True Motives Research Articles

Student motivation and satisfaction: Why choose an international academic franchise programme rather than a home one?

As globalisation increases, Higher Education Institutions are challenged to produce more young graduates to meet the corporate world's demand for highly qualified, mobile international managers. Business and management programmes are required to have international components to attract the best students. To date, the majority of research has focused on the management and quality of such programmes with few studies undertaken from the students’ perspective. This article examines students’ motivations to study on an internationally franchised academic programme, prior expectations and whether these were met. Students of international franchised management programmes at both undergraduate and postgraduate level studying in five different countries were asked what motivated them to choose this form of study over other possibilities open to them, their prior expectations and how satisfied they were with their actual experiences. The results confirmed some previous findings, i.e. the significance of enhanced employability potential. However, they also identified new themes, showing how the students’ funders influenced the choice of study and how that influence was affected by gender. The results also queried students’ true motivation for these programmes and the international academic franchisees’ potential to meet those expectations fully.

La résignation des abbés et prieurs : vieillesse, infirmité et indiscipline chez les chanoines réguliers et les bénédictins anglais (xiie-xive siècle)

During the Middle Ages old or infirm abbots and priors, whether regular canons or Benedictines, could ask their bishop to relieve them of their charge. This procedure, which is part of the arsenal of measures foreseen by the Church in cases of incapacity to fulfil the duties of one’s office or as a means of rewarding deserving elderly prelates, could also serve to remove from office those who were condemned for a grievous fault. In England, if resignation is already well known in the 11th and 12th century, we have more detailed knowledge in the 13th century due to increased documentation. Old age, sickness, infirmity, and even merit were legitimate reasons for abandoning a charge; undisciplined behaviour, for the deposition of a prelate. These procedures were soon abused: early departures without a true motive, forced resignations. The attribution of pensions and provisions for the maintenance of old abbots and priors weighed on the finances of communities when departures were too closely spaced. The old prelates were provided with special living conditions, including their own apartments, servants and various provisions. The pension, systematic with the regular canons, becomes widespread with the Benedictines in the 14th century. Some remain in their institution, others change communities and even orders; delinquent prelates are often sent far away, and sometimes remain the source of grave disorders for years to come.

МОВЛЕННЄВІ АКТИ "ПРОПОЗИЦІЇ" ТА "ВІДМОВИ" У СКЛАДІ КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ НОСІЇВ ПЕРСЬКОЇ МОВИ

The ethno-specific functioning of the speech acts of "offer" and "refusal" in the Persian-speaking communicative space is analysed. The division into positive and negative face, offered within the theory of linguistic politeness by sociolinguists P. Brown and S. Levinson is specifically applied in the context of the Persian politeness system ta'ārof, which is of fundamental importance for understanding the communicative behavior of Persian native speakers. This is due to differences in some cultural values in Western and Oriental societies, in particular, the collectivist nature of Iranian society, where the interests of the community prevail over the interests of an individual. The high context of Persian linguistic culture is demonstrated by the fact that offers and refusals, qualified by the theory of linguistic politeness as face-threatening acts (FTA), are not perceived by Persian native speakers as those, since they are used as means of expressing politeness and contribute to the harmonization of relations between communicators. Special attention is paid to the analysis of ritual or ostensible offers and invitations, which are not supposed to be accepted immediately, but should demonstrate care and respect to the interlocutor. Ignorance of the rules of communication or neglecting these may cause the loss of speaker's face before his interlocutor. Refusals, like offers and invitations, can also be real or ostensible. The article considers only ostensible refusals, which in Persian cultural complex ta'ārof serve as means of face-works and are regarded as integral parts of polite communication. It is thought that initially any offer or invitation should be rejected to demonstrate thus the readiness to follow the appropriate social convention, with any offer to be accepted only after tenacious insisting from the initiator's side. The refusal should be done in a gentle and reasonable way to avoid threatening the addressee's face. Meanwhile, not-native speakers of Persian may regard ostensible speech acts as imposing and hypocritical, since their true motivation is hidden from direct observation. Sometimes even native Iranians can hardly distinguish between real speech acts and ostensible ones. Therefore, a careful study of the specifics of their functioning is the key to successful intercultural communication with them. The analysis of offers and refusals functioning in various Oriental communicative cultures reveals many common features, which may provide remarkable perspectives for comparative researches in this field.

