Tripropylene Glycol Diacrylate Research Articles

Stable organic static random access memory from a roll-to-roll compatible vacuum evaporation process

An organic Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) based on p-type, six-transistor cells is demonstrated. The bottom-gate top-contact thin film transistors composing the memory were fabricated on flexible polyethylene naphthalate substrates. All metallization layers and the p-type semiconductor dinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3'-f] thieno[3,2-b]thiophene were deposited by thermal evaporation. The gate dielectric was deposited in a vacuum roll-to-roll environment at a web speed of 25 m/min by flash-evaporation and subsequent plasma polymerisation of tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA). Buffering the TPGDA with a polystyrene layer yields hysteresis-free transistor characteristics with turn-on voltage close to zero. The static transfer characteristic of diode-connected load inverters were also hysteresis-free with maximum gain >2 and noise margin ∼2.5 V. When incorporated into SRAM cells the time-constant for writing data into individual SRAM cells was less than 0.4 ms. Little change occurred in the magnitude of the stored voltages, when the SRAM was powered continuously from a −40 V rail for over 27 h testifying to the electrical stability of the threshold voltage of the individual transistors. Unencapsulated SRAM cells measured two months after fabrication showed no significant degradation after storage in a clear plastic container in normal laboratory ambient.

Formulation and characterization of antimicrobial quaternary ammonium dendrimer in poly(methyl methcarylate) bone cement.

The use of novel antimicrobial molecules in bone cement can improve efficiency of recuperation after arthroplasty or joint replacement surgeries, avoiding the risks associated with antibiotic resistant antimicrobial agents. Nanomaterials particularly dendrimers are particularly useful for making broad spectrum killing agents owing to their large surface areas and functionalities. Therefore, we have synthesized generation 1 quaternary ammonium dendrimer of tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) using octyl iodide (OI) [TPGDA G1.0 (=) quaternary octyl iodide (QOI)] and capitalized on their capabilities of contact killing based mechanism. We formulated different TPGDA G1.0 (=) QOI antimicrobial agent loaded liquid component composed of methyl methacrylate monomer and N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine coinitiator. Different polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) based experimental bone cement formulations were made and dendrimer concentration was optimized. Mechanical strength and compressive modulus of modified bone cement decreased on increasing concentrations and 10% was optimized for further analysis. The mechanical strength of bone cement yield the similar trend in wet conditions bone cement immersed in artificially created stimulated body fluids. Ten percent TPGDA G1.0 (=) QOI in bone cement was sufficient to kill gram positive and negative bacteria and its property is retained even after a period of 30 days. Thus novel dendritic structures show promise for clinical antimicrobial activity while retaining mechanical properties of bone cements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 521-530, 2017.

One-pot preparation of a novel monolith for high performance liquid chromatography applications.

Various novel porous organic-based monoliths with the mode of hydrophobicity were synthesized by in situ free-radical crosslinking copolymerization and optimized for the separations of small molecules and high-performance reversed-phase chromatography (RP-chromatography). These monoliths contained co-polymers based on glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA)/tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) or EDMA/TPGDA. A mixture of cetanol, methanol and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used as the porogen, with the ratio of these solvents being varied along with the polymerization temperature to generate a library of monoliths. The conditions were optimized and the resulting poly (GMA-co-TPGDA-co-EDMA) monolith was investigated by infrared spectrometer (IR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), respectively. The column performance was assessed by the separation of a series of neutral solutes of benzene derivatives. The result demonstrated that the prepared monolith exhibited an RP-chromatographic behavior and relatively homogeneous structure, good permeability and separation performance. Moreover, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention factor values for benzene derivatives were less than 1.5% (n=7, column-to-column). The approach used in this study was extended to the separation of anilines.

Temperature dependence of the viscosity of epoxy acrylate-tripropylene glycol diacrylate binary mixtures

AbstractEpoxy acrylate (EA) and tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) are two main components of ultraviolet-curable coatings. In this study, the viscosity of EA-TPGDA binary mixtures at various mass ratios was measured by a rotational viscometer at temperatures between 298.15 and 313.15 K. The temperature dependence of the viscosity of the mixtures is discussed. An empirical correlation between the viscosity and the temperature was obtained based on the Andrade equation. The results indicated that the calculated viscosity values show a good agreement with experimental data. This will contribute to the evaluation of the rheological properties and provide a theoretical basis for the industrial application of coatings.

