Triple-band Operation Research Articles

A compact high gain filtering patch antenna for multiband wireless system

A novel compact multilayer patch antenna is designed for triple-band operation with filtering characteristics. The multiband antenna with filtering characteristics is necessary to suppress adjacent band interference. Further, it brings higher out-of-band suppression without deteriorating the in-band gain. This filtering antenna offers size compactness, high gain, and high selectivity with reduced interference. On exciting the antenna, the electromagnetic (EM) coupling takes place from feed to patch through the slotted ground. Then the magnetic field reaches its maximum at the middle of the rectangle patch while the electric field reaches its maximum at the edges. These fields couple with the ‘U’ shaped metallic loops and bring field distribution in it and thus contribute to dual-band resonance at 2.45GHz and 4.15GHz. For better impedance matching, the two ‘U’ shaped metallic loops are employed. The additional middle band at 3.25GHz is attained through the employment of a split rectangular ring around the center patch. The bottom ground is etched with a bent horizontal slot to achieve proper positioning of the lower resonance. The modified CRLH feeding structure is adopted in this antenna to realize radiation null between operating bands. The dimension of the CRLH branches decides the positioning of radiation nulls in the spectrum of interest. This null reduces the interband interference and it is an important feature for any multiband communication system. The usage of via between patch and feed increases the electrical length of an antenna and thus provides size miniaturization. Whereas the position of the via in the patch decides the impedance matching. thus multiple iterations of simulation were done to optimize the via position for better impedance matching. The designed antenna has a compact dimension of 0.21λo × 0.21λo. The realized triple bands have −10dB impedance bandwidth of 180MHz (2.31 to 2.49GHz), 350MHz (3.1 to 3.45GHz), and 850MHz (3.6 to 4.45GHz) with a maximum gain of 5.2dB. Thus the multi-layer antenna not only has proven to be multiband but also incorporated filtering characteristics to lessen interband interferences. The proposed antenna would be beneficial in a multiband wireless system that supports services such as Wifi, WiMAX, and 5G. The antenna is the perfect candidate for the unmanned ariel vehicle (UAV) to be used in emergency and military applications.

A Multiband Millimeter-Wave Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Omnidirectional Radiation Using a Planar Feed.

In this study, a millimeter-wave (mmWave) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with an omnidirectional pattern is presented for the first time. A key feature of the proposed design is the utilization of a planar feed network to achieve omnidirectional radiation from a rectangular DRA, which has not been reported previously in the open literature. In addition, the proposed antenna offers multiband operation with different types of radiation patterns. The degenerate TE121/TE211 modes were excited at 28.5 GHz with an overall internal electromagnetic field distribution that was similar to that of the HEM21δ mode of a cylindrical DRA. The achieved omnidirectional bandwidth and gain were 1.9% and 4.3 dBi, respectively. Moreover, broadside radiation was achieved by exciting the TE111 fundamental mode at 17.5 GHz together with the resonance of the feeding ring-slot at 23 GHz. The triple-band operation offers a highly versatile antenna that can be utilized in on-body and off-body communications. Furthermore, the proposed design was validated through measurements, demonstrating good agreement with simulations.

A Novel Tuning Fork-Shaped Tri-Band Planar Antenna for Wireless Applications

A novel tuning fork-shaped tri-band planar antenna (NTTPA) for the LTE 2.3/3.8-GHz band, WLAN 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz band, and WiMax 2.5/3.5/5.5-GHz band is presented in this letter. By introducing an asymmetrical turning fork-shaped patch and an inverted L-shaped patch, three notched bands can be generated to form a triple-band operation. The antenna is fabricated on an FR4 board and excited by an SMA connector using a microstrip line. The antenna structure is simple and has a compact size of 45 mm × 40 mm. The measured operating frequency covers 2.2–2.63, 2.73–3.8, and 5.13–6.3 GHz, and the percentage bandwidth is close to 53.3% (S11 < −9.8 dB from 2.2 to 3.8 GHz) and 20.5% (S11 < −10 dB from 5.13 to 6.3 GHz). The calculated and experimental results suggest that the proposed antenna is one of the best candidates for wireless communication systems in terms of multi operating bands, broad percentage bandwidth (BW), compactness, stable radiation pattern, easy processing, and low cost.

Optically transparent triple and dual band terahertz metamaterial absorber based on indium tin oxide and PET substrate

A simple optically transparent polarization and angular insensitive triple and dual band Terahertz (THz) Metamaterial Absorber (MMA) is designed and analysed in this paper. The MMA consists of three layers, dielectric layer is placed in-between the ground plane and top metallic patch. Without using stacked layers, doping and multiple resonators the absorber is designed here. The metal and substrate used here is Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). The ITO with PET combination produces the optical transparency. The important thing in this work is the same design produces the triple and dual band operation while changing the top patch radius value. The absorber produces the triple band operation when the radius of the top circle is 65 μm and it produces the dual band when the radius of the top circle is 55 μm. It covers the frequency ranges from 0.3 THz to 1.4 THz. The designed structure is analysed by electric field, magnetic field distribution and surface current distributions. This structure is polarization and angle independent up to 90 degrees. From the parametric analysis, we found this absorber will work in both triple and dual band operation. So, this bifunctional working absorber will find more applications in optically transparent devices, sensing and imaging.