Unom Humanity as the Boundless Mysterious Potential of the Managing Personality and the Ontological Basis of Victory in the War of Aggression

Four reasons for actualizing the question of the essence of the individual are revealed. They clearly testify to a perverted view of the essence of the whole world, to the fact that man has not yet recognized his true, single, tri-hypostatic – spiritual-bio-social nature and has not unraveled the meaning of his main archetype – freedom-responsibility. Superficial-scientific, dialectically-invented anti-human postulates contributed to the mortification of living processes, when they were subjected to semi-conscious scientific castration, which changed consciousness and world perception in an anti-essential way, prevented the ascending understanding that it is the integral personality that is the basic free-responsible creative subject of all integral economic transformations in the life-affirming format of love and humanity. The war takes place and marks the fact that a person does not know and does not adhere to his spiritual hypostasis. Ideology as a tool for the formation of the corresponding superficial consciousness is always a social form of violence-denial of the true spiritual world, true spiritual values and motives of integral life. The formation of a scientific, unspiritual secular worldview – humanism inevitably gave rise to anti-humanity, and wars became a life-killing outcome of worldview anti-human cataclysms that kept accumulating. The clouding of human consciousness, when the idea of God turned into a discourse of inhumanity, and man began to glorify himself as an arbitrary creator and to feel almost omnipotent, to see himself as an absolute power-lover.When secular power began to blind everything divine and human, a devastating anti-human war was unleashed. It was the culmination of godless depopulation, a situation of realization of the extreme form of domination of racist society over the individual. Keywords spiritual-bio-social nature of man; freedom-responsibility; personality, unom of humanity; spiritless humanism; war; depopulation.

Psycholinguistic peculiarities of speech of the classic heroines of the feminine novel

This work presents comparative analysis of the main characters’ speech parts belonging to Elizabeth and Bridget as given in the famous English novels “Pride and Precedence” by Jane Austen and “Bridget Jones’s Diary ” by Helen Fielding, both written in the same language and genre, but separated in time by almost two centuries. The topicality of this study follows from the profound linguo-gnoseological importance of the problems of inner mechanisms between the human cognition and its reflection in their speech. The work looks at communicative organization of the dialogue in the speech parts of Elizabeth Bennett and Bridget Jones. The main objective of this work is to establish regularities in the use of semantically different types of dialogue preferred by the main female characters of these typically feminine novels. The paper considers such problems as concretisation of the concepts of language and speech personality, speech portrait and communicative personality; the cultural and historical basis motivating psychological characteristics of Elizabeth and Bridget; and poly functionality of the dialogue parts of the both heroines studied in the aspect of the communicative techniques used by the both girls. Conceptually the analysis undertaken rests on the presumption that it is possible to penetrate into the depths of person’s cognition and emotional state through his/her speech, on the other hand, we note that a person’s speech does not always reflect his/her real thoughts and emotions, but can hide true feelings and motives due to the implicative character of the speech communication. Hence, a speech portrait, as a forming component of the speech personality, is not a functional model of it, but a functional implementation of this model from the point of view of reconstruction of a speech personality. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the speech portrait of the virtual speaker is aimed at reconstructing his/her lingual cognition. Comparing the communicative varieties of the typical dialogue organisation of the novels under study, in our work we investigate seven communicatively different types of the main characters’ dialogues. The work results in the conclusion about similarity of the psycholinguistic peculiarities of the dialogue parts of the female personages studied.

Проект «сноса» 26 селений Московской области из-за действовавших в них православных храмов. 1951 г.

