Triple Sugar Iron Agar Research Articles

Characterization of Francisella sp., GM2212, the first Francisella isolate from marine fish, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

A Francisella sp., isolate GM2212(T), previously isolated from diseased farmed Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in Norway is characterized. The complete 16S rDNA, 16S-23S intergenic spacer, 23S rDNA, 23S-5S intergenic spacer, 5S rDNA, FopA, lipoprotein TUL4 (LpnA), malate dehydrogenase and a hypothetical lipoprotein (LpnB) is sequenced and compared with Francisella tularensis and Francisella philomiragia. All these sequences support a close relationship between GM2212(T) and F. philomiragia. The bacterium grows at 10-25 degrees C with an optimum at about 20 degrees C, a temperature range clearly different from F. tularensis and F. philomiragia. GM2212(T) is catalase-positive, indole positive, oxidase-negative, do not produce H(2)S in Triple Sugar Iron agar, and does not hydrolyze gelatin, is resistant to erythromycin and susceptible to ceftazidime, the latter five characteristics separating it from F. philomiragia. Cysteine enhances growth. Acid is produced from D: -glucose, maltose, sucrose (weak) but not from lactose or glycerol. GM2212(T) grows on both MacConkey agar and in nutrient broth (6% NaCl). The bacterium is resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, penicillines, cefuroxime and erythromycin; but is susceptible to ceftazidime, tetracycline, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin. Based on the molecular and phenotypical characteristics, we suggest that this GM2212 isolate, may represent a new species of Francisella. Isolate GM2212(T) (=CNCM I-3481(T) = CNCM I-3511(T) = DSM 18777(T)).

Comparison of Sampling Methods for the Detection of Salmonella on Whole Broiler Carcasses Purchased from Retail Outlets

An experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness levels of two methods in recovering Salmonella from the same carcass. One hundred fresh whole broiler chickens were purchased from retail outlets over a 5-week period (20 carcasses per week). After carcasses had been aseptically removed from the packages and giblets had been removed, the carcasses were placed in sterile bags containing 400 ml of 1% buffered peptone water, the bags were shaken for 60 s, and a 30-ml aliquot was removed and incubated for 24 h at 37°C (aliquot sample). Then, an additional 130 ml of 1% buffered peptone water was immediately added to the bag with the carcass (bringing the volume to 500 ml), the bag was reshaken, and the carcass and rinse were incubated for 24 h at 37°C (whole-carcass enrichment sample). Following incubation, 0.5-ml samples for the two methods were placed into 10 ml of Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and into 10 ml of tetrathionate (Hajna) broth and incubated at 42°C for 24 h. Each broth was then streaked onto BG Sulfa agar and modified lysine iron agar and incubated for 24 h at 35°C. Suspected Salmonella colonies were inoculated onto triple sugar iron and lysine iron agar slants and incubated at 35°C for 24 h. Presumptive positive results were confirmed by Poly O and Poly H agglutination tests. Over the 5-week period, 13% of the aliquot samples tested positive for Salmonella, compared with 38% of the whole-carcass enrichment samples from the same carcasses. Recovery rates ranged from 0 of 20 samples to 4 of 20 samples for aliquot method and from 4 of 20 samples to 10 of 20 samples for the whole-carcass enrichment method over the 5-week period. These results indicate that when small numbers of Salmonella are expected, the sampling method has a major influence on the identification of Salmonella-positive carcasses.

Differentiation of clinical Helicobacter pullorum isolates from related Helicobacter and Campylobacter species.

