Triticosecale Wittmack Research Articles

Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of two Triticum-Secale-Thinopyrum Trigeneric Hybrids Exhibiting Superior Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight, Leaf Rust, and Stem Rust Race Ug99.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), leaf rust, and stem rust are the most destructive fungal diseases in current world wheat production. The diploid wheatgrass, Thinopyrum elongatum (Host) Dewey (2n = 2x = 14, EE) is an excellent source of disease resistance genes. Two new Triticum–Secale–Thinopyrum trigeneric hybrids were derived from a cross between a hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack, 2n = 6x = 42, AABBRR) and a hexaploid Triticum trititrigia (2n = 6x = 42, AABBEE), were produced and analyzed using genomic in situ hybridization and molecular markers. The results indicated that line RE21 contained 14 A-chromosomes, 14 B-chromosomes, three pairs of R-chromosomes (4R, 6R, and 7R), and four pairs of E-chromosomes (1E, 2E, 3E, and 5E) for a total chromosome number of 2n = 42. Line RE62 contained 14 A-chromosomes, 14 B-chromosomes, six pairs of R-chromosomes, and one pair of translocation chromosomes between chromosome 5R and 5E, for a total chromosome number of 2n = 42. At the seedling and adult growth stages under greenhouse conditions, line RE21 showed high levels of resistance to FHB, leaf rust, and stem rust race Ug99, and line RE62 was highly resistant to leaf rust and stem rust race Ug99. These two lines (RE21 and RE62) display superior disease resistance characteristics and have the potential to be utilized as valuable germplasm sources for future wheat improvement.

Breeding Perennial Grain Crops Based on Wheat

Wild relatives offer a diversity of traits potentially useful in crop improvement. Identification of major genes for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, in conjunction with targeted introgression, has introduced some of these traits into cultivated varieties. The difficulty of transferring complex traits, and associated linkage drag, has limited the ability of breeding programs to fully use important genetic variation. Wheat (Triticum L.) is an example of an important crop with large secondary and tertiary genepools of species capable of producing viable offspring by cross pollination. Wheat is annual, but most of the related species in the Triticeae Dumort tribe are perennials. An unknown number of genes control the perennial habit, although previous work has shown that it is a complex trait with quantitative expression. Lack of recombination between the parental genomes and complexity of the trait suggest another avenue for breeding: the addition of a genome. Multiple genera can hybridize with wheat, and some combinations produce stable amphiploids. The development of perennial grain and forage crops balancing the agronomics of wheat with the polycarpic habit of its relatives is promising. The approach is similar to Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack ex A. Camus), where new crops are developed combining the desirable qualities of the parents. Through prebreeding of the wild relatives, application of insight into meiosis, and strategic use of known genes, it should be more efficient to breed perennial grain crops adapted to diverse production systems.

Yields of Annual and Perennial Energy Crops in a 12‐year Field Trial

Core Ideas A long‐term field trial of important perennial and annual energy crops was conducted. Maize is most high yielding of biomass with high N inputs. Miscanthus is most high yielding of biomass without or with moderate N inputs. In crop rotations, no‐till practice with less input does not reduce the productivity. Nitrogen input is more important in annuals than perennials to maintain the yield level. To find an energy cropping system with low input and high productivity, a 12‐yr field trial was conducted in Southwest Germany with perennial crops, and monocropping or rotation of annual crops. The perennials were willow (Salix schwerinii E. Wolf × viminalis L.) short rotation coppice, miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et Deu.), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). The monocropped annual was maize (Zea mays L.), and the rotation was oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–triticale (Triticale × triticosecale Wittmack). The rotation was split into tillage with moldboard plow or no‐till. These systems were implemented with three N fertilization levels. Annual yield trend in years, accumulated yields of biomass, and gross energy were compared across N levels between perennials and annuals, and between tillage managements. Among these cropping systems, maize (18.5 Mg ha−1 yr−1) and miscanthus (18.3 Mg ha−1 yr−1) were most productive. Without N fertilization, miscanthus was most productive (13.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1). In the long run, N fertilization significantly increased the yields of all systems. The long‐term yield trends of the perennials were relatively stable, while the annuals without N fertilization showed a prevailing trend of yield decrease. No‐till did not significantly lower the yield compared to plowing (8.7 vs. 9.3 Mg ha−1 yr−1). Generally, the perennial systems produced higher gross energy yield compared to the annual systems under comparable N fertilizations. Particularly miscanthus gained high yields even with moderate to no N inputs.