Surface Coating of Acrylate Polymer on Sengon Wood (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) Using UV Irradiation

SummaryAn experiment on surface coating of sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) using ultra violet (UV) irradiation has been conducted. Epoxy acrylate and urethane acrylate resins were used as coating materials after addition of tripropylene glycol diacrylate and a photoinisiator, Darocure 1173. Irradiation was conducted using UV light at the conveyor speed of 2, 3, 4, and 5 m/min. Parameters observed were glossyness, adhesion, hardness, abrasion resistance and chemical, solvent and stain resistance. The superior results of the epoxy acrylate films were obtained to show excellent adhesion on the surface of wood meeting with the standard because of greater remaining values than 50% (ASTM 2571‐71), together with the high degrees of abrasion, hardness, glossyness and torelance against chemicals, solvent, and stain except against 10% NaOH solution.

Fabrication and simulation of organic transistors and functional circuits

We report the development of a vacuum-evaporation route for the roll-to-roll fabrication of functioning organic circuits. A number of key findings and observations are highlighted which influenced the eventual fabrication protocol adopted. Initially, the role of interface roughness in determining carrier mobility in thin film transistors (TFTs) is investigated. Then it is shown that TFT yield is higher for devices fabricated on a flash-evaporated-plasma-polymerised tri(propyleneglycol) diacrylate (TPGDA) gate dielectric than for TFTs based on a spin-coated polystyrene (PS) dielectric. However, a degradation in mobility is observed which is attributed to the highly polar TPGDA surface. It is shown that high mobility, low gate-leakage currents and excellent stability are restored when the surface of TPGDA was buffered with a thin, spin-coated PS film. The resulting baseline process allowed arrays of functional circuits such as ring oscillators, NOR/NAND logic gates and S–R latches to be fabricated with high yield and their performance to be simulated.

Percolation of glassy regions during photopolymerization of epoxy acrylate in DMF

• Many reactions in industry are carried out in organic solvents rather than in bulk. • Photo-DSC method is useful to determine the effect of the solvent content on photo-induced polymerization. • An increase in solvent concentration inversely affected the rate of polymerization. • Gel fraction critical exponent ( β ) displayed no variation during photo-gelation with various DMF contents. The gelation of epoxy acrylate (EA) 80% and tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA) 20% was studied through the use of photo-differential scanning calorimetric (photo-DSC) technique in the presence of a thioxanthone based initiator. Photo-induced polymerization reactions were performed under identical conditions of temperature, initiator concentration and UV light intensity in various N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) contents. Photo-DSC technique allowed us to monitor the gelation without disturbing the system mechanically, and to test the universality of the gelation as a function of DMF content. During gelation, it was observed that all conversion curves presented useful sigmoidal behavior which was predicted by employing a percolation model. Observations around the glass transition point, t g , revealed that gel fraction exponent β obeyed the percolation picture. A significant solvent effect on the photopolymerization kinetics of EA/TPGDA was observed with changes in DMF content. DMF is used as solvent, which acts as a diluent and proton donor during photogelation.

Facile moldless fabrication of disk-shaped and reed blood cell-like microparticles using photopolymerization of tripropylene glycol diacrylate

A facile method for the moldless fabrication of 2- or 3-dimensional microparticles is proposed by using a photopolymerization technique. Using only a monomer solution of tripropylene glycol diacrylate, a film mask and standard UV lithography equipment, we were able to fabricate microparticles of various shapes, such as disks, dimpled disks similar in shape to red blood cells, and slender gourd shapes, unlike previous moldless fabrication techniques requiring expensive and/or sophisticated equipment. The simple method could produce more than one million particles in a single batch, indicating that it can be applied to the mass production of polymer microparticles. Analyses of scanning electron micrographs and optical micrographs of the microparticles indicated that their size distribution was highly monodisperse. Detailed fabrication processes and statistics on the microparticle sizes are given in this paper.

A novel high efficiency benzophenone based polymeric photoinitiator from ring-opening polymerization of benzoxazine

A novel polymeric photoinitiator based on benzoxazine was synthesized by introducing 4-hydroxy benzophenone, diglycolamine and paraformaldehyde into the macromolecular chain. Its molecular structure was characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Photopolymerization of tripropylene glycol diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate initiated by polybenzoxazine, benzoxazine, and benzophenone was studied by real time FTIR spectroscopy. The results obtained are discussed.

