Trisodium Phosphate Research Articles

Disinfection treatments eliminated tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato seeds

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), belonging to the genus Tobamovirus, is a highly-virulent emerging virus species, causing disease outbreaks and significant crop losses worldwide. No effective measure has been identified to control ToBRFV infection. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of three seed disinfection treatments on the elimination of ToBRFV in tomato seeds and their effect on seed quality. Seeds extracted from ToBRFV-infected fruits were treated with 2% hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 30 min, 10% trisodium phosphate (TSP) for 3 h, dry heat at 72 °C for 72 h, or their combinations; then, the seeds were tested for the presence of the virus using serological, molecular, and biological assays. Parallel treatments of seeds in distilled water (hydropriming) or untreated seeds were included for comparison. The quality of the treated seeds was also evaluated in terms of seed standard germination, mean time to germination (MTG), and seedling growth. Seeds extracted from ToBRFV-infected fruits had a 100% contamination rate. Treatment of ToBRFV-contaminated seeds with 2% HCl for 30 min or 10% TSP for 3 h resulted in a 100% disinfection rate, while heat treatment at 72 °C for 72 h or hydropriming treatments resulted in a 0% disinfection rate. Furthermore, seed treatment with HCl or hydropriming for 3 h significantly improved seed germination percentage, reduced MTG (faster speed of germination), and increased seedling length. In conclusion, seed treatment with 2% HCl for 30 min not only resulted in a 100% disinfection rate of seeds from the ToBRFV but also improved seed quality of tomato compared to untreated seeds.

Trisodium phosphate an efficient anti-pitting and anti-cracking agent for mild steel in 0.1 N sulphuric acid: Experimental & Molecular dynamics study

Abstract Trisodium phosphate (TSP) was tested as an anti-pitting and anti-cracking agent for mild steel (MS) in 0.1 N sulphuric acid using experimental and theoretical methods. Weight loss, gasometric, electrochemical, impedance, SEM, and metallurgical microscopy techniques were carried out at room temperature. The kinetic and thermochemical parameters were investigated and discussed in detail. Geometry optimization of TSP was carried out and DFT theory was used to obtain theoretical IR spectra. Frequency calculation was carried out on optimized geometry of TSP. Mechanism of inhibition was investigated both by theoretical and experimental techniques. DFT and molecular simulation studies prove strong adsorption of TSP on the surface of MS. DFT and chemisorption study explains the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. TSP shows 76.28% of corrosion inhibition efficiency for MS at 100 ppm concentration in 0.1 N sulphuric acid and proves to be a very good anti-pitting and anti-cracking agent.

Stabilisation/solidification of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by phosphate-enhanced calcium aluminate cement

Landfill disposal of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MIFA) presents significant environmental and economic burden. This study proposed a novel and high-efficiency approach for stabilisation/solidification (S/S) of MIFA by phosphate-modified calcium aluminate cement (CAC). Experimental results showed that the presence of Pb (the most leachable metal contaminant in the MIFA) retarded the early-stage reaction of CAC, resulting in an extension of setting time and a significant decline of compressive strength of CAC pastes. The incorporation of phosphate additives (10 wt% of binder), especially for trisodium phosphate, in CAC system effectively mitigated the negative impact of Pb on the CAC reaction and reduced the Pb leachability. Elemental mapping results illustrated that Pb2+ coordinated with phosphate to generate insoluble precipitates (e.g., Pb3(PO4)2). The S/S treated MIFA samples fulfilled the compressive strength and leachability requirements for on-site reuse. Overall, this study demonstrated that phosphate-modified CAC is a promising binder for S/S of hazardous MIFA.