Evaluation of defoliation on leaf water relations, chlorophyll content, and grain yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) genotypes under water stress

Evaluation of defoliation on leaf water relations, chlorophyll content, and grain yield of triticale (x triticosecale wittmack) genotypes under water stress

Gametocidal Factor Transferred from Aegilops geniculata Roth Can Be Adapted for Large-Scale Chromosome Manipulations in Cereals.

Segregation distorters are curious, evolutionarily selfish genetic elements, which distort Mendelian segregation in their favor at the expense of others. Those agents include gametocidal factors (Gc), which ensure their preferential transmission by triggering damages in cells lacking them via chromosome break induction. Hence, we hypothesized that the gametocidal system can be adapted for chromosome manipulations between Triticum and Secale chromosomes in hexaploid triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack). In this work we studied the little-known gametocidal action of a Gc factor located on Aegilops geniculata Roth chromosome 4Mg. Our results indicate that the initiation of the gametocidal action takes place at anaphase II of meiosis of pollen mother cells. Hence, we induced androgenesis at postmeiotic pollen divisions (via anther cultures) in monosomic 4Mg addition plants of hexaploid triticale (AABBRR) followed by production of doubled haploids, to maintain the chromosome aberrations caused by the gametocidal action. This approach enabled us to obtain a large number of plants with two copies of particular chromosome translocations, which were identified by the use of cytomolecular methods. We obtained 41 doubled haploid triticale lines and 17 of them carried chromosome aberrations that included plants with the following chromosome sets: 40T+Dt2RS+Dt2RL (5 lines), 40T+N2R (1), 38T+D4RS.4BL (3), 38T+D5BS-5BL.5RL (5), and 38T+D7RS.3AL (3). The results show that the application of the Gc mechanism in combination with production of doubled haploid lines provides a sufficiently large population of homozygous doubled haploid individuals with two identical copies of translocation chromosomes. In our opinion, this approach will be a valuable tool for the production of novel plant material, which could be used for gene tracking studies, genetic mapping, and finally to enhance the diversity of cereals.

Comparison of root xylem structure and hydraulic conductivity of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes under salt stress

Comparison of root xylem structure and hydraulic conductivity of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes under salt stress

Yield and Nutritive Value of Cool‐Season Annual Forages and Mixtures Seeded into Pearl Millet Stubble

Core Ideas Annual cool‐season forages with high biomass yields may be stockpiled for fall grazing. Species composition was affected by the seeding rates of individual species used within the bulk seeding rate. Controlling millet regrowth with herbicide prior to seeding resulted in greater establishment, yield, and nutritive value of the seeded cool‐season forages. Annual forages can meet the requirements of beef cattle grazing during the fall and early winter. Cool‐season annual forages can provide grazing for beef cattle during fall and early winter. The objective of this study was to evaluate yield and nutritive value of nine forage combinations seeded in early August into pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) hay stubble that was either sprayed or allowed to regrow. Grass species included spring triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Each grass was then combined with a brassica mixture {turnip [Brassicas rapa L. var. rapa], rape [Brassica napus L. var. napus], radish [Raphanus sativus var. oleifer Strokes], and hybrid Chinese cabbage [Brassica rapa L. chinensis) × Turnip]}. A legume mixture (hairy vetch [Vicia villosa Roth] and Austrian winter pea [Pisum sativum subsp. arvense L.]) was then added to the grass–brassica mixtures. All species and mixtures produced sufficient forage (3080–5580 kg dry matter [DM] ha−1) to be stockpiled for fall grazing. The millet and brassicas dominated yield and nutritive value of the unsprayed and sprayed mixtures, respectively. The concentration of neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) was greater in unsprayed than sprayed mixtures (510–579 and 229–246 g kg−1, respectively), but the concentrations of crude protein (CP) (169–180 and 185–202 g kg−1, respectively) and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) (755–799 and 909–922 g kg−1, respectively) were less. The lesser nutritive value and yield potential associated with letting the millet regrow must be weighed against the extra inputs but greater yield potential and nutritive value when the regrowth is controlled prior to seeding.