Helicobacter pullorum, first detected in the liver and intestinal contents of poultry, was defined as a new species in 1994. This organism has since been isolated from humans with gastroenteritis. Phenotypic as well as genotypic methods have been used to identify H. pullorum associated with cases of human disease. Clinical isolates were submitted for identification to the National Laboratory for Enteric Pathogens by Provincial Public Health Laboratories within Canada. Phenotypic characterization was conducted using a variety of growth and biochemical tests including oxidase, catalase, indoxyl acetate, H2S production in triple sugar iron (TSI) agar, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and fatty acid analysis. Genotypic identification was performed using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of a 1-kb fragment of the Helicobacter 16S rRNA gene. During the last 7 years (1993-1999) a total of 11 isolates of H. pullorum were detected from patients with gastroenteritis for inclusion in this study. Typically, these isolates were oxidase and catalase positive, produced optimal growth at 42 degrees C, and produced H2S in TSI. Of these 11 isolates, 1 showed DNase activity, while another did not produce H2S in TSI, and only 2 showed tolerance to 1% bile. Antimicrobial susceptibility assays indicated that 6 of the 11 strains were resistant to nalidixic acid. The fatty acid profiles of the isolates were similar to each other and provided a distinguishing profile from the other related species. Genetically identical and distinct species-specific restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were produced using the restriction enzymes Bsr I and Dde I. Phenotypic and genotypic procedures were used to identify H. pullorum. Interspecies phenotypic variability was apparent and supported the use of a polyphasic approach for identification. Similarities to the more prominent human pathogens Campylobacter coli and C. lari were also noted. The use of a combination of phenotypic and, in particular, genotypic markers for H. pullorum should prove valuable both for epidemiological investigations and for the diagnosis of disease related to this emerging human pathogen.

Comparação de Meios de Enriquecimento e de Plaqueamento Utilizados na Pesquisa de Salmonella em Carcaças de Frango e Fezes de Aves

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar, comparativamente, os caldos de enriquecimento Rapapport-novobiocina (RVN), selenito-cistinanovobiocina (SCN) e tetrationato-novobiocina (TN) e os meios para plaqueamento ágar Hektoen (HE), ágar MacConkey (MC), ágar Salmonella-Shigella (SS), ágar verde brilhante (VB) e ágar xilose lisina desoxicolato (XLD), utilizados no isolamento de Salmonella em carcaças de frango e fezes de aves. O procedimento bacteriológico consistiu das etapas de pré-enriquecimento, enriquecimento em caldos seletivos, plaqueamento, testes bioquímicos presuntivos e confirmação sorológica com soros polivalentes anti antígenos somáticos e flagelares de Salmonella.. As fezes foram experimentalmente contaminadas com 8 sorotipos de Salmonella (Agona, Anatum, Enteritidis, Havana, Infantis, Owakam, Schwazengrund e Typhimurium) e a concentração final foi aproximadamente de 1,2 x 10² ufc/g. As fezes foram inoculadas nos caldos enriquecedores e a partir daí, seguiu-se o mesmo procedimento utilizado para as carcaças. Os resultados referentes às carcaças de frango não foram estatisticamente diferentes (p>0,01) para os caldos e as placas. Todavia, verificou-se superioridade numérica em relação aos caldos SCN e TN sobre o caldo RVN, e em relação ao ágar XLD sobre os demais. Verificou-se também que com o emprego de dois caldos de enriquecimento e de dois meios para plaqueamento pode-se obter maior positividade. Quanto ao exame das fezes, o caldo TN mostrou-se superior aos demais (p>0,01), não havendo diferença (p>0,01) de resultados para os meios de plaqueamento. Os resultados sugerem que a utilização de mais de um meio de enriquecimento e de plaqueamento poderia aumentar as chances de isolamento de Salmonella.

Isolation of Shewanella putrefaciens from a Rheumatic Heart Disease Patient with Infective Endocarditis

Shewanella putrefaciens is a gram-negative bacillus belonging to the family Vibrionaceae (7). It is widely distributed in nature; its natural habitats are water and soil (11). This organism has rarely been isolated from clinical material. We report here a case of bacteremia with S. putrefaciens in a rheumatic heart disease patient with infective endocarditis in which an etiological association was made due to the organism’s isolation twice from blood and echocardiographic evidence of a vegetation on the anterior mitral leaflet. An immunocompetent 24-year-old female with rheumatic heart disease and mitral and aortic valve insufficiency presented with high-grade fever of 15 days’ duration. On examination of the patient, no evidence of congestive heart failure was found. Two complete sets (one aerobic and one anaerobic culture bottle each) of blood for cultures were collected at an interval of 30 min for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolation. S. putrefaciens and Streptococcus viridans were isolated from both sets of blood culture bottles after 24 h of aerobic incubation. No anaerobic organisms were isolated. S. putrefaciens was identified by its biochemical reactions at 24 h (5). This organism produced nonhemolytic tan colonies on 5% sheep blood agar. Salmon pink colonies were seen on MacConkey agar. The organism was motile and produced hydrogen sulfide on triple sugar iron agar. It was positive for ornithine decarboxylase, gelatin, oxidase, and citrate. It failed to ferment sugars and was negative for O-nitrophenyl-b-galactase, arginine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, tryptophan deaminase, and indole and in the Voges-Proskauer test. Identification of the isolate as S. putrefaciens was confirmed by the API 20E system (bioMerieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.). In a standard Kirby-Bauer sensitivity test (8), the organism was sensitive to amikacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and piperacillin. Echocardiography revealed the presence of a vegetation on the anterior mitral leaflet, thus confirming the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Treatment with parenteral gentamicin and penicillin was begun and continued for 3 weeks. The patient improved once the treatment was started and was discharged at the end of the treatment period. Viridans streptococci are the most common infectious agents in subacute bacterial endocarditis and may occasionally be accompanied by other bacteria (2), as was seen in this case. Infections due to S. putrefaciens include chronic leg ulcers (1), infections of the ear (10), abscesses (12), and septicemia (4, 6, 9).

