Triticale Genotypes Research Articles

Haploid Induction in Triticale × Wheat and Wheat × Rye Derivatives Following Imperata cylindrica-Mediated Chromosome Elimination Approach

Communicated by S.P. Baenziger) The present research endeavor was undertaken to depict the response of different generations viz., F1, F2, BC1F1, BC1F2, BC1F3, BC1F4 and BC1F5 of triticale × wheat and wheat × rye hybrids towards the different parameters of haploid induction. The experimental material included the different generations obtained utilizing five genotypes of triticale (DT-123, DT-126, TL-2900, TL-2908 and TL-9335), four genotypes of Himalayan rye (Karoki rye, shanoor rye, tino rye and triloki rye) with various elite bread wheat genotypes as parents in wide hybridization programme. The triticale × wheat and wheat × rye recombinants were further subjected to Imperata cylindrica-mediated chromosome elimination approach of doubled haploidy breeding. The variability in the haploid induction parameters was observed to be under genetic control for embryo formation and regeneration, while pseudoseed formation was only affected by auxin treatment. Among the different generations, the backcross generations viz., BC1F1 and BC1F2 were found to exhibit significant positive response towards haploid induction parameters in both triticale × wheat and wheat × rye hybridization. Knowledge of effective generation for haploid induction in triticale × wheat and wheat × rye hybridization not only saved the time and energy but also enhanced the efficiency of haploid induction.

Badanie typów odporności na fuzariozę kłosów u pszenżyta ozimego za pomocą markerów fenotypowych i metabolicznych

A collection of 106 genotypes of winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) was evaluated for resistance to Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum and for toxin accumulation in grain. The inoculation tests were carried out in two locations. Fusarium head blight indexes (FHBi) describing combined type I and type II of resistance, the percentage of kernels with visible symptoms of Fusarium damage (FDK; type III of resistance) and the level of Fusarium toxins (type V of resistance) were evaluated. The content of the type B trichothecenes: deoxynivalenol (DON) and derivatives, nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenone (ZEN) in grain was analyzed. Moreover, the amount of ergosterol was evaluated to measure the level of Fusarium mycelium in grain. The FHB indexes were similar in both locations and on average amounted to 18.2%. The percentage of FDK varied for individual triticale genotypes. The average FDK was 29.5% (FDK weight) and 37.6% (FDK number). Regarding the FDK of respective genotypes, a significant level of correlation between locations was found. There was a lack of correlation between FHBi and FDK in Poznan, and in Radzikow, a very weak, but significant correlation between FHBi and FDK was observed. The content of Fusarium toxins in the grain was very high. The average of DON content for both locations was 8.649 mg/kg. The average content of NIV was also high and amounted to 5.839 mg/kg. The average content of zearalenone was 1.382 mg/kg. High correlation coefficient for DON and FDK was found. Correlation coefficients between ergosterol and FDK, as well as, among ergosterol and sum of type B trichothecenes in grain were significant. The principal component analysis revealed six triticale genotypes combining a high level of resistance of different types

Physico-chemical properties and milling behavior of modern triticale genotypes

Triticale is a cereal crop alternative to wheat, and its incorporation into food products is limited. This work aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical properties and the milling behavior of modern triticale genotypes in order to determine their use in the baking industry. The protein content, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation test, and falling number of triticale genotypes were lower than wheat. The ash content was higher for triticales, while the test weight, starch content, and flour extraction yield were comparable to wheat; but with a considerable variability in the break and reduction flour yield. The studied triticale genotypes can be used in food products that do not require high gluten strength, such as cookies and cakes, as well as cereal bars or extruded cereals, for which ash content and falling number are irrelevant. In addition, the falling number test was not adequate to evaluate the a-amylase activity of triticales and considerable variability in the triticale grain hardness was observed.