Soil compaction management and soybean yields with cover crops under no-till and occasional chiseling

Abstract The introduction of cover crops in agricultural systems under no-till is important in soil structuring and remediation. However, there is a lack of studies exploring the effects of cover crops compared with other soil compaction control tools, such as chiseling, in the long term, mainly under tropical climates. This study aimed to evaluate soil physical properties by cover crops and chiseling in a compacted soil, as well as its effects on soybean yields. The experiment was conducted in Botucatu, Brazil, under no-till. Three crops were grown per year. Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] was cropped as summer crop in rotation with triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) or sunflower [ Helianthus annuus (L.)] as fall/winter crop. In spring, three different cover crops were grown, pearl millet [ Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown], forage sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and sunn hemp [ Crotalaria juncea (L.)], compared to a fallow treatment, which was chiseled in 2003, 2009 and 2013 only, always in October and down to 0.60 m depth. The first chiseling increased soil macroporosity and soybean yields in the immediate cropping season (2003/2004). However, these benefits were short-lived and in two years the use of cover crops resulted in higher yields. In the long-term, cover crops improve soil structure, with equal or better results than those obtained by occasional chiseling, as an increase in soil macroporosity by sunn hemp up to 0.20 m depth and a decrease in soil bulk density by sunn hemp and pearl millet in the 0.40–0.60 m layer. Among the cover crops, sunn hemp is particularly interesting, because it increases macroporosity in clay soils otherwise with limited aeration and increases the soybean yield.

Long Term of Cattle Manure Amendments and its Impact on Triticale (X. Triticosecale Wittmack) Production and Soil Quality

Long Term of Cattle Manure Amendments and its Impact on Triticale (X. Triticosecale Wittmack) Production and Soil Quality

Lunasin – a bioactive peptide from triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack ) seeds, inhibits proliferation of cancer HeLa and SK-OV-3 cells

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA E. Galbas M, Porzucek F, Selwet M, Nowak A, Slomski R. Lunasin – a bioactive peptide from triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) seeds, inhibits proliferation of cancer HeLa and SK-OV-3 cells. BioTechnologia. 2017;98(3):219-224. doi:10.5114/bta.2017.70800. APA E. Galbas, M., Porzucek, F., Selwet, M., Nowak, A., & Slomski, R. (2017). Lunasin – a bioactive peptide from triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) seeds, inhibits proliferation of cancer HeLa and SK-OV-3 cells. BioTechnologia, 98(3), 219-224. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2017.70800 Chicago E. Galbas, Mariola, Filip Porzucek, Marek Selwet, Agnieszka Nowak, and Ryszard Slomski. 2017. "Lunasin – a bioactive peptide from triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) seeds, inhibits proliferation of cancer HeLa and SK-OV-3 cells". BioTechnologia 98 (3): 219-224. doi:10.5114/bta.2017.70800. Harvard E. Galbas, M., Porzucek, F., Selwet, M., Nowak, A., and Slomski, R. (2017). Lunasin – a bioactive peptide from triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) seeds, inhibits proliferation of cancer HeLa and SK-OV-3 cells. BioTechnologia, 98(3), pp.219-224. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2017.70800 MLA E. Galbas, Mariola et al. "Lunasin – a bioactive peptide from triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) seeds, inhibits proliferation of cancer HeLa and SK-OV-3 cells." BioTechnologia, vol. 98, no. 3, 2017, pp. 219-224. doi:10.5114/bta.2017.70800. Vancouver E. Galbas M, Porzucek F, Selwet M, Nowak A, Slomski R. Lunasin – a bioactive peptide from triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) seeds, inhibits proliferation of cancer HeLa and SK-OV-3 cells. BioTechnologia. 2017;98(3):219-224. doi:10.5114/bta.2017.70800.

Phenotypic and genotypic analyses of diversity and breeding progress in European triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack)

AbstractKnowledge of the extent of phenotypic variability, genetic diversity and the realized breeding progress is central for the optimum design of breeding programmes, but little information is available for triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack). In this study, a collection of 885 diverse European triticale lines was evaluated in multilocation field trials in 2 years. We observed significant genotypic variances and high heritabilities for several agronomic and morphological traits and significant correlations among different traits including grain yield. Based on a subset of the population of 121 varieties registered in Europe between 1983 and 2014, we observed a substantial breeding progress for grain yield with a significant rate of increase of 53 kg/ha or 0.67% per year. All lines were genotyped by a genotyping‐by‐sequencing approach yielding 58 888 polymorphic markers. Our analyses revealed the absence of major population structure but a certain grouping of lines according to their origin. Taken together, our results on triticale germplasm and its breeding history provide important information for breeding programmes and future selection gain in this crop.