Biochemical Properties and Colony Formation Patterns of Salmonella-Like Strains.

Five bacterial strains were isolated from food samples, and were not easily distinguished from Salmonella via conventional methods. These bacterial strains wereidentified as Citrobacter spp. from their biochemical properties. Despite this, their characteristics after being cultured resembled those of Salmonella, with similar kinds of colony formation patterns on XLD, DHL and TSI agar. Since these salmonella-like strains grew at a rate and produced colonies with black centers characteristic of Salmonella, the selective detection of Salmonella in the presence of these salmonella-like strains was impossible, based on conventional methods.

Design and application of rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes for the dissimilatory iron- and manganese-reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens.

A 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe specific for the iron (Fe3+)- and manganese (Mn4+)-reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens was constructed and tested in both laboratory- and field-based hybridization experiments. The radioactively labeled probe was used to detect S. putrefaciens in field samples collected from the water column and sediments of Oneida Lake in New York and its major southern tributary, Chittenango Creek. S. putrefaciens was quantified by (i) hybridization of the probe to bulk RNA extracted from field samples and normalization of the S. putrefaciens-specific rRNA to total eubacterial rRNA, (ii) a colony-based probe hybridization assay, and (iii) a colony-based biochemical assay which detected the formation of iron sulfide precipitates on triple-sugar iron agar. The results of field applications indicated that the three detection methods were comparable in sensitivity for detecting S. putrefaciens in water column and sediment samples. S. putrefaciens rRNA was detected in the surficial layers of the lake and creek sediments, but the levels of S. putrefaciens rRNA were below the detection limits in the lake and creek water samples. The highest concentrations of S. putrefaciens rRNA, corresponding to approximately 2% of the total eubacterial rRNA, were detected in the surficial sediments of Chittenango Creek and at a midlake site where the Oneida Lake floor is covered by a high concentration of ferromanganese nodules. This finding supports the hypothesis that metal-reducing bacteria such as S. putrefaciens are important components in the overall biogeochemical cycling of iron, manganese and other elements in seasonally anoxic freshwater basins.

Helicobacter acinonyx sp. nov., Isolated from Cheetahs with Gastritis

Four strains of a novel Helicobacter species were isolated from the stomachs of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubilatus) with gastritis. These isolates were phenotypically similar to Helicobacter pylori. The isolates were gram-negative, spiral bacteria which grew under microaerophilic conditions at 37 degrees C, but not at 25 or 42 degrees C, and produced urease, catalase, oxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The isolates did not ferment glucose, mannitol, inositol, sorbitol, rhamnose, sucrose, melibiose, amygdalin, or arabinose; hydrolyze hippurate or indoxyl acetate; or reduce nitrate. They did not produce H2S from triple sugar iron agar, and they did not grow in the presence of 1.0% glycine or 1.5% NaCl. They were resistant to nalidixic acid and sensitive to cephalothin and metronidazole. Cells were typically 0.3 by 2.0 microns and possessed tufts of two to five sheathed, monopolar flagella. The G+C content of strain 90-119 was 30 mol%. Cluster analysis of densitometry scans of polyacrylamide protein gels revealed more than 70% similarity of the cheetah isolates to H. pylori, less than 60% similarity to Helicobacter felis, and less than 50% similarity to Helicobacter mustelae. Complete 16S rRNA sequences were determined for two of the cheetah isolates. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by comparing the cheetah sequences to those of 19 reference strains, including H. pylori, H. felis (two strains), H. mustelae, Helicobacter muridarum, "Flexispira rappini," Wolinella succinogenes, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter curvus, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter hyointestinalis, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, Campylobacter rectus, Campylobacter sputorum subsp. bubulus, a Campylobacter sp. (pig isolate), [Bacteroides] gracilis, and [Bacteroides] ureolyticus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Frequency of Salmonella enteritidis and Other Salmonellae in the Ceca of Spent Hens at Time of Slaughter

