Triturus Cristatus Carnifex Research Articles

Renal function in response to reduced osmotic load in larval salamanders.

ARTICLESRenal function in response to reduced osmotic load in larval salamandersDF Stiffler, and RH AlvaradoDF Stiffler, and RH AlvaradoPublished Online:01 May 1974https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.226.5.1243MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByOsmoregulation and Excretion19 March 2014Hypotonic induction of SGK1 and Na+ transport in A6 cellsDavid J. Rozansky, Jian Wang, Ninh Doan, Timothy Purdy, Tonya Faulk, Aditi Bhargava, Kevin Dawson, and David Pearce1 July 2002 | American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, Vol. 283, No. 1Terrestrial Adaptation and Diversity of the Kidney Functions in the Evolution of Vertebrates, Amphibia.Biological Sciences in Space, Vol. 14, No. 1Extrarenal Mechanisms in Hydromineral and Acid‐Base Regulation in Aquatic Vertebrates1 January 2011Lithium secretion in kidneys of amphibians and reptiles under hydrated conditionsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 118, No. 4Endogenous lithium clearance as a probable measure of end-proximal fluid delivery in the amphibian kidneys: A study of renal water and Na+ reabsorption in the hydrated and dehydrated frog Rana temporariaComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 108, No. 2-3Partitioning of Acid-Base Regulation Between Renal and Extrarenal Sites in the Adult, Terrestrial Stage of the Salamander Ambystoma Tigrinum During Respiratory Acidosis1 May 1991 | Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 157, No. 1Renal function in amphibians: A comparison of strictly aquatic and amphibious species, with observations on the effects of anesthesiaComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 94, No. 2Effects of arginine vasotocin on water balance of three leiopelmatid frogsGeneral and Comparative Endocrinology, Vol. 72, No. 3Water balance responses of the hylid frogLitoria aureaJournal of Experimental Zoology, Vol. 247, No. 2Blood-gas, acid-base, and electrolyte responses to exercise in larvalAmbystoma tigrinumJournal of Experimental Zoology, Vol. 244, No. 1Interactions Between Acid-Base Balance and Cutaneous Ion Transport in Larval Ambystoma Tigrinum (Amphibia: Caudata) in Response to Hypercapnia1 July 1987 | Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 130, No. 1Interrenal function in larval Ambystoma tigrinumGeneral and Comparative Endocrinology, Vol. 62, No. 2Osmoregulatory adaptation of renal function in the terrestrial- and aquatic-phase crested newt ( Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur)14 September 2009 | Bolletino di zoologia, Vol. 52, No. 3-4A Comparison of the Responses of the Amphibian Kidney to Mesotocin, Isotocin, and OxytocinPhysiological Zoology, Vol. 57, No. 1The effects of aldosterone on sodium and potassium metabolism in larval Ambystoma tigrinumGeneral and Comparative Endocrinology, Vol. 49, No. 1Control of renal function in larvalAmbystoma tigrinumJournal of Comparative Physiology ? B, Vol. 149, No. 1The effects of mesotocin on renal function in hypophysectomized Ambystoma tigrinum larvaeGeneral and Comparative Endocrinology, Vol. 45, No. 1Renal excretion of urea in the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinumJournal of Experimental Zoology, Vol. 213, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 226Issue 5May 1974Pages 1243-1249 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1974 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.226.5.1243PubMed4824877History Published online 1 May 1974 Published in print 1 May 1974 Metrics

An analysis of urodelian retinal regeneration. IV. Studies of the cellular source of retinal regeneration in Triturus cristatus carnifex using 3 H-thymidine.

AbstractThe process of retinal regeneration in adult Triturus cristatus carnifex was analyzed autoradiographically following tritiated thymidine administration at closely spaced postoperative intervals. In unoperated control animals given five daily doses of labeled thymidine, a continuous input of two types of cells was observed from the ora serrata into the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers. One cell type appeared to represent retinal neurons with dispersed nuclear chromatin while the second cell type, containing a nucleus with dense heterochromatic rim, was displaced into all retinal layers with time, ultimately appearing within the layer of photoreceptor outer segments approximating the pigment epithelium. In operated animals, both control and operated (enucleated) eyes showed a loss of proliferative capacity from the ora serrata by two days postoperative.Retinal degeneration and regeneration in this species differed from that observed earlier for Notophthalmus viridescens in that: (1) invading pigment epithelia dissected the degenerating retina sequestering the outer nuclear layer between two epithelial sheets for phagocytosis by day 8; (2) degenerating inner retinal cells demonstrated labeling with thymidine and mitotic division before degeneration; (3) the process of removal of retinal and lens debris was assisted by vascularly derived phagocytes. The restoration of the retina involves both cellular addition from the anterior pars ciliaris retina and ora serrata, forming the anterior half of the new retina, and the posterior pigment epithelium, forming the posterior half of the retina from the innermost lamina. Sites of regional cellular proliferation at the vortex veins do not develop in this species. The basal pigment epithelium, upon Bruch's membrane, does not contribute to the retinal regenerate.The species differences presented in the process of retinal regeneration and the implications for the understanding of the generation of retinotectal specificity are discussed. It is concluded that the specificity engendered during both development and regeneration in this system must: (1) be derived from the ganglion cells; (2) be responsible for not only tectal connections but intra‐retinal position and connectivity; and, (3) not be temporally related.