The article analyses the document suggesting that in the early 1950s there were plans for a significant reorganization of the administrative division of the Moscow region at the highest state level. The work, based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, and objectivity, using comparative historical, problem-analytical, and problem-chronological methods of historical research, examines the letter of the plenipotentiary of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church under the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the city of Moscow and the Moscow region A. A. Trushin to the deputy chairman of the Council S. K. Belyshev. Essentially, it proposed to abolish (the word “demolish” was used) 26 large villages, attaching them to the nearby villages, often smaller in size and population. The only exception was, as far as can be judged, the small village of Novaya Derevnya which was to become part of Pushkino, a large city and district center. The formal reason for this reorganization was “merger of kolkhozes and resettlement of some localities to central farmsteads of the kolkhozes.” The analysis of documents, as well as comparison of status and size of the villages suggested for the “resettlement” to the do called “central farmsteads,” disproves this. Meanwhile, true motives for such reorganization are obvious and cited quite unambiguously: “26 villages in which there are functioning churches are scheduled for demolition.” Naturally, villages (or town in case of Pushkino), to which the abolished villages were to be attached, had no functioning temples. Considering general vector of development of the relations between the Church and the state, the authors of the proposed merger had every reason to believe that new churches in the enlarged villages would never be built or restored. The document expressively demonstrates the true attitude of the Soviet government to the Russian Orthodox Church in the period, which is often and not without reason considered a time when anti-church pressure somewhat weakened, following the historic meeting of J. V. Stalin with three metropolitans in September 1943. There is no resolution on the letter of the plenipotentiary A. A. Trushin (at least on the copy with which the author of the article has worked), and we do not know its future fate. As for the plans it contains, they were never realized, as all villages, that were to be abolished on account of functioning Orthodox churches in 1951, can still be found on the map of the Moscow region.

Проблемные зоны экспертного исследования по факту суицида у несовершеннолетних

The psychological analysis of 41 complex inpatient psychological and psychiatric examination of the suicidal state of minors was carried out. The purpose of the work: to identify psychological phenomena that mask the true experiences and states of adolescents before the realization of suicide. Significant categories of analysis have been identified that determine the structure of this expert study. Various manifestations of the self-image in minors are described, determined by the mobility of the psyche and the processes of adaptation to various life circumstances, requirements, expectations of the microsocium; the absence of external stable signs of mood decline and suicidal readiness in a significant part of suicides. The phenomenon of masking pre-suicidal states in adolescents, its predictors and mechanisms are revealed. The revealed dissociation between the absence of external manifestations of the presuicidal state, an objectively acute psychotraumatic situation and the act itself makes it difficult to assess the measure of subjective intolerance for a minor of his position, to determine the true motives and reasons for suicide, broadcast and hidden emotions.

Evaluating pollution damage function through carbon pricing, renewable energy demand, and cleaner technologies in China: blue versus green economy.

Climate change and increased greenhouse gas emissions boost the global average temperature to less than 2°C, which is the estimated breakeven point. The globe is moving into blue pollution economies as the environmental sustainability objective becomes more distorted. The study looked at three United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, namely (i) affordable and clean energy; (ii) industry, innovation, and infrastructure; and (iii) climate change, to see how far the Chinese economy has progressed toward green and clean development strategy. In the context of China, the "pollution damage function" was intended to refer to carbon damages related to carbon pricing, technological variables, sustained economic growth, incoming foreign investment, and green energy. The data was collected between 1975 and 2019 and analyzed using various statistical approaches. The results of the autoregressive distributed lag model suggest that carbon taxes on industrial emissions reduce carbon damages in the short and long run. Furthermore, a rise in inbound foreign investment and renewable energy demand reduces carbon damages in the short term, proving the "pollution halo" and "green energy" hypotheses; nonetheless, the results are insufficient to explain the stated results in the long run. In the long run, technology transfers and continued economic growth are beneficial in reducing carbon damages and confirming the potential of cleaner solutions in pollution mitigation. The causal inferences show the one-way relationship running from carbon pricing and technology transfer to carbon damages, and green energy to high-technology exports in a country. The impulse response estimates suggested that carbon tax, inbound foreign investment, and technology transfers likely decrease carbon damages for the next 10 years. On the other hand, continued economic growth and inadequate green energy sources are likely to increase carbon pollution in a country. The variance decomposition analysis suggested that carbon pricing and information and communication technology exports would likely significantly influence carbon damages over time. To keep the earth's temperature within the set threshold, the true motivation to shift from a blue to a green economy required strict environmental legislation, the use of green energy sources, and the export of cleaner technologies. Source: Authors' self-extract.

