True Criterion Research Articles

The Role Of Innovative Marketing In Enhancing Creativity Of Industrial Organizations

Innovative marketing has become a basic pillar that countries and industrial companies rely on to achieve creativity in their work, a true criterion for their success and failure, and an essential element for their profit or loss. Innovative marketing has become an urgent necessity and there is no way to ignore it, because of its vital therefore, industrial organizations must shift from traditional marketing to innovative marketing and think outside traditional frameworks by constantly keeping pace with development, encouraging innovation, generating modern ideas, and adopting the concept of creativity by following modern and innovative marketing means and methods based on distinction and superiority. Hence, this search aimed to know the influence of innovative marketing in developing creativity. Data were collected using a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire form was distributed to a sample of 84 employees at the General Company for Textile and Leather Industry, in addition to personal interviews conducted by the researchers. The study results indicated that there is a relationship between innovative marketing in developing creativity through the selected dimensions, as the company’s management seeks to provide better sustainable programs for developing creativity by enhancing activities related to understanding customers’ desires and providing more of those desires. Paper type: Analytical research.

A Comparative Study of the Principle of "Insān Kāmil " in the Mystical System of Ayn Al-Quzat Hamadani and Ibn Arabi

The idea of "Insān Kāmil" and defining its characteristics and explaining its examples is one of the long-term categories in Islamic mysticism. This idea has been proposed in the mystical system of Ayn al-Quzat and Ibn Arabi, to belong to two different traditions, with common and sometimes distinct characteristics. The present study aims to explain the common and different aspects of the concept of "perfect man" in the mystical views of Ayn al-Quzat and Ibn Arabi by using a analytic-comparative method. The result of the research indicates that belief in elements such as perfect human’s being the mirror; the right to be a creature, mediation between right and creation, and having the position of the vicegerent of God are common to the mystical worldview of Ayn al-Quzat and Ibn Arabi in defining "perfect man". Among the differences between their views on the subject of "perfect man" are: A) In Ibn Arabi's mysticism, "Insān Kāmil" is the manifestation of the great name "Allah", endowed God-given with the divine and ancient truths, and as a result, the root of "fascinated mystic" in terminology called Sufi, but in the views of Ayn al-Quzat, this concept is defined along with "I am like you" and it can be interpreted as "fascinated mystic". B) In the mystical system of Ayn al-Quzat, Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) is introduced as the true criterion of "perfect man", while in Ibn Arabi's school, the concept of "perfect man" is synonymous with Muhammadan truth or Muhammadan word and light, in which each of the prophets is a manifestation of They are its manifestations. C) The theory of "perfect man" has an epistemological aspect in Ayn al-Quzat’s mysticism, but in Ibn Arabi's worldview, this concept is used to reconcile the existential and epistemological fields. D) In the ontology of Ayn al-Quzat, "the perfect man" is the manifestation of the name of beauty, and in the school of Ibn Arabi, it has a comprehensive appearance of both aesthetic and glorious aspects.

Абу Хамид ал-Газали о «Достоверном знании»

The paper discusses the main approaches and problems of reason and faith in the context of the ideal of knowledge of classical Arab-Muslim thought in the teachings of al-Ghazali, one of the great system-creators of the Muslim Middle Ages, whose ideological creativity had a significant impact not only on the philosophical and religious situation within the Caliphate, but on the intellectual culture of Romano-Christian Europe as well. The problem of faith and reason is considered by him from the point of view of fiqh (Islamic law), kalam (speculative “theology”), falsafah (Eastern peripatetism) and tasawwuf (Sufism). The seekers of truth in the understanding of al-Ghazali are considered. It is noted that the key basis for understanding his teachings as a Sufi philosophical and theological system is the substantiation of metaphysics, in which faith and reason complement each other in the field of knowledge, i.e. we are talking about the unity of knowledge, both secular and religious, on the one hand, and the unity of knowledge and action as the basis of the moral state of the soul, which is the true criterion for judging the truth of any action, on the other. It is shown that the system of al-Ghazali is based on ethics. In the Sufi philosophical and theological synthesis of al-Ghazali, all the achievements of the previous thought were considered, as well as the problems of spiritual development in the theory and practice of the caliphate as an alternative to all the directions of thought known in his time.