The opposing effects of pressure and general anaesthetics on the cation permeability of liposomes of varying lipid composition

The effect of pressure and general anaesthetics on lipid membranes of different composition was studied by noting the variation in the cation permeability produced in single bilayer liposomes. At concentrations producing a loss of righting reflex in the new Triturus cristatus carnifex the logarithmic of the liposome cation permeability increase was linearly proportional to the concentration of anaesthetic whereas the sugar permeability was generally unaffected. Pressure compensated for the anaesthetic effect by decreasing the membrane cation permeability rather than by removing the anaesthetic from the membrane. The compressibility of the bilayer was estimated as 3·10 −5 atm −1, similar to but lower than those of non-polar liquids. There was an excellent correlation between the narcotic concentrations required to increase cation permeability through 50% cholesterol liposome membranes and that required to block axonal conduction or protect erythrocytes against hypotonic lysis. The correlation with the isonarcotic concentrations for general anaesthesia was best for the high cholesterol membranes, but in this case the more polar water soluble anaesthetics affected liposome cation permeability too much and non-polar anaesthetics were relatively inactive. This result suggested a site of action for general anaesthesia deeper in the bilayer than the surface region which is known to be rate limiting for liposome cation permeability.

The metabolic fate of pregnenolone-7α- 3H and progesterone-14- 14C in the ovaries and fat bodies of female Triturus cristatus carnifex

1. 1. The metabolism of pregnenolone-7α- 3H and progesterone-4- 14C was studied in the ovary and fat bodies of Triturus cristatus carnifex. The effect of ovariectomy and fat bodies asportation was examined. 2. 2. From the values of the ratio 3H/ 14C for testosterone it appears that in the ovary the biosynthetic pathway may go through pregnenolone → 17 α-hydroxypregnenolone → dehydroepiandrosterone , while in the fat bodies the preferential pathway is pregnenolone → progesterone → 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone . 3. 3. The amounts of 17 α-hydroxypregnenolone formed by the ovary are much higher than those synthesized by fat bodies. 4. 4. The ovary of fat-body-deprived animals show a different trend with time of 17 α-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone formation, while ovariectomy causes a decrease of dehydroepiandrosterone in the fat bodies.

Identification by immunofluorescence of prolactin-producing cells in the hypophysis of the newt, Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur

In sections of the pituitary of the newt treated with fluorescent antiprolactin globulin, a green fluorescent antigen-antibody complex is present only in the acidophilic cells localized in the dorsocentral region of the distal lobe. These cells are identifiable with type I acidophils according to Mazzi (1949) and with type II acidophils according to van Oordt (1968). These results are in keeping with the observation that purified newt prolactin obtained by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis reacts immunologically with rabbit antisheep prolactin antiserum.

The ultrastructure of the pars distalis of the hypophysis in males of Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur., treated with the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate.

The adenohypophysis of the newt Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur. shows three types of cells: 1) cells with granules of about 350–550 mμ in diameter, 2) cells with small granules of 200–250 mμ in diameter and globules with a cristal-like arrangement containing cylinders with a diameter of about 960 A and 3) cells containing small granules only. The AA. discuss the ultrastructural changes of the gland and the modifications of sexual secondary characters (S.S.C.) in animals given Cyproterone acetate (1/2 mg every three days). The animals have been treated for a period of time varying between 3 and 5 months, starting in October-November, when S.S.C. begin to develop again. At the end of the treatment the newths showed a loss of S.S.C., and the ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis resembled that of castrated animals, i.e.: great swelling of R.E.R. and partial degranulation of glycoprotein secreting cells which contain the 200 mμ granules and the globules. The S.E.R. showed also swelling and hyperactivity.