Migration Processes in the Context of Behavioral Economics Theories

The aim of this article is to investigate the connection between behavioral economy and migration processes. Behavioral economics is a relatively new phenomenon in science and the fact that some research in this area has earned the Nobel Prize makes its contribution significant in the consideration of economic processes. The analysis of sources shows that in the field of Russian studies there is practically no mention of the fact that migration behavior can be explained by the behavioral economics theses. In this article, we explore several key ideas in this area: nudge theory, prospect theory, evolutionary game theory, cognitive distortion, and hedonistic adaptation. In this article, we put forward a hypothesis that migration processes can not only be explained from the standpoint of behavioral economics but can also be regulated using the tools of this direction. Behavioral economics can be the key for discovering the dynamics and true motives of migration. The analysis of information in this area shows, that a person makes decisions mainly based not on the laws of logic and rationalism. Paradoxes such as cognitive biases, etc. reduce the effectiveness of an individual's actions and provide an incentive for the scientific community to expand the number of empirical studies of migration processes within the framework of behavioral economics theories.

What Is the True Valuation Motive for Increasing Share Repurchases? An Analysis of Firm, Institutional and Short Selling Trading Behavior

This study investigates the valuation motive for increasing share repurchases: we analyze the trading dynamics between short sellers, institutional investors, and the firm itself around share repurchases. We find that firms repurchase more intensely against increased short selling and that institutional investors trade in parallel with the repurchasing firm. Results suggest that firms disagree with short sellers’ intrinsic valuation of the firm, which is consistent with findings of recent studies such as Muzere (2019) and Bargeron and Bonaime (2020).

Motivic complex of deception in the comedy “The Country Wife” by William Wycherley

The subject of this research is the motif-imagery analysis of the comedy “The Country Wife” by W. Wycherley. The method of motif analysis allowed revealing the core motifs and their implementation in the text, while the structural method allowed outlining the patterns and correlations between motifs. The article is dedicated to the analysis of the motivic complex, as well as the images of the characters. Special attention is given to the protagonist of the comedy Mr. Horner, whose image receives different interpretation of the researchers – from crafty libertine to playwright. W. Wycherley introduces an entire gallery of hypocrites, and each one of them seeks to fulfill their hidden motives. Comedy “The Country Wife” is considered the pinnacle of W. Wycherley’s work and multiple times has become the subject of scientific research. However, the novelty of this study lies in the analysis of the motivic complex of deception in the comedy. The study reveals the following motives associated with deception: motive of deception, motive of disguise, motive of writing / giving the note, motive of infidelity, motive of fear of infidelity (fear of becoming cuckold), motive of theater that is directly related to the image the hypocritical hero Harry Horner. All these motives create the general background of the work, and are the elements of the true or phantom motive. The character type is also important for realization of the motivic complex. The classification of W. Janz clearly indicates the prevalence of two types of hypocrisy in the comedy under review: moral (Lady Fidget, Mrs. Dainty Fidget and Mrs. Squeamish, Mr. Sparkish, Mr. Pinchwife) and intellectual (Mr. Horner).

Motivation as an indicator of performance and productivity from the perspective of employees