Biodegradable films obtained from triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) flour activated with natamycin for cheese packaging

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the properties of films made from triticale flour activated with natamycin for cheese packaging. Films control and with different concentration of natamycin were prepared. Moisture content, water solubility, color, puncture test, water vapor permeability and microstructure of films and diffusion coefficients of natamycin were determined. The addition of natamycin reduced solubility values and water permeability, increases L*, b* and ΔE, whereas it did not significantly affect the moisture content of the films or puncture force. The analysis of the microstructure indicated that natamycin was incorporated homogenously onto the films. The diffusional exponents were between 0.5 and 1 (non-fickian diffusion). The antifungal activity of the active triticale flour films against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were demonstrated by agar diffusion test. In the case of C. albicans the zone of inhibition was greater at higher concentrations, while against A. niger there were no significant differences. In addition, we studied the performance of active films through testing soft cheese, covered partly with control and activated films and stored 14 days at 4 °C and at room temperature. Visual inspection showed growth of mold on cheese surfaces that were not covered and on the coated with film control, while those covered with activated films did not show mold growth. In conclusion, the addition of natamycin to triticale flour films allows obtaining a material suitable for use in food packaging as active container of cheese to inhibit deterioration.

Production of hydroponic fodder of triticale with common vetch

An experiment was conducted at the Colégio Politécnico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) – RS, in order to evaluate the production of hydroponic fodder of three varieties of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack): BRS Saturno, BRS Ulisses and Embrapa 53 at the densities 2.0 kg m-2, associated with four densities of hairy vetch SS Ametista (Vicia villosa Roth.) at doses of 0, 150, 300 and 450 g m-2, during the winter of 2011. The experiment was conducted in a high tunnel with each treatment in an area of 1.0 m-2, using a nutrient solution described by Santos et al. (2004). Evaluations were performed at 20 days after sowing. BRS Saturno had the highest average yield with 15.50 kg m-2 followed by Embrapa 53 with 12.97 kg m-2 and BRS Ulisses with 12.12 kg m-2. Vetch dosis increased the total dry matter linearly.

Hybrid breeding for biomass yield in winter triticale: I. Hybrid performance, trait correlations and heterosis

AbstractTriticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) holds great potential as a source for biomass production for industrial applications in Central Europe and hybrid breeding in particular appears promising owing to the higher vigour of hybrids compared to lines. In this study, a set of 178 winter triticale genotypes, including 91 hybrids, their 10 male and 23 female parental lines, as well as 54 varieties were evaluated for biomass yield and other agronomically relevant traits in 2 years at five locations in Germany. We observed a large variation of dry biomass yield as well as significant genotypic variances and high heritabilities for all traits. For the hybrids, a moderate correlation was observed between biomass and plant height and between biomass and grain yield. Mid‐parent heterosis of biomass yield ranged from −13.6 to 16.5% with an average of 4.8%, and the maximum commercial heterosis was 9.1%. Taken together, our results illustrate the potential of hybrid breeding of triticale for biomass yield to diversify our portfolio of crops for biomass production.

Crop management and variety have influence on alkylresolcinol content in triticale grain

ABSTRACTAlkylresorcinols (ARs) from cereal kernels belong to the bioactive components, which are said to have health-enhancing properties. The genetic and agronomic factors have an impact on the growth, quantity and quality of cereal grain yields, so they can also affect the content of ARs in triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack). The purpose of this research was to determine the impact of production technology on AR content in the grains of four winter triticale varieties cultivated under different cultivation systems. The research was conducted in the years of 2010–2014 at the Experimental Station in Osiny (51°27′N; 22°2′E), Poland. The experiment was located on a lessive soil (Luvisol), on plots sized 45 m2 in four replications. The first factor was cultivation system (tillage and no-tillage) and the second factor was type of production technology (integrated and intensive), which was diversified in terms the doses of mineral fertilizers and the intensity of plant chemical protection. The study indicated that the content of ARs in winter triticale grains is mostly determined genetically but it also depends on weather conditions and production technology. This content is the least dependent on soil cultivation system. The highest AR content was recorded for Fredro variety, while the lowest for Pizarro, 444 and 277 mg kg−1, respectively. Using intensive production technologies favored the accumulation of ARs, especially under abundant rainfall during the tillering, at the beginning of shooting and earring, as well as under limited rainfall during plant ripening. The production of pro-health food of a high content of ARs would benefit the most from using Fredro variety of winter triticale, cultivated in tillage system under intensive production technology.