La nascita e lo sviluppo del nesso tryphé-decadenza nella storiografia ellenistica

In the 4th century BC Greek historiography abandons the monographic genre to propose a general interpretation of history: a possible interpretative key is that of tryphé, excessive luxury that corrupts and leads to an unstoppable decadence cities, peoples and states. The first theoretical elaboration of the tryphé-decadence nexus occurs in the historiographical work of Ephorus of Cyme and Timaeus of Tauromenium. In later Greek historiography, however, the concept of tryphé remains in most cases connected to a moral judgment, without becoming a true criterion of historical interpretation. And if in this sense it has been too often interpreted by the moderns, this is probably due to the influence on them exerted by the Roman historiography. In it the equivalent of tryphé can be considered the luxuria, understood as corrupting luxury, which since the 2nd century BC would lead to a progressive weakening of Rome and that in the historiographic production sees an insistent connection between the social ethics, precisely corrupt, and the political decadence.

Evaluating novel methods of outcome assessment following cardiac arrest

IntroductionWe compared novel methods of long-term follow-up after resuscitation from cardiac arrest to a query of the National Death Index (NDI). We hypothesized use of the electronic health record (EHR), and internet-based sources would have high sensitivity for identifying decedents identified by the NDI. MethodsWe performed a retrospective study including patients treated after cardiac arrest at a single academic center from 2010 to 2018. We evaluated two novel methods to ascertain long-term survival and modified Rankin Scale (mRS): 1) a structured chart review of our health system’s EHR; and 2) an internet-based search of: a) local newspapers, b) Ancestry.com, c) Facebook, d) Twitter, e) Instagram, and f) Google. If a patient was not reported deceased by any source, we considered them to be alive. We compared results of these novel methods to the NDI to calculate sensitivity. We queried the NDI for 200 in-hospital decedents to evaluate sensitivity against a true criterion standard. ResultsWe included 1,097 patients, 897 (82%) alive at discharge and 200 known decedents (18%). NDI identified 197/200 (99%) of known decedents. The EHR and local newspapers had highest sensitivity compared to the NDI (87% and 86% sensitivity, respectively). Online sources identified 10 likely decedents not identified by the NDI. Functional status estimated from EHR, and internet sources at follow up agreed in 38% of alive patients. ConclusionsNovel methods of outcome assessment are an alternative to NDI for determining patients’ vital status. These methods are less reliable for estimating functional status.

A categoria utilidade subjacente às tendências em Educação Matemática: discussão a partir da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica

A presente pesquisa, de cunho bibliográfico, apresenta um debate sobre a categoria utilidade no âmbito da Educação Matemática, em especial no âmbito da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica. A partir disso, o problema de pesquisa se expressou no seguinte questionamento: como a categoria utilidade é entendida no âmbito da Educação Matemática a partir do prisma da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica? Assim, o objetivo foi compreender a categoria utilidade no campo de estudos da Educação Matemática, de modo especial, a partir das bases teórico-metodológicas que fundamentam a Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica. No primeiro momento, analisamos a referida tendência e suas possíveis implicações na Educação Matemática. Verificamos que a utilidade não é vista no sentido imediato, mas pela relação que se estabelece entre indivíduo-sociedade-gênero. Desse modo, a referida Pedagogia se contrapõe a outras, de cunho utilitário-pragmatistas, que imputam ao conhecimento matemático uma essência pautada na imediaticidade da vida cotidiana. Por meio desse entendimento, corre-se o risco de transformar a Matemática em uma ciência que resume sua validade por suas meras aplicações práticas imediatas, tornando-as critério de verdade dos conceitos matemáticos. Como implicação, o ensino da Matemática teria como critérios a aplicação e o relacionamento direto com a vida cotidiana dos estudantes. Portanto, consideramos necessário e urgente um debate que se paute na gênese e no desenvolvimento histórico do conhecimento matemático a partir de uma interpretação dialético-materialista. A intenção é instigar as discussões com a finalidade de aprimorar o desenvolvimento da práxis pedagógica que tenha como fundamento uma formação humana omnilateral.