Abstract Motivation plays a crucial role on employees’ performance. Though organizations have an interest in keeping the employees motivated at work, they do not always have the complete picture on what indeed motivates an employee. Scholars agree that money (including employees’ wages) significantly affects employees’ performance and productivity, but they do not unanimously place it among the strongest determinants of employee motivation. The main purpose of this work was to explore the factors influencing the true motivation of employees to enhance their performance and productivity at work. This study employed a quantitative research design based on data collected during the severe period of the COVID-19 pandemic. There were 110 participants, of which 38 (34.5%) males 72 (65.5%) females working in different companies in Albania. The results showed a moderate level of satisfaction and motivation at work and a significant correlation between the motivation and success of the company. Additionally, the data indicated that most of the participants were satisfied with the financial allowances, but that they aspired to have higher wages and better workplace conditions. Therefore, higher salaries, extra bonuses and the promotion in their role at work or recognition and appreciation seem to be very important motivational factors for the employees. Finally, this study proposes recommendations for companies on how to implement different strategies to increase employees’ motivation and enhance the business effectiveness. This study analyses data collected during the global pandemic and would serve as reference for periods associated with dire financial difficulty.

Intrinsic Motivation Display as an Impression Management Tactic

Previous research assumes that employees’ true levels of intrinsic motivation and the levels of intrinsic motivation they show to others are the same and does not distinguish between the two. This paper challenges the assumption and builds a theory about how employees can display their intrinsic motivation to others in a way that it deviates from their true intrinsic motivation. Drawing on theories of impression management, we argue that employees are more likely to exaggerate their intrinsic motivation to interaction partners with greater power. We further propose that morality concerns are central in employees’ intrinsic motivation display, where employees’ desires to moral mediate the relationship between interaction partners’ power and employees’ intrinsic motivation displayed to the partners. We report results of two experiments and one field survey that support our hypotheses.

CONFLICTS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS IN THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

The article examines the conflicts between Russia and the Republic of Belarus in the oil and gas sector, presents their background, dynamics and consequences (2004-2019). The authors examine the historical, political and economic relations between the two states. The analysis of some treaties contributing to the development of integration of Russia and Belarus in the Eurasian space is carried out. Against the background of unfolding integration, conflict tensions are growing in relations between the two states in the economic and political sphere. The article presents the true interests, motives and strategy of behavior of Russia and the Republic of Belarus in the oil and gas conflict. Based on the full identification of the interests and motives of the two parties, the authors propose an alternative way to resolve this conflict. When studying the specifics of conflict relations between Russia and the Republic of Belarus, the authors used the systemic and institutional approaches, the case study method. Particular attention is paid to the specifics and nature of the course of conflicts. It is emphasized that the core of this conflict between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus is based on the economic problems of bilateral relations between Russia and Belarus in the field of oil and gas supplies. The purpose of the study is to determine an alternative way of resolving the conflict between Russia and the Republic of Belarus, based on the full identification of the interests and motives of the parties. Against the backdrop of unfolding integration, conflict tensions are growing in relations between the two states, not only in the economic but also in the political sphere. The article describes the true interests, motives and strategy of behavior of Russia and the Republic of Belarus in this conflict. Russia's interests boil down to obtaining a high cost for the production and export of oil, to deepening the integration of the EAEU member states. The Republic of Belarus is interested in raising prices for oil and gas transit through its territory, as well as in developing a multilateral foreign policy, not limited only to cooperation with Russia and the EAEU countries. The lack of results of long-term bilateral negotiations on this issue shows the need to find alternative options for its resolution. The authors see the solution to the problem in mediation. The involvement of qualified conflict experts, professional mediators, lawyers will help not only to reduce the dissatisfaction of the conflicting parties, but also to develop a plan of joint actions.

A Literary Approach to The Courts：The Legal Mysteries of Matsumoto Seicho

This paper will consider Matsumoto Seicho’s depiction of the Japanese court system in his legal mysteries. Instead of representing the legal process as a “peripheral consideration,” Matsumoto’s work attempts to depict the “true nature” of court cases as they relate to society as a whole. Court cases are thought to revolve around verifiable facts. However, Matsumoto’s narratives focus less on facts and more on the relationship of the legal system with society. By depicting examples of admission of guilt and perjury, he demonstrates how the true motives behind a crime are secondary to the mass media’s reporting of cases, the linguistic space of the courts, and deficiencies in the legal system. Furthermore, the inner workings of human beings—which cannot be expressed in the language of the law—are expressed here in the language of literature. The psychologies of the parties involved are not easily observed in the court room, but are illustrated with sensitivity through Matsumoto’s literary approach.