Novel polymeric photoinitiators with side-chain benzophenone: Facile synthesis and photopolymerization properties without coinitiator

Abstract A novel polymeric photoinitiator, poly(glycidyl benzophenone ether) (PGBE), with a side-chain benzophenone (BP) group was synthesized from poly(epichlorohydrin) and 4-hydroxybenzophenone. The structure of PGBE was characterized by IR and 1H NMR. The light absorption of PGBE was detected by UV spectrophotometer with the maximum absorption wavelength at 283 nm in acetonitrile solvent, which were red-shifted compared with BP. The obvious advantage of this initiator was the elimination of amine based hydrogen donors and to provide alternative hydrogen donors with easy availability and non-toxicity. The photopolymerizations of tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) initiated by PGBE and BP/EDAB were studied by real-time FT-IR. The polymeric initiator was found to have higher efficiency than BP/EDAB.

1,3-Dioxine diphenyl as a novel initiator for free-radical photopolymerization

1,3-Dioxane diphenyl, a novel photoinitiator for free-radical polymerization, was synthesized and characterized. UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate its photochemical behavior during the photophysical process. The photopolymerization kinetics of 1,3-dioxane diphenyl was studied by realtime infrared spectroscopy. There was an optimum curing rate with the increase of 1,3-dioxane diphenyl concentration. Both the polymerization rate and final conversion increased with the increase in light intensity. 1,3-Dioxane diphenyl was the most efficient photoinitiator for tripropylene glycol diacrylate and other acrylate monomers. 1,3-Dioxane diphenyl was a more effective photoinitiator than benzophenone/ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate.

Janus emulsions formed with a polymerizable monomer, silicone oil, and Tween 80 aqueous solution

Janus emulsions of a polymerizable monomer tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TP) combined with silicone oil (SO) as inner oil phases and Tween 80 aqueous solution as continuous phase are prepared in a one-step high energy mixing process. The dependence of droplet topology on the concentration of surfactant, TP/SO ratio, and the stirring speed during emulsification is investigated. The result shows that the volume ratio of two oils within an individual droplet changes correspondingly to the total composition of emulsion. Increasing the speed of stirring results in a significant reduction in the droplet size, i.e. a five times increase in the stirring speed produces a droplet size reduction from hundreds to a few microns. What is more important, the topology of Janus drops remains similar for the different preparations. These fundamental investigations illustrate the potential for future Janus particle synthesis in batch scale with a controllable particle topology.

UV curable urethane acrylate coatings formulation: experimental design approach

Purpose – The purpose of this work was to perform a systematic study on the effect of formulation on the physical and mechanical properties of ultaviolet (UV) curable urethane acrylate resins. In addition, the authors wanted to derive mathematical formula for the prediction of physical and mechanical properties for the aforementioned system. Design/methodology/approach – The experiments were carried out based on mixture experimental design to determine the effect of different multifunctional acrylates (i.e. 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), trimethyolpropane triactylate (TMPTA)) concentration on the physical and mechanical properties of a UV curable polyurethane acrylate system. The urethane oligomer was synthesized and characterized by the research team. Microhardness, adhesion strength and scratch resistance of the cured films were evaluated as the physical and mechanical properties. Findings – The results revealed that the resin and TMPTA concentrations had the most significant effects on the microhardness property. Adhesion strength of the films showed a linear trend with respect to all variables. Moreover, all components also had a significant and complex influence on the scratch resistance of the cured systems. In addition, mathematical equations proposed by mixture experimental design were derived for all the mentioned properties. Research limitations/implications – Other multifunctional acrylate monomers (i.e. more than three functional) can be used in the formulations. The kinetics of the curing can affect on the network formation and consequently on the properties of the cured films. Practical implications – The obtained results can be used by the researchers who are active in the field of structure-property relationship of polymers and surface coatings. The reported data and the mathematical equations can also be used for the formulating of an appropriate formulation based on a specific application. Originality/value – A systematic and statistical-based approach, i.e. mixture experimental design, was used to evaluate the effect of formulation on some of the properties of a UV curable polyurethane acrylate system. A urethane oligomer and three different multifunctional acrylate monomers as reactive diluents were used in the formulations. Noteworthy to mention that several mathematical models were derived by using analysis of variance for the prediction of the properties studied in this system.

