitivity of the CrCl 3 Raman spectrum to the monoclinic ā rhombohedral structural transformation, it is concluded that the spectra are characteristic of the unit cell of the diperiodic halogen-metal-halogen “sandwich” and not of the unit cell of the true triperiodic crystallographic space group.

Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis

Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis is a disease of adults that should be distinguished from true disk space infection. It is due to a hematogenous seeding (either venous or arterial) of the subchondral bony elements of the vertebral body. The disk space is involved secondarly, later in the course of the disease. The underlying bacteremia is from another focus of infection, frequently in the urinary tract. Disk space infection in adults is caused by direct violation of the disk, most commonly at the time of surgical excision of the nucleus pulposus. The bony elements of both adjacent vertebral bodies are secondarily involved. The clinical feature common to both types of infection is back pain that generally begins insidiously and then gradually increases in severity and becomes continuous and is accompanied by marked muscle spasm. The sedimentation rate is always increased; it decreases only with resolution of the infection. The diagnosis of vertebral infection is often not suspected because fever and leukocytosis generally are absent. The most common organism is Staphylococcus aureus, although gram-negative bacterial infections also occur. Bacteriologic diangosis should be sought in each case by blood cultures (generally negative with postoperative disk space infection) or percutaneous needle biopsy. Soft tissue abscesses may require open débridement and drainage. Treatment of both types consists of rest, immobilization, and specific antibiotic treatment. The prognosis for resolution of the infectious process within six to nine months, with adequate treatment, is excellent.

Crystallographic studies on L-asparaginase from Proteus vulgaris. II. Symmetry and location of the tetrameric molecule

Analyses of the x-ray diffraction intensity data by the Patterson synthesis and rotation function techniques show that the true space group of the monoclinic crystals of L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1) from Proteus vulgaris is P21, that the molecular centers lie at x = 0.054, y = 0, z = 0.256, and its symmetry related positions, and that the tetramer molecules possess three approximate, mutually perpendicular 2-fold rotational symmetries, the axes of which run along the directions of the crystallographic a*-, b-, and c-axes. In addition, an investigation of the molecular packing arrangement in the crystal indicates that the tetramer molecules possess an approximately regular tetrahedral subunit structure.

Volume adjustment by renal medullary cells in hypo- and hyperosmolal solutions containing permeant and impermeant solutes.

1. The changes in the volumes of cells in slices (thickness 0-3-0-4 mm) of rat renal outer and inner medulla have been investigated during aerobic incubation for 20 min at 37 degrees C in Krebs phosphate-bicarbonate Ringer modified by the addition of urea or sucrose in order to produce a range of media hypo- and hyperosmolal with respect to the calculated tissue fluid osmolalities in these regions. 2. On the assumption that under these conditions the measured inulin space approximates to the true extracellular space (ECS), it was found that osmotic swelling or shrinkage of cells was not accompanied by any significant variation in the absolute size of the ECS. 3. Calculated cell volume changes in both regions were minimal when slices were incubated in urea-containing media iso-osmolal with tissue fluids in that region. In sucrose-containing media minimal cell volume changes occurred when media were hypo-osmolal in relation to tissue fluids by a factor of approximately 0-68. 4. In all except the most hypo-osmolal media studied, calculated cell volume changes (as percentage of initial volume) were linearly related to the reciprocal of the incubation media osmolalities. The points of interception of the regression lines on the cell volume axis were dependent upon both the region studied and the composition of the incubation medium (urea or sucrose). 5. These changes were accompanied by variations in slice solute concentrations. Slice [Na] was greatest, and slice [K] least, following incubation in those media producing the greatest percentage changes in cell volume. 6. The volume of distribution [14-C]sucrose within the inner medulla was 61-7 plus or minus 2-5 mul./100 mg wet weight of tissue (mean plus or minus S.E., n equals 6) after 10 min incubation. The increase to 70-8 plus or minus 4-2 mul./100 mg (n equals 6) after 100 min was not significant (0-1 greater than P greater than 0-05). The volume of distribution within the outer medulla rose markedly during this period, from 38-1 to 58-2 mul./100 mg.

Evaluation of the status of binocularity in the non-strabismic and strabismic with regular and prolonged testing.

The need for "in-depth" study of the status of binocularity in true space of both the non-strabismic and strabismic before orthoptics is discussed. Vectogram tests to ascertain the status of binocularity of the non-strabismic and the strabismic are explained. With the strabismic, the Single Oblique Mirror Stereoscope is used and the tests with it are enumerated. Significant enhancement of diagnosis of the status of binocularity in the non-strabismic is obtained by testing over a prolonged period of time, instead of relying only upon tests based upon instantaneous response. Prolonged testing techniques utilizing Vectograms in which the patient used alternating saccadic, jump, oculo-rotary fusional movements from the straight ahead position into the lower reading field are used.

Crystal structure of the laser material NdP 5O 14

The pseudo-orthorombic crystal structure of NdP 5O 14 was determined from three-dimensional MoK α diffractometer data. The true space group is P2 1/c, the lattice constants are a = 8.7672 , b = 8.9948 , c = 13.0326 A ̊ , β 90.48° , and there are four formula units per unit cell. The final R-factor with 3881 independent reflections was 0.038. The structure is built-up with discrete anionic ribbons linked by the cations in a complex way. The coordination of the cation by oxygen atoms is eight-fold with the geometry of a square antiprism.