Neural Representation in mPFC Reveals Hidden Selfish Motivation in White Lies.

Identifying true motivation for Pareto lies, which are mutually beneficial for both the liar and others, can be challenging because different covert motivations can lead to identical overt behavior. In this study, we adopted a brain-fingerprinting approach, combining both univariate and multivariate analyses to estimate individual measures of selfish motivation in Pareto lies by the degree of multivoxel neural representation in the mPFC for Pareto lies conforming with those for selfish versus altruistic lies in human participants of either sex. An increase in selfish motivation for Pareto lies was associated with higher mean-level activity in both ventral and rostral mPFC. The former showed an increased pattern similarity to selfish lies, and the latter showed a decreased pattern similarity to altruistic lies. Higher ventral mPFC pattern similarity predicted faster response time in Pareto lies. Our findings demonstrated that hidden selfish motivation in white lies can be revealed by neural representation in the mPFC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT True motivation for dishonesty serving both self and others cannot be accurately discerned from observed behaviors. Here we showed that fMRI combining both univariate and multivariate analyses can be effectively used to reveal hidden selfish motivation of Pareto lies serving both self and others. The present study suggests that selfish motivation for prosocial dishonesty is encoded primarily by increased activity of the ventromedial and the rostromedial prefrontal cortex, representing intuitive self-serving valuation and strategic switching of motivation depending on beneficiary of dishonesty, respectively.

Whole Life Program Success, Leadership Competencies and Motivation for Learning – UK Defence Case

The value of learning from program management has not received full recognition in the workplace. The purpose of our study was to investigate whole life program management success and its link to leadership competency units to define meaning of true program success and motivation for learning. An inductive interpretive approach using open-dialogue interview technique was applied. Seventeen Defence leaders responsible for the acquisition and support of UK major defence programs in excess £50 Billion published in the UK National Audit Office (NAO) Major Project Report 2015 participated in this study. A case study of the UK Defence programs provides insights into what success is in a Defence context. The study suggests that whole life program management success, measured against capability outcome as against performance, cost and time (PCT), can be achieved through competent leadership. This can be a motivation for learning from the program success. The findings showed that success extended beyond baseline deliveries, and it is insufficient to measure success with PCT parameters. Our study defines what success is and propose its achievement has a direct correlation to program leadership competency and its non-achievement be understood by organisations for survival in a complex highly structured environment.

Data Genocide: Are Minority Opinions Being Murdered Online?

With the advent of the internet in 1983, many people believed it offered the chance for humanity to evolve as a civilization, no longer needing to resort to war, genocide, and violence as a way for power and control. The internet brought freedom, a new way of communication, sharing information, connecting people globally, and moving data. Few at the time likely anticipated that it would quickly become a digital wild west where laws were scarce and the ability to manipulate, influence, control, and ultimately dominate would become powerful forces of change impacting society well beyond the digital realm. From its early days to today an unimaginable amount of data and information has been created containing secrets and indications of every participant in this arena. The rights of the individual to own their data were seemingly lost to the legal constructs of internet companies through crafty terms of service, license agreements, and sophisticated collection mechanisms. Tech giants like Facebook, Amazon, Alphabet, Netflix, and Google, known as the FAANG’s, are examples of those that collect untold amounts of information on every user of their services. While they are not alone in their pursuit of data, they are clear examples of successful companies who recognized this unclaimed territory and quickly took advantage to create their own empires. Today, they have built something that we could have never imagined existing back in 1983—a digital empire where we can instantly connect with each other across the globe, quickly access extraordinary amounts of information, and conveniently complete many tasks for ourselves. While this all seems like pleasantries, what lies underneath is a group of Big Tech companies clawing their way to the top and destroying new competitors in their path for means of power and control. The benefits we “receive” are a facade for their true motivation of gaining total power and control of many forms of information. Voices have been silenced for expressing their beliefs, for sharing opposing opinions to the common narrative, and becoming competitive threats. Meanwhile, we continue to scroll, click, upload, and share our lives and information again and again. What is worse, is how easy it is for them to do it in the absence of strong oversite and accountability. Rather, society at large has let them self-govern and freely push forward their own agendas. These tech giants are now making up the rules as they go, while we, as a world, have ignored the signs and warnings from countless scholars on the dangers of self-regulation and feigned moral authority. What we are experiencing now is a threat to everyone’s free speech, individual rights over their data, online identity, and as this paper will set forth, perhaps even our digital lives if not, in certain circumstances, our physical lives as well; something everybody should be worried about.