Evaluation of drought tolerance of triticale (xTriticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) genotypes along with bread wheat and barley genotypes

The effects of drought stress on morphological and yield traits of six different genotypes of triticale along with wheat and barley were studied. The experiment was conducted in agricultural college of Sarayan, University of Birjand in 2016-2017 growing season. Experiment was a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with drought stress in main plots and eight mentioned genotypes in subplots in three replications. Results of analysis of variance and means comparison analysis showed significant and negative effect of drought stress on grain yield and biological yield of all investigated genotypes. There was significant difference among investigated genotypes of triticale, wheat, and barley for grain yield under drought stress at 1 % probability level. Pazh genotype of triticale was found as the most drought tolerance genotype, among all investigated genotypes, based on almost all drought tolerance indexes. The highest significant correlation with grain yield was related to biological yield, harvest index, spike/shoot ratio, height and straw yield. GGE biplot analysis of genotypes based on their Yp and Ys showed that Pazh, Jualino, and Sanabad genotypes of triticale had more trends to Ys principal component than ET-89-11 line, wheat, and barley genotypes, therefore show more tolerance to drought stress.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Triticum spp., Secale Cereale And Triticale Using Issr Markers And Sds-Page

Genetic diversity among some wild close relatives of wheat was estimated using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and SDS-PAGE markers. Four Triticum, Secale cereale and Triticale genotypes including seven Triticum, Secale and Triticale accessions belonging to one diploid (Secale cereale), three tetraploid (Triticum durum (4x)) and two hexaploid (Triticale (6x)) in addition to one hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) species sampled from different ecogeographical regions of Egypt; a durum wheat cultivars 'Baniswef 1 and 3 and Sohag 3', a local wheat cultivars growing in upper Egypt 'Giza 168', a bread wheat cultivar and two triticale strains beside one rye strain were evaluated. Genetic diversity among wheat accessions was estimated using 11 ISSR primers. Of the approximately 153 detected ISSR markers, 65 (42%) were polymorphic with 4 bands per used primer pair. Cluster analysis of 7 accessions belonging to the four species by UPGMA cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity estimates for ISSR data divided all accessions into one major cluster and Secale cereale separated from the major cluster. two major sub-clusters reflecting almost their genome composition. The first one included wheat species having AB genomes ('Baniswef 1 and 3 and Sohag 3'), while second cluster included wheat species having ABD and ABR genomes. The genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.36 between Triticale 1 and rye accession and 0.84 between Triticale 1 (6x) and Triticale 2 (6x). Two Triticum durum species of were ranked as the second most related species (0.81). The results of SDS-PAGE revealed a total number of 145 bands with molecular weights (MW) ranging from about 17 kDa to 158 kDa, which were not necessarily present in the 7 genotypes. Data revealed seven common bands (monomorphic), six unique bands while the remaining 90 band were polymorphic with 62% polymorphism. The unique Bands at the molecular weight 158 and 41 kd were the distinguishable band of Baniswef 3. The unique Band at the molecular weight 64 kd was the distinguishable band detected of Sohag 3. The unique Bands at the molecular weight 62 and 55 kd were detected only in Rye. The unique Band at the molecular weight 17 kd was detected only in Baniswef 1.

English

Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) is one of the three rust diseases that infect triticale (X. Triticosecale Wittmack). Twenty-six triticale genotypes were evaluated for adult plant resistance (APR) to stem rust (Sr) infection in the greenhouse in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). R-TR (resistant –trace or minimal uredinia) reactions were observed on 6 genotypes EUT046, EUT59, EUT090, EUT093, 118 and EUT139 at adult plant stage. Reactions of 5RMR (5% disease severity with resistant-moderately resistant reactions) were observed on EUT001, EUT034, EUT035, EUT123 and EUT124. Four of the genotypes evaluated showed moderately resistant (MR) reactions with severity ranging from 10 MR to 15 MR. Effects due to genotype, stage and genotype × stage interactions were significant (p<0.001) for length, width and area of spore. The mean length of spore increased from 0.75 mm at 17 days to 2.65 mm at 35 days after inoculation (DAI). The mean area of spore ranged from 0.27 to 1.33 mm2 between the 17 and 35 DAI. The slowest development (0.003 mm2 day-1, 0.006 mm2 day-1 and 0.009 mm2 day-1) of Sr spore was observed between 17-20 DAI for EUT035, EUT123 and EUT034, respectively. Triticale genotypes were also significantly (p<0.001) different for the latent period, AUDPC, number and weight of grains per spike. The mean latent period ranged from 10.00 days for EUT004 to 22.66 days for EUT001 and EUT087. Triticale genotypes that showed high level of APR were identified and can be used as sources of resistance in triticale breeding programs against stem rust. Key words: Adult Plant Resistance, Stem rust, Resistant, Triticale genotypes.