Evaluation of several genotypes of wheat and triticale under rain fed conditions in Sulaimaniyah province

Two field experiments were carried out in a farmer’s fields in Sulaimaniyah Governorate (Bakra Joe region) in winter season of 2014-2015. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) were used with three replicates, in order to evaluate 14 genotypes with local cultivar (Araz) as a control of Wheat (Triticum spp) and 6 genotypes of Triticale (X. Triticosecale wittmack). The study results were summarized as following: the genotypes of Wheat significantly varied in all studied traits. The genotype AL-LSSN 108 in highest average of number of grains in spike 49.77 grain spike-1 and grain yield about 4.29 ton ha-1, and the genotype AL-ESW 139 was superior in spike with 442.7 spike m-2 and average of protein percentage in grain %17.15. The genotype AL-LSSN 143 has recorded highest average of 1000-grain weight 26.73 gm. The genotypes of Triticale varied in most of studied traits where the genotype Triticale 49 was superior in number of grains in spike 47.12 grain. spike-1, weight of 1000-grain weight 31.14 gm, grain yield 5.27 ton. ha-1.

Selection of Salt- tolerant Triticale (X triticosecale Wittmack) and Genetic Variation Assay for Agronomic and Physiological Traits

Selection of Salt- tolerant Triticale (X triticosecale Wittmack) and Genetic Variation Assay for Agronomic and Physiological Traits

Long Term of Cattle Manure Amendments and Its Impact on Triticale (X. Triticosecale Wittmack) Production and Soil Quality

Organic amendment is a good alternative to improve soil fertility to maintain or increase crop forage and grain production. After several times of organic applications (crop cycles), it is important to follow soil physical and chemical parameters to avoid soil pollution such as salinity and nitrate. The main objective of this study was to maintain good triticale forage production and soil quality after seven years in plots where two factors were studied: cow manure amendments; 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 t ha-1 and one chemical level with 150-100-00 kg ha-1 of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium, respectively just to compare manure amendments. After this, to decrease soil salinity and high levels of nitrate, triticale forage was planted in the same plots using two varieties without manure and chemical fertilizer application. Triticale variables measured were green forage and ential (Ph) and Nitrates (NO3). Results indicated that triticale forage production was high in all plots were cow manure was applied after three years than the control and chemical fertilizer level, also, the chemical soil parameters such as, salinity and nitrate decrease to adequate levels of: 4 mmhos cm-1 in salinity and less than 20 ppm of nitrates. Triticale forage production was better in all plots with cow manure application with more than 25 mg ha-1, that’s the triticale average production in this region and more than 100% of the control and chemical fertilizer plots. According to these results, cow manure amendments is a good alternative to get high triticale forage production and maintain a good soil quality.

Forage yield and quality of simple and complex grass-legumes mixtures under Mediterranean conditions

In the experiments conducted in 2013/2014 at the National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV) experimental station in Elvas - Portugal, the agronomic and forage quality traits of various species (Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack), Oat (Avena sativa L.), Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.), Red vetchling (Lathyrus cicera L.). Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa, Roth), Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and Fiel pea (Pisum sativum L.)) in pure stands as well as in mixtures were evaluated. The objective was to identify interesting species or fodder mixture able to produce early interesting biomass, both in quantity and quality, for the periods when there is scarcity of pasture. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used in the experiment. The studied parameters were: dry matter yield, crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber content (NDF) and in vitro digestibility. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments for all agronomic and forage quality parameters. Lowest dry matter production was recorded in the combination on red vetchling in the first cut (133 kg ha -1 ) and with grasspea in the second cut (1266 kg ha -1 ), but these treatments are characterized by the highest values of protein contents (16-23%), the highest digestibility (66-81%) and the lowest NDF content (24-39%).

Correlation between Fusarium head blight severity and DON content in triticale as revealed by phenotypic and molecular data

AbstractFusarium head blight (FHB) in triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) results in yield losses and mycotoxin contamination, for example, by deoxynivalenol (DON). This study aimed to analyse the correlation between FHB severity and DON content in a DH population of 146 entries across environments. Additionally, Fusarium damaged kernel (FDK) rating, heading stage and plant height were recorded. Highly significant (P &lt; 0.001) genotypic variances were found throughout, but also significant (P &lt; 0.001) genotype–environment interaction variances occurred. Correlation between FHB severity and heading stage or plant height was low (r = 0.144 and r = −0.153, P &lt; 0.10). A prediction of DON content from FHB severity or FDK rating is not possible caused by low correlations (r = 0.315 and 0.572, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). A common quantitative trait locus (QTL) for all FHB‐related traits was found on wheat chromosome 2A being of minor importance for FHB severity, but of high importance for DON content and FDK rating. Another QTL on rye chromosome 5R was more important for FHB severity. In conclusion, DON content has to be measured in triticale after selection for FHB severity to gain for healthy and mycotoxin‐reduced feed.