A study was conducted to determine the frequency of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and other Salmonella serovars in the cecal contents of spent laying hens at a hen-processing plant in the southeastern United States over a 4 1/2-month period, from October 1990 through February 1991. A total of 1920 pooled cecal samples (three ceca per sample) from 38 flocks representing 23 producers were obtained and tested for the presence of SE and other Salmonella serovars. A total of 359 samples (18.7%) from 37 of the 38 flocks (97.4%) showed characteristic reactions for salmonellae on triple sugar iron agar (TSIA) slants. Twenty-nine of the 359 Salmonella-positive samples (8.1%) were Group D-positive, all of which were found to be SE on further serotyping. The SE-positive samples were from seven of the 38 flocks (18.4%); four flocks originated from the USDA/APHIS-designated Northern Region of the United States, and three were from the Southeastern Region. Serotyping of the 330 TSIA-positive Group-D negative Salmonella revealed 37 different serovars. S. heidelberg, the predominant serovar, was identified in 49.1% of these isolates.

Proposal of Afipia gen. nov., with Afipia felis sp. nov. (formerly the cat scratch disease bacillus), Afipia clevelandensis sp. nov. (formerly the Cleveland Clinic Foundation strain), Afipia broomeae sp. nov., and three unnamed genospecies

On the basis of phenotypic characterization and DNA relatedness determinations, the genus Afipia gen. nov., which contains six species, is described. The type species is Afipia felis sp. nov. (the cat scratch disease bacillus). Afipia clevelandensis sp. nov., Afipia broomeae sp. nov., and three unnamed not associated with cat-borne disease. All but one strain (Afipia genospecies 3) were isolated from human wound and respiratory sources. All Afipia species are gram-negative, oxidase-positive, nonfermentative rods in the alpha-2 subgroup of the class Proteobacteria. They are motile by means of a single flagellum. They grow on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar and nutrient broth, but rarely on MacConkey agar, at 25 and 30 degrees C. They are urease positive; but they are negative in reactions for hemolysis, indole production, H2S production (triple sugar iron agar), gelatin hydrolysis, esculin hydrolysis, and peptonization of litmus milk. They do not produce acid oxidatively from D-glucose, lactose, maltose, or sucrose. The major cell wall fatty acids are 11-methyloctadec-12-enoic (CBr19:1), cis-octadec-11-enoic (C18:1omega7c), and generally, 9,10-methylenehexadecanote and 11,12-methyleneoctadecanoate; and there are only trace amounts of hydroxy acids. The guanineplus-cytosine content is 61.5 to 69 mol%. A. felis is positive for nitrate reduction and is delayed positive for acid production from D-xylose, but it is catalase negative. A. clevelandensis is negative in all of these tests. A. broomeae is weakly positive for catalase production and acid production from D-xylose, but it is negative for nitrate reduction.

Description of Campylobacter upsaliensis sp. nov. Previously Known as the CNW Group

A new species, with the name Campylobacter upsaliensis , is proposed for catalase negative or weakly reacting campylobacters, which are thermotolerant, hippurate negative, nitrate positive, nitrite negative, unable to produce H 2 S in triple sugar iron agar and iron metabisulphite medium, intolerant to 1.5% NaCl and susceptible to nalidixic acid. G+C content of DNA is 35–36 mol%. The description is based on 37 human and canine C. upsaliensis strains identified by DNA-DNA hybridization (quantitative bacterial dot method). Campylobacter upsaliensis has been found in the feces of humans, dogs and cats with or without, signs of enteritis. It has also been found in blood from diseased humans with different clinical pictures including enteritis. The type strain is designated C231 T (= NCTC 11541 T ) and the G+C content of its DNA is 35 mol%.