Endowing Artificial Intelligence with legal subjectivity

This paper reflects on the problem of endowing Artificial Intelligence (AI) with legal subjectivity, especially with regard to civil law. It is necessary to reject the myth that the criteria of legal subjectivity are sentience and reason. Arguing that AI may have potential legal subjectivity based on an analogy to animals or juristic persons suggests the existence of a single hierarchy or sequence of entities, organized according to their degree of similarity to human beings; also, that the place of an entity in this hierarchy determines the scope of subjectivity attributed to it. Rather, it is participation or presence in social life, whatever the role, that is the true criterion of subjectivity. In addition, it is clear that even if AI is not currently a significant participant in social life, it will be in the nearest future. Despite the potential dangers associated with endowing AI with some kind of subjectivity, such a course is inescapable, and should be considered sooner rather than later.

Pediatric Endoscopy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Addressing the Implications of Universal Preprocedural Testing for PPE Utilization.

Pediatric Endoscopy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Addressing the Implications of Universal Preprocedural Testing for PPE Utilization.

Comparison of Emotional Intelligence Levels and Problem Solving Skills of Prospective Teachers According to Different Variables

IQ is considered as a true criterion of intelligence while emotional intelligence is considered as a decisive in order tobe happy and successful in life. It is of interest to the educational system that emotional intelligence can bedeveloped at the same time. Emotional intelligence gained in the family will help to improve the school life,overcome the obstacles that people will encounter in their lives and solve the problems. In this study, emotionalintelligence levels and problem solving skills of the prospective teachers were examined according to differentvariables. In this study, the cross sectional survey design was used to investigate the research questions with 1033prospective teachers, 813 of whom were women and 220 were men, who agreed to participate in the study. The studygroup was chosen from the students of education faculty of the public university located near the black see region ofTurkey. As a means of collecting data, the Bar-On Emotional Intelligence Scale, the Problem Solving Scale, and thePersonal Information Form were used to obtain data from the participants. As a result of the study, the problemsolving skills of prospective teachers don’t differ according to gender and the class level; It was also found thatemotional intelligence did not differ according to gender and the class level, but it had a significant differenceaccording to age and department variables. In line with these results, in order to educate teachers with high level ofemotional intelligence and problem solving skills, attention should be paid to the emotional characteristics of theteacher candidates. The change of emotional intelligence with different factors should be examined in follow upstudies.

Self- and Mutual Respect: Beyond Abstraction and Social Humiliation

This article offers a look at self- and mutual respect – key concepts of the text – from the perspective of political philosophy, and attempts to show their significance in guaranteeing a decent life in contemporary society. The attempt begins with the experience of social humiliation in Belarus, quite widespread for numerous groups of people. According to John Rawls, it is precisely self- and mutual respect that are meant to reveal the social unacceptability of this experience, which runs counter to the idea of justice. In connection to this, Rawls specifies the concepts of self- and mutual respect, stressing their cognitive and volitional dimensions, as well as what types of human associations support them. By contrast, contemporary American philosopher Martha Nussbaum demonstrates that self- and mutual respect in Rawls are subordinated to the economic efficiency of social cooperation – the true criterion of a just social order, according to Rawls. To return self- and mutual respect to their essential place in the concept of justice (which directly affects the relationship between the idea of justice and the goal of assuring a decent life), Nussbaum offers a wider, somatic understanding of rationality, self and social cohesion. This interpretation also deepens the understanding of justice, connecting the contractual concept of justice with the inclusive one. According to contemporary French political theorist Pierre Rosanvallon, this renewed reading of self- and mutual respect, and thus of justice, affects the concept and justification of the notion of democracy. For this reason, we can supplement the just rules of democracy with attention to the peculiar nature of social humiliation and the privations experienced by people. In my opinion, this discussion is fundamental for post-Soviet countries like Belarus, where social humiliation is the norm, and as such, is not perceived as an obstacle to the democratization of civil society.