Effect of Abrasive Containing Whitening Dentifrices on Surface Characteristics and Color Stability of Two Aesthetic Restorative Materials

surface characteristics and color Stability of two aesthetic restorative materials. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 specimen were prepared from two tested materials (Filtek Z350 resin composite and Equia forte glass ionomer with nano filled coat).The specimen were divided into three groups (n=60). Group 1: hydrated silica containing tooth paste Group 2: calcium carbonate containing tooth paste, Group 3: trisodium phosphate containing tooth paste, each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to number of brushing duration (1120, 2240) cycles (n=15).Each subgroup was further subdivided into three divisions according to the type of test performed (micro hardness, surface roughness, color stability) (n=5). All tests were done before and after brushing then the data were statistically analysed. Results: Baseline results revealed that resin composite has higher micro hardness, lower surface roughness and more color stability compared to glass ionomer. Regarding the effect of tooth paste; trisodium phosphate containing tooth paste recorded the higher micro hardness, lower surface roughness and more color stability among all tested groups. On other hand, brushing for eight weeks (2240cycles) showed significant decrease in micro hardness, increase in both surfaces roughness and color instability. Conclusion: Abrasive containing whitening dentifrices and number of brushing cycles have an influential effect on surface characteristics and color stability of composite and glass ionomer.

Extract from Oenothera biennis L. stalks efficiently inhibits Staphylococcus aureus activity by affecting cell permeability and respiratory metabolism

Current studies on Oenothera biennis L. have focused on seeds rather than on stalks. Thus, information on the bioactive effects of O. biennis stalks is lacking. Therefore, this study investigated the antibacterial effect of O. biennis stalk extract (OBSE) and its underlying mechanisms against Staphylococcus aureus in terms of cell permeability and respiration metabolism to effectively utilize O. biennis stalks. Results showed that OBSE inhibited S. aureus growth. The diameter of the inhibitory zone reached 13.57 mm, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was 1 mg/mL. The activity of alkaline phosphatase and the levels of electronic conductivity, nucleic acid, and protein in S. aureus suspension were remarkably decreased (p < 0.01) by OBSE treatment because of the leakage of cell contents. Furthermore, OBSE inhibited S. aureus respiration. The superposition rate of OBSE and trisodium phosphate was the lowest, and the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was obviously decreased (p < 0.01) by OBSE treatment. Thus, OBSE was involved in regulating the hexose monophosphate pathway. Consequently, O. biennis stalks have a potential application in antibacterial products.

Combining salicylic acid and trisodium phosphate alleviates chilling injury in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) through enhancing fatty-acid desaturation efficiency and water retention

Chilling injury (CI) restricts the quality and shelf life of bell pepper fruits; reducing these CI-induced detrimental effects is therefore of high economic and agricultural relevance. Here, we investigated the effects of trisodium phosphate (TSP), salicylic acid (SA), and TSP + SA treatments on pepper fruits under cold stress at 4 °C for 25 d. Combined TSP + SA treatment performed an optimal effect. Specifically, TSP + SA treatment enhanced fatty-acid desaturation efficiency, as indicated by the increased expression of key fatty acid desaturase genes, and higher content of unsaturated fatty acids. Meanwhile, TSP + SA treatment inhibited the CI-induced membrane damage, manifested as lower electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. Furthermore, low field-nuclear magnetic resonance and proline content also revealed that TSP + SA treatment mitigated CI through enhancing water retention in pepper fruits. Collectively, our results may shed new light on optimizing the low-temperature storage conditions of post-harvest peppers.

NEW PARASITE OCCURRENCES IN Tamandua tetradactyla (PILOSA: MYRMECOPHAGIDAE) IN THE NORTHEAST OF BRAZIL: A PALEOPARASITOLOGICAL STUDY