Helicobacter nemestrinae sp. nov., a Spiral Bacterium Found in the Stomach of a Pigtailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)

A new microaerophilic, spirally curved, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from the gastric mucosa of a pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). The gram-negative cells of this bacterium are oxidase, catalase, and urease positive and strongly resemble Helicobacter pylori (Campylobacter pylori) cells. Like H. pylori, this organism does not metabolize glucose, does not reduce nitrate or produce indole, does not produce H2S from triple sugar iron agar, does not hydrolyze hippurate or esculin, and does not grow in the presence of 1% glycine, 1.5% salt, or 1% bile. Also like H. pylori, it is resistant to nalidixic acid and susceptible to cephalothin. However, unlike H. pylori, the colorless colonies are flat and have irregular edges. This organism has a unique cellular fatty acid composition, forming a new gas-liquid chromatography group, group K, and a distinctive DNA content (24 mol% guanine plus cytosine). It exhibits less than 10% DNA-DNA homology (as determined by the nylon filter blot method at 65 degrees C) with other members of the genus Helicobacter. Although the levels of DNA relatedness between previously described Helicobacter species and the new organism are low (less than 10%) and the difference in guanine-plus-cytosine content is large (24 versus 36 to 41 mol%), the genus Helicobacter is the only genus in which it is logical to include the organism at this time. We propose that our single strain represents a new species, Helicobacter nemestrinae, and we designate strain T81213-NTB (= ATCC 49396) as the type strain.

Campylobacter pylori subsp. mustelae subsp. nov. Isolated from the Gastric Mucosa of Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), and an Emended Description of Campylobacter pylori

The name Campylobacter pylori subsp. mustelae subsp. nov. is proposed for a Campylobacter commonly isolated from normal or inflamed gastric mucosa of ferrets. C. pylori subsp. mustelae, like C. pylori, has multiple sheathed flagella, rapidly hydrolyzes urea, is H2S negative on triple sugar iron agar, and has a variable reaction on lead acetate strips. It does not grow in the presence of 3% NaCl, and growth is variable in 0.04% triphenyltetrazolium chloride and 1% glycine. Unlike C. pylori, this organism reduces nitrate, is susceptible to nalidixic acid, and is resistant to cephalothin. Three strains of C. pylori subsp. mustelae were highly related (≥86%) as determined by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method, 50 and 65°C). C. pylori subsp. mustelae was ≥85% related to C. pylori, whereas the level of relatedness with another seven Campylobacter isolates was ≤2% at 65°C. The type strain of C. pylori subsp. mustelae is strain R85-13-6 (= ATCC 43772), and its DNA has a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 38 mol%.

Formula omitted] medium in the screening of enteric pathogens

The usefulness of o- nitrophenyl-β- D- galactopyranoside-urease-indole (ONPG-urease-indole medium, β-GUI), coupled with triple sugar iron agar (TSI), Kligler iron agar (KIA) and lysine iron agar (LIA), respectively, for the early detection of Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia was evaluated and compared with the LIA combined with both TSI and KIA. The study was performed on 749 selected, lactose-negative Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The most effective combination was LIA-β-GUI, which showed the highest efficiency for Shigella Yersinia presumptive recognition. It also yielded good results for Salmonella, leading to the further examination of only four cultures more than TSI-β-GUI which was the best for Salmonella screening. Moreover, out of the 749 lactose-negative isolates, it considered as a ‘suspicious enteric pathogen’ the lowest number of strains (452, 60.3%). Out of these, 416 (55.5% of the total strains and 92.0% of those yet to be tested) actually belonged to Salmonella, Shigella or Yersinia genus.