Seed germination of wheat, rye and triticale at different storage variants

Germinating ability of winter and winterspring hexaploid triticale seeds, as well as wheat and rye seeds, after nine years of room storage at the temperature of 18-24°C, was studied. The experiment was laid in autumn 2008 and included four repetitions of crop samples within each storage variant: in ears and threshed seeds, in paper and plastic bags. For the experiment, the seeds of the new harvest were dried for 2 months in sheaves. In autumn 2017, the seeds were germinated at the temperature of 24 °C. The most acceptable variants of seed storage (in plastic bags and in ears) as well as differences in seed germinating ability of crops and variety specimens of different development types were revealed. Seed germinating ability of all three crops was satisfactory when stored in ears (68 ± 3%) and in plastic bags (70 ± 3%). Reduced germinating ability (59 ± 2%) was noted after storage in paper bags. When stored in plastic bags, the seeds of winter varieties of triticale, Sears 57 and Cecad 90, showed increased germinating ability: 77 ± 3% and 74 ± 2%, respectively. The seed germinating ability of all winter crops was higher than that of winterspring analogues. Triticale excess averaged 9%, wheat - 4.5%, winter rye - 12%. Among all studied crops and samples, the most late-maturing genotype of winter-spring triticale Cecad 90/5 had the lowest seed germinating ability (45 ± 3%), while winter rye variety Korotkostebelnaya 69 had the highest one (84 ± 4%). The diploid rye had an average seed germination rate by 11% higher than the tetraploid one. Wheat and rye had higher seed germinating ability in all variants of the experiment than triticale genotypes, the germinating ability indices being 72 ± 3%, 68 ± 3% and 61 ± 2%, respectively.

Güneydoğu Anadolu’da Bazı Tritikale Genotiplerinin Verim ve Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi

This research was conducted to assess of yield and its component in different locations some triticale genotypes. The field experiment was arranged to the randomized complete block design with four replications during the 2012-13 growing seasons under Diyarbakir and Mardin ecological conditions. Three triticale cultivars (Ege Yildizi, Fahad-5 and Karma 2000) and two advanced lines (Line DZT-01 and Line DZT-06) were used as material. SPAD, protein content, test weight, thousand kernel weight, starch content, wet gluten, zeleny sedimentation and grain yield were evaluated. According to the findings of research, genotypic differences were found significant for SPAD, grain yield, thousand kernel weight and test weight. The values ranged in genotypes were between 51.8-57.3 in SPAD, 5043.9-6469.3 kg ha-1 in grain yield, 35.31-45.81 g in thousand kernel weight, 71.38-78.72 kg hL-1 intest weight, 13.1-13.7% in protein content, 64.27-65.94% in starch content, 28.71-30.61% in wet gluten and 40.42-45.67 mL in zeleny sedimentation. Significant positive correlation between protein content with gluten content and zeleny sedimentation in both locations was found. With regard to grain yield and some quality traits of Line DZT-01 and quality traits of Line DZT-06 were highest than commercial cultivars in both locations. Line DZT-01 and Line DZT-06 were found as promising line. These lines can be new cultivar candidates and could be recommended to sown in South-Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey.