Paleoparasitological studies have revealed parasite eggs in coprolites from humans and other animals, obtained in archaeological sites in the New and Old World. However, to date, the only parasite found in anteaters coprolites is Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Acanthocephala: Gigantorhynchidae). Here we present the results of paleoparasitological analysis of nine Tamandua tetradactyla coprolites, of layers dated from 8,870 and 3,190 years BP, collected in three archaeological sites: Toca dos Coqueiros, Toca da Passagem and Toca do Enoque, rock shelters located in the southeast of the Piaui state, Brazil. Each coprolite was rehydrated in 0.5% trisodium phosphate solution, homogenized with a glass rod for spontaneous sedimentation. A minimum of 20 slides of each sample was examined using light microscopy. Acanthocephalan eggs of three morphotypes were found: G. echinodiscus, Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus and Oligacanthorhynchus sp.. Three morphotypes of Nematoda eggs and oocysts of cf. Entamoeba sp. were also found. The finding of G. echinodiscus , a species commonly reported in anteaters, reinforces the previous data and highlights the specificity and antiquity of this host-parasite interaction. This is the first finding of Oligacanthorhynchidae and Aspidoderidae parasites in T. tetradactyla. These findings evidence the need for more studies of the parasitic fauna of T. tetradactyla from both ancient and current times aiming to broaden the knowledge about the parasite diversity of this host and the evolutionary processes that led to these interactions.

Herbivores Coprolites from Chehrabad Salt Mine of Zanjan, Iran (Sassanid Era, 224-651 AD) Reveals Eggs of Strongylidae and Anoplocephalidae Helminths

The ancient Chehrabad Salt mine, a well-known archaeological site in Iran, has recently received increasing interest from Iranian and international archeologists. Also, the biological remains from this site have provided valuable sources for studying the pathogenic agents of ancient times. This study aimed to identify the parasitic helminth eggs preserved in the herbivores coprolites. From 2011 to 2015, we received three coprolites belonging to herbivorous animals recovered during excavations in Chehrabad Salt mine of Zanjan, Iran. The coprolites were dated back to the Sassanid era (224-651 AD) by using radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and archeological stratigraphy methods. Following rehydration of the specimens in a 0.5% trisodium phosphate solution, the suspensions were mounted in glycerin jelly on glass slides and examined by a light microscope with 100x and 400x magnifications. Two coprolites belonged to donkeys and one to an unknown herbivore species. The recovered eggs belonged to members of two helminths families, Strongylidae, and Anoplocephalidae. Also, within the two coprolites, some mites, presumably of the order Oribatida, were observed. The presence of two different nematodes in the equids coprolites provide clues of the burden of helminths infection on working animal at the Sassanid time and demonstrates the appropriate preservation condition of biological remains in the ancient salt mine of Chehrabad as well.

Strategy of selecting solvent systems for spherical agglomeration by the Lifshitz-van der Waals acid-base approach

A strategy for rationally selecting solvent systems of spherical agglomeration is proposed for the first time. It emphasizes that followed by crystallization and phase separation, spherical agglomeration can be achieved only when the solvent system can induce wetting and adhesion which are estimated by the Lifshitz-van der Waals acid-base approach. Especially for wettability of bridging liquid, solvent and anti-solvent, the strategy indicates that it is of great importance for a successful solvent system. Valid systems therefore are selected in the first place while invalid ones are removed effectively according to the wettability difference. Based on the strategy, valid solvent systems for cefotaxime sodium and benzoic acid spherical agglomeration were selected successfully from 720 and 2184 systems respectively without missing the reported systems. The strategy also predicted no valid systems for potassium chloride, maltitol and trisodium phosphate in the given solvent combinations, which agreed with the experiment results.

Utilization of trisodium phosphate to eliminate the adverse effect of Mg2+ on the flotation of pyrite

In this study, the effect of Mg2+ on the flotation of pyrite was systematically studied. Micro-flotation results showed that Mg2+ could significantly depress the flotation of pyrite at pH 10. As for the interaction mechanism, solution chemistry calculations, zeta potential measurements and adsorption studies indicated that the formation of Mg(OH)2 precipitates (due to hydrolysis of Mg2+) were positively charged, which would be adsorbed on the negatively charged pyrite surface, thereby preventing the adsorption of potassium butyl xanthate (PBX). In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis positively confirmed the presence of Mg(OH)2 precipitates on the pyrite surface. Interestingly, with the addition of trisodium phosphate (TSP), Mg(OH)2 precipitates were replaced by negatively charged Mg3(PO4)2, which would be desorbed from the pyrite surface due to electrostatic repulsion. In this way, Mg(OH)2 precipitates were removed from the pyrite surface. Finally, the adsorption amount of PBX on pyrite was restored, as well as the flotation recovery.