A preliminary crystallographic investigation of rabbit muscle creatine kinase

Three crystal forms of rabbit muscle creatine kinase have been grown, one of which seems suited to a high resolution X-ray diffraction study. The first form is of monoclinic space group P2 1 with a = 54 A ̊ , b = 114 A ̊ , c = 145 A ̊ , β = 91 ° and has as the asymmetric unit two molecules of total molecular weight 160, 000. The second form, grown in the presence of mercurials, is of space group A2 with a = 52 A ̊ , b = 165 A ̊ , c = 237 A ̊ , β = 91 ° and also has two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The third crystal form, grown in the presence of a high concentration of cysteine, is of apparent space group P2 12 12 1, but evidence indicates that the true space group may be P2 122 1. The dimensions of the orthorhombic unit cell are a = 47 A ̊ , b = 86 A ̊ , c = 125 A ̊ , and the asymmetric unit contains a single protein subunit. Assuming the latter space group, then the creatine kinase molecule possesses a twofold axis relating two identical subunits.

Trilaminar musculature of submucosal ureter Anatomy and functional implications

Abstract The musculature of the ureterovesical junction was studied by dissection and histologically in man, dog, cat, and rabbit. It was found that the segment of the ureter so far known as “submucosal” is crossed as far as the ureteral orifice by vesical muscle bundles, the transureteral bundles. The musculature of the roof of the “submucosal” segment has a trilaminar arrangement, consisting of the transureteral bundles, deep periureteral sheath, and ureteral muscularis. This arrangement, which has not previously been described, exists also in relation to the intramural segment. Transverse muscle fascicles are constantly found in the superior lip of the ureteral orifice. No true space exists anywhere in the ureterovesical junction. The physiologic and clinical implications of these findings, particularly in relation to vesicoureteral reflux, are discussed.

Structure of the human arachnoid granulation.

✓ The human arachnoid granulation was studied by light microscopy in gapless serial sections after local postmortem perfusion of the subarachnoid space with glutaraldehyde. The smaller granulations are invested in a dural sheath several layers thick which is separated from the body of the granulation by a true subdural space. In larger granulations, there are restricted regions where the body of the granulation protrudes through the dura to enter the venous sinus directly.

Physiological problems of space travel.

On April 12 , 1961, Cosmonaut Gagarin first orbited the earth, to be followed 23 days later by the suborbital flight of Astronaut Sheppard. Thus ten years have elapsed since man's first experience in a true space environ­ ment. In these ten years we have witnessed a tremendous surge of interest and conjecture on the physiological effects of space flight, followed by the emergence of a new investigative science. At this writing, the USSR has an­ nounced the establishment of a large manned orbiting laboratory (June 10, 1971). Such an accomplishment may begin a new era in controlled phys­ iological testing in space. This then is a propitious time to review the research efforts in space physiology, and to take stock of what has been done and of what has need of further investigative effort. A rather formidable array of journal articles, books, and technical reports has appeared in the last five years. This author has reviewed with varying degrees of interest and intensity approximately 800 articles, of which 89 are cited in this review. Most effort has been directed toward reports published in established scientific journals, since many of the hundreds of technical reports are repetitious or nonscientific. Page limitations have forced the omission of many aspects of space physiology. I have tried to select subject matter which is applicable yet fits into the general scheme of physiology as seen from my own bias. Many areas such as neurophysiology, sensory deprivation, radiation biology, biorhythms and human engineering are omitted because, in some cases, applications to actual space physiology are not well documented. Most of this review deals with the investigation of increased gravitational effects, in which a sophis­ ticated level of research has been reached, and with the effects of decreased gravity, where greater sophistication is required.

Further studies on the K + -dependent swelling of primate cerebral cortex in vivo: the enzymatic basis of the K + -dependent transport of chloride.