Is brain death a legal fiction?

Summary Franklin Miller, Robert Truog, and Seema Shah claim that brain death is not really death and that interest in organ transplantation was the primary motivation behind its acceptance as a criterion for determining death. Since it is unlikely that these “facts” can remain hidden from the public much longer, they are concerned that, if the truth becomes widely known, the public may reject transplantation from brain-dead donors as a violation of the “dead donor rule.” However, in their view, transplantation from brain-dead donors should continue, since no harm is done to the donors and the recipients of the organs benefit greatly from the transplantation. They therefore propose that we accept brain death as a kind of “legal fiction” and become more transparent about how this fiction may be useful and ethically appropriate in permitting vital organ transplantation. In this paper, I maintain that Miller, Truog, and Shah's view is seriously flawed. I argue that, because brain death (total brain failure) is a true criterion for determining death, it is not a fiction at all and therefore cannot be a “legal fiction.” Organ transplantation from brain-dead donors should continue because those donors are really dead.

THE CANONICAL TRADITION OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH AND THE HOLY AND GREAT COUNCIL BETWEEN RECEPTION AND REJECTION

With this paper the author tries to answer questions raised by some of the detractors of the Holy and Great Council. He is analysing from the point of view of Orthodox Canon Law if the delegation of bishops and the principle of representativeness are canonical realities in accordance with the Orthodox tradition of the Church and valid manifestations of synodality, if the number of bishops participating in a Council is a true criterion of ecumenicity and if monastics and laymen were totally bypassed in the preconciliar preparatory process and in the sessions of the Holy and Great Council.

Evaluating Measures of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Suitable for Large Epidemiologic Studies

PURPOSE: Questionnaires typically used in epidemiologic studies to assess habitual physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) are imprecise and do not assess the full spectrum of daily activities. This has limited our understanding of how these behaviors affect health. Thus, we tested two more precise and comprehensive measures, an accelerometer and an internet-based 24-hour recall (ACT24), as well as a questionnaire (Q). METHODS: Adults (50-70 y) enrolled in a 12-month study that included 3 criterion measures: PA energy expenditure (PAEE) measured by doubly labeled water (DLW), and two 7-d activPAL measures of active and sedentary time (A/ST). They also completed a 20-item past year Q about PA and ST (twice), an ACT24 recall of PA and ST every 2 months, and wore an ActiGraph (AG) on the waist twice for 7-d. AG equations (Freedson, Sasaki, Crouter 2-regression, Lyden machine learning [Soj3x]) were used to estimate PAEE. A/ST was quantified via Crouter, Soj3x and two cut-points (100 vertical axis [100VA]; 200 vector magnitude [200VM]). Accuracy was evaluated as % difference from the mean of the criterion values, while correlations between the true criterion and each test instrument were also calculated. RESULTS: Among those with DLW or activPAL measures, mean age and BMI was 63 y and 23.8 kg/m2. Mean criterion values were: DLW PAEE (747 kcal/d, n=689) and activPAL A/ST (6.0/9.8 hrs/d, n=932). Accuracy in assessing PAEE was similar for the Q and ACT24 (-12% vs. 10%), but accuracy was lower for the Q than ACT24 for estimating A/ST (-48%/-18% vs. 3%/1%). Among AG measures, Crouter was most accurate for PAEE (-6%), while 100VA was most accurate for A/ST (1%/2%). Strength of the correlations for PAEE and A/ST were relatively consistent within each measure, but correlations were lower for Q (r=0.28-0.41), higher for ACT24 (r=0.63-0.73) and highest for AG Soj3x (r=0.72-0.77). Correlations for the other AG measures (r=0.61-0.75) were similar to ACT24. Results did not vary greatly by sex, but all correlations for Q and ACT24 were lower for obese participants. CONCLUSION: ACT24 and AG measures of PA and ST were more accurate and had higher correlations than Q, suggesting that use of these more comprehensive measures in future epidemiologic studies could yield new etiologic discoveries, possibly leading to new intervention opportunities.