Selective Attachment of Luminophore-Bearing Emulsion at Diamonds—Mechanism Analysis and Mode Selection

The authors present an efficient modification method of X-ray fluorescence separation with mineral and organic luminophores used to adjust spectral and kinetic characteristics of anomalously luminescent diamonds. The mechanism of attachment of luminophores at diamonds and hydrophobic minerals is proved, including interaction between the organic component of emulsions and the hydrophobic surface of a treated object and the concentration of insoluble luminophore grains at the organic and water interface. Selective attachment of the luminophore-bearing organic phase of emulsion at the diamond surface is achieved owing to phosphatic dispersing agents. Tri-sodium phosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate added to emulsion reduce attachment of the luminophore-bearing organic phase at the surface of kimberlite minerals. It is shown that phosphate concentration of 1.0–1.5 g/l modifies and stabilizes spectral and kinematic parameters of kimberlite mineral on the level of initial values. This mode maintains the spectral and kinematic characteristics of anomalously luminescent diamonds at the wanted level to ensure extraction of diamonds to concentrate.

Rehydration of Dried-Out Specimens: a New Approach

Abstract Different procedures are proposed in the literature for the rehydration of dried-out specimens. These procedures vary greatly in their efficiency and application. This work describes a new procedure that is inspired by the literature but that avoids heating the specimens. This method was applied to reconditioning dried-out specimens from a historical collection (Swiss freshwater fishes, bird brains, and bird eyes), stored at the Naturhistorisches Museum Bern in Switzerland. The procedure consists of five steps. The first step is the softening of hardened soft tissue with benzaldehyde and demineralized water. The second step is an indirect rehydration with water vapor. The third step is a chemically induced direct hydration using a trisodium phosphate solution that allows the specimen to swell in size before being washed with water to remove all additives. Finally, the rehydrated specimen is transferred into new preserving fluid. Because the dehydrating properties of ethanol as a preservative are problematic, this paper presents the results of an experimental case study using a glycerol solution as a preservation fluid.

Enhancement of alkali-activated slag cement concretes crack resistance for mitigation of steel reinforcement corrosion

The paper is devoted to mitigation of steel reinforcement corrosion in alkali-activated slag cement (further, AASC) concretes, based on soluble sodium silicates (further, SSS’s), obtained from high consistensy concrete mixes. Enhancement of AASC fine concretes crack resistance due to modification by complex shrinkage-reducing additives (further, SRA’s) based on surfactants and trisodium phosphate Na3PO .12H2O (further, TSP) was proposed for mitigation of steel reinforcement corrosion. SSS’s were presented by sodium metasilicate (silica modulus 1.0, dry state) and water glass (silica modulus 2.9, density 1400 kg/m3). In case of sodium metasilicate the application of SRA composition “ordinary portland cement clinker – TSP – sodium lignosulphonate – sodium gluconate” provides enhancement of crack resistance starting from early age structure formation with restriction of drying shrinkage from 0,984 to 0,713 mm/m after 80 d. The effect is caused by reduction of water and by higher volume of crystalline hydrates. In turn, SRA presented by compositions “TSP – glycerol” and “TSP – glycerol – polyacrylamide” provide enhancement of AASC fine concretes fracture toughness during late structure formation with increasing ratio of tensile strength in bending to compressive strength up to 37 – 49 % if compare with the reference AASC when water glass is used.

Effect of Sodium Hexametaphosphate and Trisodium Phosphate on Dispersion of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer.