Changes of electrolyte content in amphibian tissues during larval development, metamorphosis and regeneration (Xenopus laevis Daudin and Triturus cristatus carnifex)

Changes of electrolyte content in amphibian tissues during larval development, metamorphosis and regeneration Measurements of sodium-, potassium- and water-content were made in amphibian tissues during normal postembryonic development and during various regenerative processes, specifically: ( a ) of whole larvae of Xenopus laevis during larval development and metamorphosis, ( b ) of normally-growing hindlimbs of Xenopus laevis during larval development and metamorphosis, ( c ) of trunk and the tail, respectively, of X. laevis during the metamorphic climax, ( d ) of regenerating hindlimbs of Xenopus larvae, ( e ) of regenerating forelimbs of adult Triturus cristatus carnifex and ( f ) of heteromorphically regenerating forelimbs of adult X. laevis. Drastic changes in electrolyte concentration were observed for all developmental processes studied and characteristic changes for certain developmental subprocesses like cell accumulation, proliferation and differentiation (see Table 2). The changes in growth-rate (as measured by increase in dry weight) are compared with the changes in K/Na ratio in Xenopus larvae during prometamorphic development and in normally-growing Xenopus hindlimbs. The changes in growth-rate are positively correlated with the changes in K/Na ratio (Figs. 2, 4). Mitotic activity in the normally-growing hindlimbs of Xenopus larvae and in regenerating forelimbs of adult Triturus was studied and compared with the changes in K/Na ratio. It was found that with increasing K/Na ratio the mitotic rates also increased, but beyond a certain level the mitotic frequency decreased (Figs. 4, 11). The beginning of cell differentiation in normally-growing hindlimbs of Xenopus (Figs. 3, 4), in regenerating hindlimbs of Xenopus larvae (Figs. 8, 9) and regenerating forelimbs of adult Triturus (Figs. 10, 11) is concomitant with an increase in the potassium concentration and the K/Na ratio. The possibility that electrolytes serve as regulators of growth and differentiation processes is discussed.

Identification and biosynthesis of steroid hormones in the ovary and fat bodies of female Triturus cristatus carnifex

1.1. The steroid content of the ovaries and fat bodies of female Triturus cristatus carnifex have been analysed during the breeding season.2.2. Progesterone and androstenedione have been identified in the ovarian extract; the following steroids have been identified in the fat bodies: pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and estrone.3.3. Incubations of acetone powder carried out separately with ovarian and fat body tissue using cholesterol-4-C14 as the substrate yielded the following metabolites in the case of the ovary: progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone; and in the case of the fat bodies: pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, 17α-hydroxprogesterone, and testosterone.4.4. Incubations with either tissue using testosterone-4-C14 as the substrate yielded 11-ketotestosterone, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, androstenedione and esterone.5.5. These findings support the view that steroid hormones identified in the fat bodies could be produced in situ from cholesterol.

Differentiation of ectopic retinal structures in the hypothalamo-hypophysial area in the adult crested newt bearing a permanent hypothalamic lesion.

Ectopic differentiation of retinal structures in contact with the pituitary, after insertion of a methylene blue stained celloidin lamina at the level of the median eminence was observed in the adult crested newt (Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur.). Retinal components ranging from pigmented cells to early retinal vesicles and fully developed neural retina and visual cells are described. Indications pointing to the ependymal cells which line the infundibular sac sequestered between the intermediate lobe and the pars distalis, as the source of the neural retina and visual cells are presented.

Tail height, a prolactin-dependent ambisexual character in the newt ( triturus cristatus carnifex Laur.)

In castrated as well as in castrated and thyroidectomized Triturus cristatus carnifex adults from both sexes, prolactin administration alone (100 IU per newt), unlike LH or TSH, was seen to promote the increase in tail height, which is a seasonal gonadal hormones-independent ambisexual character. The same effects were seen to be exerted in the summer, or in aestivating normal newts by exogenous prolactin, or by treatments enhancing endogenous prolactin production, such as a drop in temperature and ectopic pituitary autografts. The naturally occurring seasonal variations in tail height parallel the circumannual prolactin level variations and water drive. Consistent changes are entailed by prolactin in both the fin connective axis (swelling and pigment redistribution in chromatophores) and the epidermis (acceleration of the mitotic rhythm and slowing down of keratinization processes). The present results lead us to conclude that the seasonal ambisexual character here investigated, the height of the tail, is prolactin dependent. The parallelism between water drive and tail height variations is stressed.

Evidence for protracted prolactin production by the autografted pituitary gland in hypophysectomized adult male newt, Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur

In the crested newt, the autotransplanted pituitary produces sufficient prolactin amounts for the rapid triggering of water drive in hypophysectomized summer adult males up to 81 days after operation. The present results provide further evidence of a hypothalamic inhibitory control of prolactin production.

The counterbalancing effect of follicle-stimulating hormone on the antigonadal activity of prolactin in the male newt Triturus cristatus carnifex (Laur.).

The counterbalancing effect of follicle-stimulating hormone on the antigonadal activity of prolactin in the male newt Triturus cristatus carnifex (Laur.).

Effects of renin and ACTH on adrenal steroid secretion in the American bullfrog.

Effects of renin and ACTH on adrenal steroid secretion in the American bullfrog.

Uptake of radioactive sulfate as a function of time by mast cells in Triturus cristatus carnifex (Laur.).