Association of biochemical traits with grain yield in triticale genotypes under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions

Association of biochemical traits with grain yield in triticale genotypes under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions

Adaptivity of spring triticale sorts in agroecological conditions of the middle priamurye

The aim of this work is to fix the price of the adaptive properties of spring triticale, created in different ecology-geographical zones, in agroecological conditions of the Middle Priamurye concerning the productivity. The researches have been done in 2015-2017 years on the selection crop rotation of the Far-Eastern NIISH. The eight sort samples of spring triticale from VIR world collection, created in different ecology-geographical zones, were picked out and analyzed. The hydrothermic conditions during the researching years were of various character: index of surroundings conditions changed from -5,05 to 4,95. The best conditions for the sorts were in 2017 year, when the index of surroundings had the greatest importance. The negative index of surroundings was typical for 2016 year, when the soil remoistening during the whole vegetation period became the factor affecting on the spring triticale productivity. The genotypes of spring triticale showed the different adaptive properties in hydrothermic conditions of the Middle Priamurye. The sorts of spring triticale Skory, Ulyana, Victoria showed the high stability to stress factors of growing. The maximum correspondence with the factors of the Middle Priamurye surroundings is with the genotype of sort Rovnya. The sorts of high intensive type – Skory and Ulyana – are responsive to conditions improvement. That is why they are characterized by stable productivity. Sort Victoria is concerned to ecologically plastic in the soil-climatic conditions of the Middle Priamurye. The sorts: Ukro, Rovnya, Lana, Oberig kharkovskiy and AC Certa are concerned to neutral type; according to the ecological plasticity of they have no stability in productivity forming.

Oxidant related biochemical traits are significant indices in triticale grain yield under drought stress condition

Two separate experiments, one as drought stress conditions and the other one as the normal irrigation conditions based on randomized complete block design with three replications were implemented to examine 20 triticale (Triticoseclae wittamack X) genotypes of which 19 genotypes have recently been generated by crossing different parent lines and the other one was Javaniloo, a common cultivar. Based on the results of different statistical techniques and comparing relationships among traits for normal irrigation and stress condition, enzymatic antioxidant could be used as criteria for screening tolerant genotypes of triticale. On the other hand, it is pointed out that superoxide dismutase are the most important criteria to achieve higher tolerant genotypes through indirect selection. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content having high relationship with rain yield are also the different possible criteria for screening triticale genotypes for water stress conditions in which genotypes with lower content of these traits could be screened.

Reaction of Australian durum, common wheat and triticale genotypes to Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) infection under artificial inoculation in the field

Karnal bunt is a seedborne disease of wheat caused by the fungus Tilletia indica Mitra and is a major biosecurity threat for the Australian wheat industry. Host-plant resistance is an effective means of controlling this disease. This study has identified Australian wheat genotypes with durable resistance should the pathogen enter Australia and become established. These genotypes provide a basis for breeding adapted genotypes that can be recommended for growers. In the study, 196 genotypes comprising 177 common (bread) wheat (hexaploid, Triticum aestivum), eight durum (tetraploid, T. durum) and 11 triticale (× Triticosecale) genotypes were evaluated in the field for their reaction to infection by the fungus. Six experiments were carried out at CIMMYT’s research station at Obregon, Mexico, during three consecutive cropping seasons (2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17) and at two planting dates. In each experiment, the genotypes were screened for resistance to Karnal bunt by injecting an inoculum suspension with a hypodermic syringe into the boot at awn emergence. Disease incidence averaged 14.7% infection in 2015, 21.7% in 2016 and 25.6% in 2017. Resistant triticale genotypes, Tuckerbox, Berkshire and Hawkeye, were identified, along with three resistant wheat genotypes, Batavia, Pelsart and RAC-655, and two moderately resistant durum genotypes, Hyperno and Saintly. Stability analysis showed that RAC-655, Hyperno, Tuckerbox and Berkshire were consistently resistant to infection in different seasonal conditions and unaffected by the environment.

ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ ИСТОЧНИКОВ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ К СЕПТОРИОЗУ У ГЕНОТИПОВ ОЗИМЫХ ТРИТИКАЛЕ В ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫХ ПОЛЕВЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ МОЛДОВЫ

Presented are the results of studying the inheritance of the phenotypic reaction in reciprocal F 1 and F 2 winter triticale hybrids (x Triticosecale Wittm.) on a natural infectious background for septoria in climatic conditions of the Republic of Moldova are presented. The aim of this work was to identify sources of resistance among the genotypes of local triticale that are well adapted to septoria and study of the genetic control of the trait. The reaction of reciprocal F 1 and F 2 hybrids on susceptibility of septoria varied in the range of 0.1-3.1 points and 0-2.8 points, respectively. It has been established that the resistance of triticale to Septoria tritici can be both dominant and recessive, depending on the response of the parental genotypes and the direction of the crossing. The overdominance of S. tritici resistance was manifested in F 1 hybrids from reciprocal crossing of resistant genotypes (Podoima/Talovscaia 12 and Ingen 40). In the less favorable climatic conditions for the development of the disease (2017), F 2 hybrids obtained from crosses of the Podoima /Talovscaia 12, Ingen 40 and Ingen 93 genotypes manifested tolerance. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.52, p 2 hybrids. When creating varieties resistant to septoria and winter triticale lines, it is recommended to use adapted and less affected against the natural infectious background resistance donors Ingen 40 and Podoima /Talovscaia 12.

English

English

Grain number and grain weight as determinants of triticale, wheat, two-rowed and six-rowed barley yield in the Pannonian environment

Climate significantly affects cropping systems across Europe. Knowledge of the variability in grain number per unit area and grain weight across different growing seasons and its association with grain yield is important for further improving small grain crop production. The main aim of this study was to compare grain yield and its numerical components among triticale, wheat, two-rowed and six-rowed barley cultivars across different growing seasons in a typical Pannonian location (south-eastern part of Central Europe). Trials with twelve winter cereal genotypes (three two-rowed barley, three six-rowed barley, three wheat and three triticale genotypes) were carried out in four successive seasons in Novi Sad, Serbia. Results of this study showed that growing season, species, cultivar, and species × growing season interaction significantly (p&lt;0.01) affected grain yield and its determinants. Generally, triticale had higher average grain yield, while the lowest grain yield was recorded in six-rowed barleys. Grain yield was more associated with the number of grains/m2 than with grain weight. Heading date was recognized as one of the important adaptive traits in crop development and yield determination. Short duration of the pre-anthesis phase in early cultivars and delayed anthesis in late cultivars significantly decreased the number of grains/spike in different species/spike types, reducing the final grain yield. Medium early cultivars had the highest number of grains/spike due to optimal duration of the pre-anthesis period and heading date and are suggested as recommendable for large scale production in the Pannonian environments.

Response of Cotton and Wheat Cultivars to Soil-applied Boron in a Boron-deficient, Noncalcareous Typic Ustochrept

ABSTRACTField experiments were conducted to study the response of cotton genotypes (G. arboreum Bt cv. RCH 650 BGII; non-Bt cv. F 2228; G. herbaceum cv. FDK 124) and wheat and triticale genotypes (T. aestivum cv. PBW 622; T. durum cv. PDW 314; triticale cv. TL 2908) to direct and residual B application (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kg B ha−1 as borax) using a Typic Ustrochrept, neutral, noncalcareous, loamy sand and B-deficient soil. A significant response of 218 and 231 kg ha−1 in seed cotton yield was recorded with an application of 1.0 kg B ha−1 to cotton and 2.0 kg B ha−1 to wheat. A significant response of 152 kg ha−1 grain yield of wheat was observed with the application of 0.5 kg B ha−1 to wheat, while no residual effect of B was observed when B was applied to cotton. On the basis of agronomic and B uptake efficiency, genotypes of cotton (RCH 650 BG II > FDK 124 > F 2228) and wheat (PDW 314> TL 2908> PBW 621) responded differentially to B application, thus indicating that yield of Bt cotton and durum wheat will be reduced more than the other cultivars under B deficiency.