Abstract— The swelling of intact, exposed primate cerebral cortex perfused in vioo under, isosmotic conditions was a linear function of the concentration of K+ in perfusate over the range 25–117 mM. The K+‐dependent swelling was manifested throughout the depth of the cerebral cortex studied and was associated with an increased content of chloride in the swollen tissue, despite the constancy of the concentration of external chloride. The swelling of the cerebral cortex was a linear function of the temperature of the perfusate over the range 15–38°C, despite the constancy of the concentration of external K+. Moreover, the content of chloride in the swollen cerebral cortex was a linear function of the temperature of the overlying perfusate, despite the constancy of the external concentration of chloride. The changes in the contents of Na+ and K+ in the swollen cerebral cortex perfused with solutions containing constant concentrations of external Na+ and K+ but differing in temperature suggested that the fluid of swelling in the tissue was rich in both K+ and CI‐, as had been shown previously in vitro. Perfusion of the exposed, intact cerebral cortex in uiuo with K+‐rich fluids usually involved the reciprocal reduction of the concentrations of Na+ in the perfusate to maintain isotonicity. When comparable reductions in the concentration of external Na+ were achieved by replacement with choline (instead of K+), swelling of the perfused, exposed cortex was significantly less than that attributed to isotonic, K+‐rich but Na+‐poor fluids. These observations suggested that it was the elevated levels of K+ rather than lowered concentrations of Na+ that promoted the swelling of the perfused cerebral cortex.The apparent rate of influx of 36Cl from the perfusate into the underlying exposed and intact monkey cerebral cortex in vivo was a linear function of the concentration of K+ in perfusate over the range 25–117 mM and conformed to Michaelis‐Menten kinetics when plotted according to Lineweaver and Burk. Moreover, the apparent influx of chloride from perfusate into swollen cerebral cortex was a linear function of the percentage swelling of cerebral cortex over the range 6–30 per cent. However, the apparent rate of influx of chloride from perfusate into unswollen cortex was not consistent with the linear correlation already described for swollen cerebral cortex. One reason for this discrepancy was the reduction in the size of the true (inulin) extracellular space associated with the K+‐dependent swelling of cerebral cortex in vivo. The anatomical locus for this K+‐dependent swelling of cerebral cortex was an expanded glial compartment, as demonstrated by electron‐microscopy. The parenteral administration (50 mg/kg) or local perfusion (5 mM) of acetazolamide inhibited the K+‐dependent swelling of cerebral cortex in vivo. Moreover, administration of acetazolamide inhibited the K+‐dependent increase in content of C1‐ and the K+‐dependent rate of influx of 36Cl into swollen cerebral cortex. We have discussed the possible enzymatic basis of these K+‐dependent alterations in content of fluid and chloride and transport of chloride in mammalian cerebral cortex in viuo.

Ultrastructural estimation of relative volume of extracellular space in brain slices

Ultrastructural estimation of the relative volume of the interstitial space in guinea pig cerebral cortex slices incubated under various experimental conditions has been made. The interstitial space volume was 3% in a slice incubated aerobically for 10 min in a medium enriched with 10 m M glucose as well as in an unincubated slice suspended in a medium lacking glucose. Under the optimal condition of 20 min aerobic incubation in a medium containing 10 m M glucose, the interstitial space volume was 7.5%. It was also 7.5% after 20 min anaerobiosis. However, the volume of intracellular compartment was much larger in the anaerobically-incubated slices. With longer aerobic incubation, the interstitial space volume was increased, reaching 13% at 1 h. The alterations in the size of the interstitial space caused by deprivation of glucose, or both glucose and oxygen were studied. The interstitial space volume was also determined in slices incubated in the presence of l-glutamic acid as substrate or in the combined presence of glucose and l-glutamic acid. Measurements were made of the astrocytic cytoplasm volume in electron micrographs prepared from slices incubated under optimal conditions. It is suggested that the extracellular space estimated by biochemical methods includes both the true interstitial space and the fluid compartment represented by astrocytic cytoplasm. This inclusion of astrocytic cytoplasm into a functional extracellular space is consistent with previously-reported ultrastructural evidence for a high sodium content of cortical astrocytes.

Monoclinic Space Group of Hydroxyapatite

HYDROXYAPATITE is the prototype substance of the inorganic component of bones and teeth and its structure has therefore been studied in some detail using synthetic and mineral samples1–3. In the past it has been reported to have a hexagonal space group P63/m but because the samples previously studied were probably not pure, for example, the mineral samples may have contained fluorine, there is reason to believe that the true space group is monoclinic P21/b. This is by analogy with pure and stoichiometric chlorapatite4,5 which has the space group P21/b instead of the hexagonal one typical of apatites.

Mariner 1969 television image processing

Mariners 6 and 7 sent back approximately two hundred photographs of Mars, taken from distances ranging between one million and three thousand km relative to the planet surface. These images contain true object space information distorted, to one extent or another, by the signature of the imaging system itself. In order to maximize the scientific yield of the television data, the natures of the distortions introduced by the imaging system must be quantitatively determined, and techniques developed whereby they can be accurately removed. Television systems typically exhibit photometric nonuniformities and nonlinearities, geometric distortions, both optical and electronic, image retention and spatial frequency response limitations. In addition, Mariner 1969 specific problems were introduced in the course of on-board processing applied in the interest of data compression and efficient bandwidth utilization. A cubing amplifier and an automatic gain control circuit were employed, with photometric “DC reference” supplied in the form of a separately encoded, under sampled raw signal. The effects of on-board processing can in principle be removed by means of combining these separate data streams. Digital image processing techniques have been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory which enable us to characterize these various distortions using calibration data, and to remove them from images returned by the two Mariner spacecraft. This paper will provide brief descriptions of some of these techniques and illustrations of their application to Mariner 1969 image data.

Linear Differential-Difference Operators and their Adjoints

The formal adjoint for a first order matrix differential-difference operator is shown to be a true Hilbert space adjoint, and conditions under which such operators are selfadjoint (in a Hilbert space sense) are derived. Differential-difference operators whose domains are defined by a given initial function cannot be selfadjoint, whereas certain operators whose domains are defined only by conditions at the endpoints of an interval can be selfadjoint.