Thirty two Triturus cristatus carnifex (Laur.) male individuals were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 150 μc of carrier-free S35 labelled sodium sulfate. The tissues were removed at different time intervals within a period of 3 hours and 30 days after the injection. Autoradiographs were prepared from mesentery whole mounts and histologie sections of the pelvic region. In mesentery whole mounts entire spider-shaped mast cells were studied. The earliest activity was always seen to arise in the perikaryon at 3 hours, where it persisted throughout the experiment while moving along the cellular processes progressively with time. The specific activity was assayed in the pelvic glands (bilateral organs of the reproductive system in males) and plotted against time. Since in these glands S35O 4 −− uptake in shown exclusively by mast cells the turnover time of 10–11 days therein recorded was taken to indicate the total metabolism of the sulfated compound stored in the mast cells. No direct evidence is as yet available to indicate that the metachromatic sulfated compound stored in Triturus mast cells is heparin.

Morphological variability and its physiological origin in oocyte nuclei of the crested newt

ABSTRACT The effects of hypophysectomy and of subcutaneous injection of gonadotrophin upon whole oocytes, oocyte nuclei, and lampbrush chromosomes of the newt Triturus cristatus carnifex have been studied. Hypophysectomy leads to a reduced rate of incorporation of 32P into the whole oocytes and oocyte nuclei. Large, yolky oocytes are more severely affected than are small oocytes lacking yolk. Hypophysectomy also leads to decreased stiffness of oocyte nuclear sap, change in the number and character of free granules in the nuclear sap, and alteration in the size of certain objects occurring at specific sites on the lampbrush chromosomes. Injection of mammalian gonadotrophin leads to an increased rate of uptake of 3aP into the cytoplasm and nuclei of yolky oocytes. Gonadotrophin treatment also leads to increased stiffness of oocyte nuclear sap, decrease in the number and/or the size of free granules in the nuclear sap, reduction in size of the giant loops of chromosomes X, XI, and XII, and changes at the axial granule loci of chromosome I and the sphere loci of chromosomes V and VIII. Each of the features mentioned above varies in nature from one animal to another. This inconstancy, which is superimposed upon stable genetic characteristics and upon those developmental changes which normally accompany oocyte growth, is now shown to reflect differences in the physiological states of the ovaries of different newts.

The contribution of the chromosomes to the telophase nucleus in cultures of fibroblasts of the adult crested newt Triturus cristatus carnifex

1. 1. The course of early telophase has been studied in living and fixed cultures of fibroblasts of the adult crested newt Trituras cristatus carnifex. 2. 2. The pairing of anaphase chromosomes, previously reported, is of irregular occurrence and was infrequent in the material used in the present studies. 3. 3. Each chromosome in anaphase contained two plectonemically entwined helical chromonemata. 4. 4. At the end of anaphase the chromosomes were broader and shorter than at any other time, and either touched each other within each daughter group, or were joined by material containing desoxyribonucleic acid, to form a continuous clump; anaphase pairing is probably the first stage of clumping, affecting the first chromosomes to make contact with each other. 5. 5. As the clumped chromosomes separated, strands of material, clearly visible in life and containing desoxyribonucleic acid, remained between them. 6. 6. At the same time it could be seen that the nuclear membrane had formed in a position corresponding to the boundary of the clumped group. 7. 7. After the period of clumping the chromonemata relaxed into irregular relational coils longer than the helices from which they were derived. At this stage the chromonemata of a chromosome were separated by as much as 1 μ and were clearly seen in the living cell.

Per una migliore conoscenza della topografia delle ghiandole annesse alla cloaca nel tritone crestato

Summary The topography of the cloaca and cloacal glands of the adult male in Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur. is described. The different morphological macroscopic characteristics shown by the cloacal glands proper, the pelvic gland, and the abdominal gland, are recorded. Brief mention is made of a constant feature, representing a valve found at the passage of the cloacal tube (Urodaeum) into the clocal chamber (Proctodaeum). The valve is built up of a conspicuous ridge rising from the dorsal aspect of the cephalic end of the cloacal papilla, and the caudal end of a prominent longitudinal fold projecting from the mid-ventral wall of the cloacal tube.

Preliminary Account of an Electron Microscope Study of Chromosomes from Newt Oocytes

ABSTRACT Chromosomes from oocytes of the newt Triturus cristatus camifex have been photographed by means of the electron microscope. These chromosomes are shown to consist of single axial filaments, approximately 200 Å wide, with ‘lamp-brush’ loops attached at intervals along their lengths. Good fixation of the lamp-brush loops has not yet been obtained. These chromosomes are attached in pairs to their homologues at points which, in the past, have been considered to be chiasmata: it has been assumed that the stage is diplotene of the first meiotic division. The singleness of the chromosome strands which we have observed is at variance with observations of diplotene in other material by means of the light microscope.