Surface modification of nanosilica with acrylsilane-containing tertiary amine structure and their effect on the properties of UV-curable coating

In order to improve the dispersion of nanosilica and the mechanical properties of UV-curable coating, nanosilica was modified with acrylsilane-containing tertiary amine structure, which was synthesized by the Michael addition reaction between 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane and tripropylene glycol diacrylate. The prepared acrylsilane was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR. The modified nanosilica was characterized by FTIR, TGA, and SEM. The TGA analysis showed that the grafting percentage of acrylsilane based on nanosilica was 72.4 wt%. The SEM results showed that the agglomeration of nanosilica was reduced and the dispersion was improved due to the acrylsilane modification. The viscosities of UV-curable coatings with modified nanosilica were determined and it was found that the viscosities of the coatings decreased in comparison with the viscosities of coatings with unmodified nanosilica. The photo-DSC results indicated that both nanosilica and modified nanosilica also decreased the UV-curing speed and final percentage conversion, while the conversion of the coatings containing modified nanosilica was faster than that with unmodified nanosilica owing to the tertiary amine structure and acrylate structure on the surface of the modified nanosilica.

Irradiation cross-linking of ethylene vinyl acetate/waste tire dust

In an attempt to maximize the beneficial effect of irradiation, the influence of multifunctional acrylates (MFAs) such as trimethylol propane triacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylol propane trimethacrylate, and tripropylene glycol diacrylate on the 90/10 ethylene vinyl acetate/waste tire dust (EVA/WTD) were studied. The 90/10 EVA/WTD and EVA-containing 4 phr MFA prepared using a Haake mixer at 140°C and 50 r min−1 rotor speed. The blends were then irradiated using a 3.0-MeV electron beam machine. Results on gel fraction revealed that EVA/WTD blends were cross-linked by electron beam irradiation. Among the MFA employed in this studies, TPGDA was found to render highest tensile strength with the best retention in elongation at break and increased heat of fusion and crystallinity of blends upon irradiation. The changes in the properties of EVA/WTD blends upon irradiation are attributed to the cross-linking of the EVA matrix. The changes in crystallinity and crystalline melting temperatures of EVA/WTD blends upon irradiation are discussed in detail.

Preparation and properties of sodium alginate films

Abstract Sodium alginate (SA) films were prepared by casting from methanol (MeOH) solutions and their tensile properties, like tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (Eb %), were monitored. The resulting films of SA were photocured with vinyltriethoxysilane [H2C=CH–Si–(OC2H5)3] in order to improve the tensile properties. Several acrylic monomers of different functionalities as additives (2%), like ethyl acrylate (EA), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (2-HEA), and tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), were incorporated with silane with the aid of UV radiation. Further analyses of the prepared films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a TS test. FTIR studies indicate that there are intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, i.e., –OH·····O=C in silane/SA blends. This blend films also exhibited the higher thermal stability and improved the tensile properties of the films. Degradation of SA by UV spectrometry induces time-dependent degradation.

Preparation of dye-doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystals using acrylic monomers, and enhancement of contrast by using THF solvent as a cleaning agent

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC), with characteristics of high contrast and low driving voltage, has found many product applications and is an important material for new generations. In this experiment, we used 2-phenoxy ethyl acrylate (2-PEA) and tripropylene glycol diacrylate, two acrylic monomers, to prepare PDLC, and we compared various preparation conditions in order to investigate the impact of structural properties on the optical behavior of PDLC. While maintaining the low driving voltage and high contrast of a PDLC, a dichroic dye was added to turn the device into a dye-doped PDLC. Using a polarized light microscope, it was observed that direct injection of the dye resulted in an overflow of the dichroic dye outside the thin film, reducing the contrast of the PDLC. Therefore, we utilized tetrahydrofuran solvent to wash away the liquid crystal (LC) from the PDLC, followed by re-addition of the dye-containing LC. This successfully solved the dye overflow problem and was found to enhance the PDLC contrast effectively.