Evaluation of True Criterion Validity for Unidimensional Multicomponent Measuring Instruments in Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies offer unique opportunities to identify the specificity variance in the components of a psychometric scale that is administered repeatedly. This article discusses a procedure for evaluation of the relationship between true scale scores and criterion variables uncorrelated with measurement errors in longitudinally presented measures comprising unidimensional multicomponent instruments. The approach provides point and interval estimates of the true scale criterion validity with respect to a criterion that is assessed once or repeatedly, as well as a means for testing temporal stability in this validity. The outlined method is based on an application of the latent variable modeling methodology, is readily applicable with popular software, and is illustrated using empirical data.

Nucleic acid-amplification testing for hepatitis B in cornea donors.

Careful donor selection and implementation of tests of appropriate sensitivity and specificity are of paramount importance for minimizing the risk of transmitting infectious diseases from donors to corneal allograft recipients. Reported cases of viral transmission with corneal grafts are very unusual. Nevertheless potential virus transmission through the engraftment cannot be ruled out. According to European Guideline 2006/17/EC, screening for antibodies for Hepatitis B core antigen (anti HBc) is mandatory, and when this test is positive, some criteria must be established before using corneas. Despite the continuous progress in screening tests, donors carrying an occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) can cause transplant-transmitted hepatitis B. To date, Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) is not an obligatory assay in corneal tissue setting neither in our country nor in the rest of European countries. Herein, we report three cornea donors that were rejected with the diagnosis of OBI through the testing of sensitive NAT and the serological profile of Hepatitis B virus. The aim of this report is to emphasize the need to include NAT in new reviews of EU Tissues and Cells Directives in order to increase level of security in tissue donation as well as not to reject a high number of donors with isolated profile of anti HBc in geographical areas with high prevalence of Hepatitis B, that could be rejected without a true criterion of Hepatitis B infection.

Numerical assessment of an anisotropic porous metal plasticity model

The objective of this paper is to perform numerical assessment of a micromechanical model of porous metal plasticity developed previously by the authors. First, upper bound estimates for the yield loci are computed using homogenization and limit analysis of a spheroidal representative volume element containing a confocal spheroidal void, neglecting elasticity. Unlike in the development of the analytical model, the computational limit analysis is performed without recourse to approximations so that the obtained yield loci are rigorous upper bounds for the true criterion. Next, the model’s macroscopic dilatancy at incipient plastic flow is compared against that of the numerical limit analysis approach. Finally, finite-element calculations, with elasticity included, are presented for transversely isotropic porous unit-cells loaded axisymmetrically. The effective stress–strain response as well as evolution of the unit-cell porosity and void aspect ratio are compared with theoretical predictions.

On the selection of the weighting parameter value in Principal Covariates Regression

Ordinary linear regression falls short when many predictors are available, especially when some of these are highly correlated with (a linear combination of) other predictors. One possible solution for this problem is Principal Covariates Regression (PCovR) which combines the main ideas behind Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and regression. Like PCA, PCovR reduces the predictors to a few components and, like regression, it predicts the criterion, but using the components as predictors. The reduction of the predictors and the prediction of the criterion are conducted simultaneously, by minimizing the weighted sum of the reduction error and the prediction error. How the value of the weighting parameter α can be optimally tuned, is not so obvious however. In this paper we integrate scattered findings on this topic and derive some hypotheses on which α value is optimal in which respect and on the importance of tuning the value (how robust are the obtained results for the value that is chosen for α?). We put these hypotheses to the test by performing an extensive simulation study. As predicted, the α value that optimizes recovery of the underlying parameters and true criterion scores depends among others on the number of predictors in a specific dataset and on the ratio of the amount of error on the predictors and the amount of error on the criterion. Moreover, we show that α is mostly of influence when the components strongly differ in strength and relevance, when the number of observations almost equals the number of predictor variables, or when the criterion contains a moderate to high amount of error.