Evaluation of Water Deficit Stress Effects on Morpho-Physiologicall Characteristics in Some Triticale Genotypes

Evaluation of Water Deficit Stress Effects on Morpho-Physiologicall Characteristics in Some Triticale Genotypes

Evaluation of carbohydrate properties and end-use quality of hexaploid triticale and its relationship to solvent retention capacity

Triticale is a competitive grain in foraging, but it has only limited usage in the food industry due to its relatively unfavorable end-use quality. Improvement of carbohydrate characteristics could be an option to partially compensate for its weaker protein quality and to have positive influences on technological properties. In the present study, carbohydrate composition and its relation to baked bread properties of triticale whole meal flour were studied, and utilization of the solvent retention capacity (SRC) method to predict bread-making quality was evaluated. Carbohydrate composition of the analysed triticale genotypes exhibited notable genetic variance with advantageous carbohydrate composition. Many carbohydrate parameters, including damaged starch, total starch, total dietary fiber and sugar concentrations and arabinoxylans levels, influenced the baked bread characteristics and SRC profiles of the triticale. Values for triticale whole meal bread properties were between those of wheat and rye, and triticale genotypes, with bread properties most similar to wheat, showed the same SRC profile as wheat. Therefore, SRC values could be used to predict bread-making quality of triticale genotypes; in particular, based on results of correlation analyses, lactic acid SRC % is a more specific test, for assessing bread-making quality.

Resistance of (Aegilops tauschii × Secale cereale) × Triticosecale Hybrids to Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina) Determined on the Macroscopic and Microscopic Level.

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks belongs to the most important fungal pathogens of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (× Triticosecale). Effective resistance to leaf rust is both, cost-effective and environmentally safe. Many wild Aegilops species carry unknown resistances against fungal diseases and are characterized by a high genetic variability. The main goal of this work was to examine the resistance of (Aegilops tauschii × Secale cereale) × Triticosecale hybrids to leaf rust in inoculation tests with different races of P. triticina. Hybrid plants were selected for the presence of 2D chromosome/s in the triticale background using fluorescence and genomic in situ hybridization. The presence of leaf rust resistance genes was confirmed with closely linked molecular markers, i.e., Xgdm35 and Xgwm296. 14 genotypes of BC2F4 – BC2F6 hybrid plants with the monosomic addition of chromosome 2D (M2DA) were analyzed together with nine control lines. Resistance was determined at the macroscopic and microscopic level at the seedling and adult plant stage (flag leaf). In general, results revealed limited resistance of hybrid plants at the seedling stage, followed by an increase of the resistance level at later stages of plant development. This indicates that respective hybrid plants may exhibit APR resistance conferred by Lr22a introgressed from Ae. tauschii. On the basis of the macroscopic and microscopic analysis, this kind of resistance turned out to be additive and race-specific. We selected four monosomic 2D addition triticale genotypes highly resistant to P. triticina infection at the two main stages of plant development. From the selected genotypes, we obtained 26 doubled haploid lines among which two lines with doubled additional chromosomes 2D of Ae. tauschii can be used for further breeding to increase leaf rust resistance of cultivated triticale.

Grain constituents and starch characteristics influencing in vitro enzymatic starch hydrolysis in Hungarian triticale genotypes developed for food consumption

AbstractBackground and objectivesTriticale is mostly used for feed but there is an increasing interest for food consumption. In cereals, major storage carbohydrate is starch, whose concentration and composition influence the end use of the grain. Therefore, grain constituents focused on starch characteristics were analyzed in 11 triticale genotypes and compared to wheat and rye.FindingsSignificant genotypic variation was detected among the analyzed parameters, in triticale. Starch concentrations (59.2%–66.1%) were similar to wheat, and amylose varied in wide range (23.9%–34.5%). The A‐type starch granules had higher volume (70.5%–81.9%) similar to rye, but the amylopectin structure was in between rye and wheat. Both grain constituents and starch properties influenced starch in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis, where the triticale average was similar to wheat in meal, but extracted starch was more like in rye.ConclusionsThe advantageous properties and genotypic variation possessed by triticale starch suggest that targeted selection can be used to improve triticale grain quality and opens up the opportunity to use triticale not just in human food but develop value‐added products.Significance and noveltyThis research provides knowledge to understand better the food‐use aspects of triticale and revealed novel information about starch characteristics and amylopectin structure in relation to starch hydrolytic properties.