Preparation of Asymmetric Porous Janus Particles Using Microfluidics and Directional UV Curing

Asymmetric porous Janus particles of poly(tripropylene glycol diacrylate) poly(TPGDA)) are prepared from TPGDA/4‐cyano‐4′‐pentylbiphenyl (5CB) mixtures using microfluidics and directional ultraviolet (UV) curing. Droplets of the TPGDA/5CB mixtures, which have been prepared successfully in the microfluidics channel, are photo‐polymerized in the off‐chip reservoir with a focused UV beam irradiated from beneath the reservoir. The isotropic TPGDA/5CB single phase is phase‐separated into two phases during the photopolymerization of TPGDA. The relative rate of photopolymerization compared with phase separation is different according to which hemisphere of the droplet is exposed to the UV beam. Rapid polymerization on the UV‐exposed hemisphere of the droplet produces small 5CB‐rich phase‐separated domains leading to a close and smooth structure, whereas slow polymerization on the opposite hemisphere produces large 5CB‐rich domains that induce an open and rough porous structure. These asymmetric porous Janus particles of poly(TPGDA) cause asymmetric swelling, in which the UV‐exposed hemisphere swell more than the other in the solvents due to the large porous surface area made by the small‐phase‐separated domain, which prevents the formation of a compact cross‐linked network structure. The complete dried droplet after the extraction of 5CB has an acorn‐like appearance, in which the swelled UV‐exposed hemisphere shrinks more than the other leading to a wrinkled structure. This new method combining microfluidics and directional UV curing provides a simple and unique way of fabricating asymmetric porous Janus particles and their functionalization with metal nanoparticles.

Photoswitchable Hydrogel Surface Topographies by Polymerisation‐Induced Diffusion

Herein, we describe the preparation of patterned photoresponsive hydrogels by using a facile method. This polymer-network hydrogel coating consists of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM), cross-linking agent tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), and a new photochromic spiropyran monoacrylate. In a pre-study, a linear NIPAAM copolymer (without TPGDA) that contained the spiropyran dye was synthesised, which showed relatively fast photoswitching behaviour. Subsequently, the photopolymerisation of a similar monomer mixture that included TPGDA afforded freestanding hydrogel polymer networks. The light-induced isomerisation of protonated merocyanine into neutral spiropyran under slightly acidic conditions resulted in macroscopic changes in the hydrophilicity of the entire polymer film, that is, shrinkage of the hydrogel. The degree of shrinkage could be controlled by changing the chemical composition of the acrylate mixture. After these pre-studies, a hydrogel film with spatially modulated cross-link density was fabricated through polymerisation-induced diffusion, by using a patterned photomask. The resulting smooth patterned hydrogel coating swelled in slightly acidic media and the swelling was higher in the regions with lower cross-linking densities, thus yielding a corrugated surface. Upon exposure to visible light, the surface topography flattened again, thus showing that a hydrogel coating could be created, the topography of which could be controlled by light irradiation.

Preparation and characterization of phase‐change material nanocapsules with amphiphilic polyurethane synthesized by 3‐allyloxy‐1,2‐propanediol

ABSTRACTAmphiphilic polyurethane was synthesized with 3‐allyloxy‐1,2‐propanediol as the chain extender, which had an unsaturated double bond for further reaction. It was proven that,with such a structure, the amphiphilic polyurethane not only had good ability for emulsifying phase change materials(PCM) but also was capable of forming a cross‐linked shell. With the amphiphilic polyurethane synthesized in this study, paraffin or methyl stearate nanocapsules in the range of 300–600 nm in size were obtained by a simple high‐speed dispersion and suspension polymerization. No extra emulsifier or dispersant was added during the preparation of the nanocapsules. Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) was used as a crosslinking agent for strengthening nanocapsules. The crosslinking reaction of the shell materials was investigated by the NMR technique. It was found that a network structure of shells was formed after suspension polymerization. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was applied to study the phase change properties of the phase‐change material nanocapsules (PCMNs). The paraffin nanocapsule was found to have a rather high encapsulation efficiency of nearly 100%, and its latent heat was able to reach 104 J/g. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to measure the thermal stability of the PCMNs. It was indicated that the weight loss rate of PCMN decreased after encapsulated by polyurethane shells and the weight loss above 200°C decreased after adding the crosslinking agent. All of the PCMN dispersions were found to have rather good dilution stability. Besides, the dried PCMN powder was able to be redispersed into water without any additional emulsifier. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1879–1889, 2013