Correspondence of classifications between parents of children with cerebral palsy aged 2 to 6 years and therapists using the Gross Motor Function Classification System

The aim of this study was to determine the agreement and reliability of parent report using a lay version of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) among children with cerebral palsy in the two youngest age bands. Data were obtained from the Canadian section of the Movement and Participation in Life Activities of Young Children study database. One hundred and thirty-two parents of two groups of children participated: children aged 2 to 4 years (35 males, 26 females; mean age 3y 2mo; SD 5mo) and children aged 4 to 6 years (39 males, 32 females; mean age 4y 11mo; SD 6mo) at the final data collection point. Therapists classified motor function using the GMFCS and parents used the GMFCS Family Report Questionnaire, with parents and therapists being masked to the others' responses. Agreement between respondents was determined using precise agreement and Cohen's unweighted kappa statistic. Reliability between respondents was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Overall, precise agreement was 77%, chance-corrected agreement was κ = 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61-0.79), and reliability was ICC = 0.95 (95% CI 0.93-0.96). These values indicate substantial agreement and reliability between parents of children aged 2 to 6 years and therapists. Some parents had a tendency to rate their children as more functionally limited than did therapists, leading us to question whose the true criterion standard' rating should be.

Screening of Barrett's esophagus with string-capsule endoscopy: a prospective blinded study of 100 consecutive patients using histology as the criterion standard

The yield of wireless capsule endoscopy for Barrett's esophagus (BE) has not been compared with its true criterion standard, histology. To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of string capsule endoscopy (SCE) for the screening of BE by using specialized intestinal metaplasia as the criterion standard. Prospective, blinded, comparative study. Endoscopy unit, Veterans Affairs medical center. Patients with chronic reflux symptoms who were undergoing EGD for screening for BE. SCE performed immediately before EGD. The yield of SCE was compared with EGD for the visual and histologic diagnosis. One hundred patients, 86 men and 14 women, with a mean age of 56.5 years. The sensitivity and the specificity of SCE for the visual diagnosis of BE were 78.3% and 82.8%, respectively, when compared with EGD; the kappa index was 0.676. The sensitivity and the specificity of SCE for the histologic diagnosis of BE were 93.5% and 78.7%, respectively, with a kappa index of 0.66. No complications occurred; the procedure was well tolerated, and 80% of the patients indicated that they would prefer SCE to EGD. A total of 4 capsules were used for the study. When compared with EGD, SCE had an acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the visual diagnosis of BE and compared favorably when histology was used as the criterion standard. SCE was safe and well tolerated, with a high patient's preference rate, and it may prove to be cost effective for the screening of this condition.

Comparison of Fuzzy and Statistical Approaches in Multicriteria Decisionmaking

Abstract Criteria used to measure ecological or social sustainability of forestry often include qualitative ones. Fuzzy additive weighting has been proposed for using qualitative data in the form of linguistic variables. It is, however, possible to formulate a linguistic problem also using statistical distributions. We compared the fuzzy and statistical approach in a linear additive weighting problem on a woodlot owned by UPM-Kymmene. The results of fuzzy additive weighting showed high uncertainty concerning the decision compared to the statistical approach. In fuzzy analysis, the best option was unclear and the risk involved in the decision seemed high, while in statistical analysis the best option was clear and the risks involved seemed negligible. The uncertainty present in the fuzzy approach did not correspond to the 95% confidence intervals, but rather to the extreme values of statistical analysis. It can be concluded that the fuzzy approach represents ignorance in the true criterion values, while the statistical approach represents variability in them. It can also be concluded that the fuzzy approach represents decisionmaking under uncertainty, while the statistical approach represents decisionmaking under risk. If probability distributions for the uncertain data can be obtained, the statistical approach is more useful. Otherwise, the fuzzy approach should be used.