True Motives: Prosocial and Instrumental Justifications for Behavioral Change in Organizations

When organizations want their employees to adopt behaviors that advance prosocial and instrumental aims, which motive should they express? A groundswell of recent work suggests that highlighting prosocial actions inspires and motivates employees. Building on this work, we embed a field experiment in the context of an organizational change initiative (Study 1). A large university sought to change the behavior of administrative employees who purchase office supplies, encouraging them to place orders of at least $50, referred to as “bundling.” We exploit the fact that the organization could justify the same behavior in contrasting ways. We randomly assign employees to view either a prosocial (“limiting pollution”), instrumental (“limiting costs”), or mixed motive (“limiting pollution and limiting costs”) for caring about bundling each time they access the organization’s procurement system. We then evaluate changes in employees’ behavior by comparing a six-month baseline to a six-month experimental period, covering 10,169 purchases in 556 offices. Contrary to expectations from related research, the instrumental motive was most effective for changing behavior, leading to significantly more bundling than the prosocial motive. Two follow-up vignette experiments probe theoretical mechanisms. They indicate that an instrumental motive seems more genuine (i.e., reflecting the organization’s true motive) than a prosocial motive (Study 2) and that seeming genuine increases individuals’ intention to bundle (Study 3). This research reveals that prosocial justifications can be less effective than instrumental ones and suggests that perceptions of genuineness may shape the effectiveness of behavioral change efforts in organizations. This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, decision analysis.

Exploring Teachers' Satisfaction and Students' Entrepreneurial Competencies in Four Entrepreneurial Programs Carried Out in Extremadura (Spain) Schools.

The question of whether the entrepreneur is born or made, forces us to respond that the entrepreneurial culture clearly breaks with the myth that entrepreneurs are born. Currently, it is considered that entrepreneurial skills can be acquired like any other discipline and that is why it should be taught (Timmons, 2003). Their teaching and learning are key to the well-being of the teacher and to the positive achievement of the students. The entrepreneurial culture is an educational objective of developed societies and has its origin in the business culture (Peña Calvo et al., 2015). There are two current models, American and European (Erkkilä, 2000). The one that develops in the Extremadura region (Spain), based on the European model, tries to create a vital state in the participating students that enhances competences such as creativity, personal initiative or self-confidence, elements that try to generate a true motivation to undertake. The motivated, accomplished and positive teacher contributes to that achievement and achieving it favors the well-being of teachers. It’s a round trip. It is a “do ut des.” In our research, we evaluated four entrepreneurial culture programs in the classroom: “Junioremprende,” “Teenemprende,” “Experemprende,” and “Youthemprende.” The teachers involved in the programs are 356, and the valid questionnaires are 154. The students enrolled in the programs are 4800, and the questionnaires valid 1198. In the questionnaire, one of the key questions is “general teacher satisfaction,” with 17 common questions for all the programs. An essential question posed is: “I am satisfied with the achievements obtained by my students to participate in the program” The results of our research, according to a seven-point Likert scale, gives a very high degree of teachers’ satisfaction. Their satisfaction was centered on the perception of their teachings are conducive to the achievement of his students. The degree of teacher satisfaction for each of the programs and significantly means differences were found with Junior program resulted the more satisfied for teachers. For students, participation in the programs resulted in high development of entrepreneurial competencies. Similarly to teachers results, Junior program was found more significant in developing students’ entrepreneurial competencies indicating that entrepreneurial education is very appropriate for children. Findings of this study suggest that entrepreneurial education should be encouraged for students at every stage of education.