Enhancement in dispersion of polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) could be obtained by incorporating retarders in normal concrete. The generally believed reason was that the consumption of free water and polymer at the beginning was reduced by retarding cement hydration. This theory could not convincingly explain why sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) was able to promote the dispersion capacity of PCE, while trisodium phosphate (TSP) could not, despite that both TSP and SHMP could obviously retard the cement hydration. The adsorption behavior of PCE and phosphate was investigated and the mechanism was analyzed in order to gain deeper understanding. The results showed that TSP and SHMP delayed the cement hydration, impeded adsorption process of PCE, and increased thickness of adsorption layer. It was interesting that TSP reduced the dispersion, but SHMP enhanced. The reason for this contradiction was due to the difference in composition of adsorption layer. In the PCE-TSP system, this layer was composed of the precipitates (formed by TSP and Ca2+) and the invalided PCE (caused by these precipitates in the immediate vicinity of the cement grains); the invalided PCE was due to the decrease of PCE dispersion. In the PCE-SHMP system, “Inner-phosphate (multi-layers) + Outer-PCE (single layer)” structure was formed to make the PCE work more effective, hence enhancing the dispersion. These results were expected to be useful for the design of highly efficient dispersants.

Improving the Quality of Some Chicken Products with Some chemical Treatments

The aim of this study choose the best chemical treatments for improvement the quality of chicken products such as chicken breast and chicken thigh meat, to increase the shelf life by decrease the contamination with microorganisms. So, the some chemical materials (Sodium lactate, Sodium benzoate, Lactic acid and Tri Sodium Phosphate) are used for preparation the chemical solution at several concentrations for soaking the chicken products at several periods to choose the best chemical solution and soaking time for treated chicken products. Chemical analysis, physicochemical properties, freshness tests, microbiological examination and sensory evaluation are done. The obtained data showed that the second solution which contain (lactic acid 1.5% + sodium benzoate 0.5% + tri-sodium phosphate 1.5%) and fourth solution: (lactic acid 3% + sodium benzoate 0.5% + tri-sodium phosphate 2.5%) were high reducing the microbial load and eliminating microbes. The obtained data showed that the best solutions were Sol.(2) ,Sol.(4),Sol.(3) and Sol.(1),respectively and soaking time was 45 min. Results revealed that the use of optimum combinations of chemical preservative under investigation eliminated the largest possible number of microbes and improved the quality of the chickens product. Finally it is recommended that, the results of this research could be applied in factories to improve the quality of processed chicken products and reduce the microbial load.

Trisodium phosphate delays softening of jujube fruit by inhibiting cell wall-degrading enzyme activities during ambient storage

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of trisodium phosphate (TSP) (0.5 g L−1) treatment on softening of harvested jujube fruit during storage at 20 ± 2 °C with a relative humidity of 50–55 %. The results showed that jujube fruit treated with TSP showed a higher firmness. The activity of pectin methylesteras, polygalacturonase, cellulase and β-glucosidase was also suppressed by TSP treatment. The results demonstrated that the content of water soluble pectin in jujube fruit treated with TSP was lower than in the control (dipped in distilled water) during storage. TSP treated fruits had higher pectin content than control fruits. The results of atomic force microscopy showed that water soluble pectin structure treated by TSP was denser compared with the control. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TSP could delay softening of jujube fruit by regulating cell wall-degrading enzymes activities and controlling the pectin substances.

Viscosimetric and rheological properties of epoxy resin TGEUBA and their composite (TGEUBA/MDA/TGEMDA+TSP)

Abstract The objective of our work is to study the viscosimetric and the rheological behaviors of new epoxy resin namely: Tetraglycidyl ether urea of bisphenol A (TGEUBA) and its composite. Furthermore, we determined the viscosity of (TGEUBA/Methanol) system using the viscosimeter VB-1423 Ubbelohd capillary type. Besides, the viscosity of epoxy resin TGEUBA crosslinked by methylene dianiline (TGEUBA/MDA) and the rheological properties of different composite (TGEUBA/MDA/TGEMDA + TSP) formulated by two charges such as tetraglycidyl ether of methylene dianiline (TGEMDA) and trisodium phosphate (TSP) at various percentages (0%, 10% and 15%) were determined using the RHM01-RD HAAKE rheometer.