Differentiation ofCampylobacterSpecies Using Phenotypic Characterization

Two hundred five strains comprising 16 Campylobacter species, subspecies, or proposed groups were examined for phenotypic characteristics useful in identification. All strains tested were oxidase-positive, gram-negative rods that failed to oxidize or ferment glucose. The tests most valuable for identification at the species or subspecies level were catalase, hippurate hydrolysis, reduction of nitrate and nitrite, production of H2S in triple sugar iron agar slants, growth at 25°C, sensitivity to nalidixic acid and cephaiothin, urea hydrolysis, and growth in semisolid medium containing 1% glycine or 3.5% NaCI. Some deviation from previously published results

FAILURE TO DETECT HYDROGEN‐SULPHIDE PRODUCTION IN LACTOSE/SUCROSE‐FERMENTING ENTEROBACTERIACEAE, USING TRIPLE SUGAR IRON AGAR

Triple Sugar Iron agar failed to detect hydrogen sulphide in 44 out of 69 hydrogen-sulphide producing strains of Enterobacteriaceae, which at the same time fermented lactose and/or sucrose. The species involved were Salmonella typhi, Salmonella enteritidis, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris. By contrast, no false-negative reactions were observed in 74 strains, which fermented neither lactose nor sucrose. Failure to detect hydrogen sulphide was probably due to acidification of the medium following the fermentation of carbohydrates. A medium without carbohydrates is preferable in diagnostic situations where hydrogen-sulphide detection is of great importance.

Rapid automated method for screening of enteric pathogens from stool specimens.

A total of 800 colonies suggestive of Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia species isolated on stool differential agar media were inoculated onto both conventional biochemical test media (triple sugar iron agar, urea agar, and phenylalanine agar) and Entero Pathogen Screen cards of the AutoMicrobic system (Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.). Based on the conventional tests, the AutoMicrobic system method yielded the following results: 587 true-negatives, 185 true-positives, 2 false-negatives, and 26 false-positives (sensitivity, 99%; specificity, 96%). Both true-positive and true-negative results were achieved considerably earlier than false results (P less than 0.001). The Entero Pathogen Screen card method is a fast, easy, and sensitive method for screening for Salmonella, Shigella, or Yersinia species. The impossibility of screening for oxidase-positive pathogens is a minor disadvantage of this method.

Evaluation of a new screening system for enteric pathogens

The two-hour Rapid SST strip (DMS Laboratories, Inc.) was compared with our standard screening system (triple sugar iron agar, lysine iron agar, and urea) for enteric pathogens. We tested 50 stock cultures of enteric pathogens and 213 school cultures received in the Barnes Hospital Clinical Microbiology Laboratory over a two-month period. All enteric pathogens from the stock cultures and clinical specimens were identified correctly with the Rapid SST system. More false-positive reactions were observed with the Rapid SST system (34%) than with the conventional system (23%). However, the costs associated with using both systems were equivalent and the test results were available one day faster with the Rapid SST system. Thus, the Rapid SST is a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective method for screening stool specimens for enteric pathogens.

Rapid microbiochemical method for presumptive identification of gastroenteritis-associated members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

A method for rapid screening of isolates of pathogenic members of the family Enterobacteriaceae is described. Flow charts are used in conjunction with triple sugar iron agar, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside-phenylalanine-motility sulfate screening media, oxidase test, and six rapid biochemical tests, namely, lysine decarboxylase, urease, indole, esculin hydrolysis, malonate, and xylose. This scheme is used to provide an inexpensive but rapid presumptive identification of Salmonella, Shigella, Edwardsiella, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Vibrio, and Yersinia isolates from stool cultures.

"Campylobacter hyointestinalis" sp. nov.: a new species of Campylobacter found in the intestines of pigs and other animals.

The name "Campylobacter hyointestinalis" sp. nov. is proposed for a Campylobacter species that was isolated from the intestines of pigs with proliferative enteritis. "C. hyointestinalis" is also found in the feces of cattle and has been isolated from the intestine of a hamster. "C. hyointestinalis" is distinguished from previously described catalase-positive Campylobacter species by colony morphology, ability to produce H2S in triple sugar iron agar, ability to grow anaerobically in 0.1% trimethylamine N-oxide hydrochloride, resistance to nalidixic acid, susceptibility to cephalothin and metronidazole, and hydrogenase activity. Sixteen "C. hyointestinalis" strains were highly related (greater than or equal to 76%) by DNA-DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method, 50 and 65 degrees C). Other Campylobacter species were less than or equal to 30% related to "C. hyointestinalis." The type strain of "C. hyointestinalis" is designated 80-4577-4 (= ATCC 35217), and its DNA has a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 36 mol%.