Polybenzimidazole adhesive bonded aluminum-2024 joints for structural applications

In the present research, efforts are made to optimize the curing process and bonded joint strength of aluminum 2024 alloy (Al 2024-T3) using polybenzimidazole (PBI) adhesive. Substrate surfaces were prepared using P120 and P1000 sand papers followed by cleaning with ethanol. Substrate surfaces were also prepared using tri-Sodium phosphate (TSP) and the Forest Product Laboratory (FPL) method. Contact angle measurements of untreated surfaces revealed that ethanol cleaned Al 2024-T3 strips exhibited a water contact angle of 86°. A significant decrease in the water contact angle for Al 2024-T3 was noticed with P1000 sanding followed by TSP treatment. The water contact angle of Al 2024-T3 was reduced from 86° to 52° using a combined surface treatment of P1000 sand paper and TSP solution. Lap shear tests were performed to evaluate the single lap shear strength of PBI bonded Al 2024-T3 joints. A maximum lap shear strength of 11.9 MPa was achieved for samples which had received a combined surface treatment of P1000 sand paper and TSP solution. A lap shear strength of 12.1 MPa was achieved using the FPL treatment method. This lap shear strength is almost similar as attained with TSP treated bonded joints. Therefore, the current work also proved TSP as an effective alternative to the hazardous chromate based FPL method for the surface pre-treatment of Al 2024-T3. Fractured surfaces of adhesive bonded joints revealed both adhesive and cohesive failure.

Formulation Development &amp; Evaluation of Buffered Tablet of Proton Pump Inhibitors Drug Rabeprazole Sodium

The aim of present study was to prepare buffered tablets of acid labile drug, Rabeprazole sodium for oral administration using buffering agents to protect a drug from gastric fluid. Rabeprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds (substituted benzimidazole proton-pump inhibitors) that do not exhibit anticholinergic or histamine H2-receptor antagonist properties, but suppress gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the gastric H+, K+ATPase at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Rabeprazole blocks the final step of gastric acid secretion. The tablets were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation method. The formulations contain water soluble buffers such as sodium bicarbonate and trisodium phosphate as well as water insoluble buffers as magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate and crospovidone as superdisintegrant. Preformulation studies like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, hausner’s ratios, DSC and drug/excipient compatibility study were conducted and evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation, drug content, disintegration and in-vitro dissolution. In the present study, pH of F6 batch was found to be optimum and disintegration time is 42 sec. The drug release was found to show maximum drug release in case of F6 with 99.3% in 60 minutes. In case of stability studies study of the optimized batch, all the results were found to be satisfactory and within limits. There were no significant changes after the period of 1 month study.&#x0D; Keywords: Rabeprazole sodium, Proton-pump inhibitors, Buffered tablet, Superdisintegrants, Buffering agents

Carbon Dioxide Capture from Flue Gas Using Tri-Sodium Phosphate as an Effective Sorbent

Fossil fuels are dominant as an energy source, typically producing carbon dioxide (CO2) and enhancing global climate change. The present work reports the application of low-cost tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) to capture CO2 from model flue gas (CO2 + N2) mixture, in a batch mode and fixed-bed setup. It is observed that TSP has a high CO2 capture capacity as well as high CO2 selectivity. At ambient temperature, TSP shows a maximum CO2 capture capacity of 198 mg CO2/g of TSP. Furthermore, the CO2 capture efficiency of TSP over a flue gas mixture was found to be more than 90%. Fresh and spent materials were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Preliminary experiments were also conducted to evaluate the performance of regenerated TSP. The spent TSP was regenerated using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and its recyclability was tested for three consecutive cycles. A conceptual prototype for post-combustion CO2 capture based on TSP material has also been discussed.