A compact miniaturized multiband A-shaped monopole antenna for LTE/WiMAX/WLAN applications

A novel compact miniaturized A-shaped monopole antenna with triple-band operation was designed and presented in this paper. The antenna consists of a microstrip fed with a ground plane and four strip joint connections forming an A-shaped antenna that generates a multiband resonance. The antenna demonstrates three frequency operations with resonant modes of 2.7-3.2 GHz/3 GHz, 3.9-5.1 GHz/4.4 GHz, and 6.8-7.4 GHz/7.1 GHz, with impedance bandwidths of 16.67%, 27.27%, and 8.45%, respectively. The proposed antenna has a compact size of 26×32×0.8 mm3 and demonstrates a good radiation pattern and current density on the surface of the patch and ground. High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software was used to simulate the antenna on a Flame Retardant- 4 (FR-4) dielectric substrate.

Design and characterization of frequency reconfigurable honey bee antenna for cognitive radio application

<span lang="EN-US">In this article, a frequency reconfigurable honey-bee compact microstrip monopole antenna is proposed which is fed by a microstrip line (50 Ω) having the capability of providing dual-band as well as triple-band operation in eight distinct modes. By embedding three PIN diodes overs the honey bee arms, the effective current distribution is controlled hence resonant frequency is also changed in eight distinct modes in real-time. This is the reason the proposed antenna is portrayed as a frequency reconfigurable antenna in this paper which is suitable for cognitive radio application. This proposed antenna can be used for various wireless application such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), wireless local area network (WLAN), C-band, and X-band applications. The proposed antenna possesses a planner geometry of 39×34×0.87 mm<sup>3</sup> which is printed on a substrate as flexible FR-4 (lossy) (ε<sub>r</sub>=4.4 and tanδ=0.019). The proposed antenna exhibits voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)<2 for all 19 resonant frequencies of interest and perceptible radiation pattern over entire frequency bands with a positive gain. CST microwave studio is used to find out all simulated results of antenna parameters.</span>

Design and Parametric Analysis of a Triple Band Waxing Crescent Moon Shaped Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communications

In this article author designs a new and compact patch antenna with the dimensions 40x21x1 mm3 on substrate called FR4 with a dielectric constant of 4.4, sandwiched between a patch and a copper ground plane. Microstrip feedline is used to link the Moon-shaped antenna to the coaxial cable connection and the antenna's impedance is matched. slotted antenna has been found to resonate between the frequency bands of 23.67-24.82 GHz,25.46 -26.44GHz and 26.77-27.92 GHz at resonant frequency of 24.32 GHz ,25.91GHz and 27.36 GHz respectively. at all the resonant frequencies of 24.32 GHz ,25.91GHz and 27.36 GHz, VSWR of the proposed antenna is same with the value 1.06 dB. Microstrip feeding technique is used to create this microstrip patch design. This patch is being researched because it has a low VSWR at all the three resonant frequencies with high bandwidth. This design is suitable for triple band operations for wireless communication in the range of 5G frequency bands. By adopting an appropriate feeding mechanism and use of proper cutting slots in the rectangular patch, frequency band width can be increased. The electromagnetic simulation of the proposed antenna has been done using CST software. The analysis of performance will be based on changing the geometry of the patch and the obtained results are gain, VSWR, antenna efficiency and radiation pattern. After parametric analysis it is observed that this design is perfectly suitable for 5G wireless applications. KEYWORDS: Moon shape, Patch antenna, gain, 5G.

The Performance Enhancement of Triple-band Vivaldi Antenna using SIW Structure for IIoT applications

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a domain between IoT and Industry 4.0 that brings an evolution in automation and data exchange. Multiband and the wideband antenna are an important part to support high-rate IoT/IIoT communication through the wireless systems. In this study, we optimized a Vivaldi antenna for triple-band operation at well-known IIoT bands without adding any slot or extra structure. The antenna gets a large bandwidth of over 8%, 12%, and 19% at 2.4GHz, 4GHz, and 5.6GHz resonant frequencies, respectively. To improve several antenna characteristics such as resistance matching, gain, and radiation efficiency, an L shape symmetric Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) structure is proposed. At the 5.6 GHz band, the SIW antenna achieves over 25% increase in radiation efficiency that reaches 99% although FR4 substrate is chosen to design the antenna. The proposed Vivaldi antenna is analyzed using CST simulation and measured using VNA equipment with an agree well result. Besides, we also set up a reality wireless system to test the antenna at two important IIoT bands: 2.4GHz and 5GHz.

A Triple-Band Reflective Polarization Conversion Metasurface with High Polarization Conversion Ratio for Ism and X-Band Applications.

A compact and triple-band polarization converting reflective type metasurface (PCRM) with a high polarization conversion ratio (PCR) is proposed for strategic wireless antenna-integrated applications. The unit cell of the metasurface is composed of S- and G-shaped patches separated with a parasitic gap and the grounded via is connected to the full ground plane. The unit cell is etched on an FR4 substrate (dielectric constant, εr = 4.4, loss tangent, tan δ = 0.02), with compact dimensions of 10 mm3 × 10 mm3 × 1.6 mm3. This structure provides a resonance at 5.2 (ISM), 6.9, and 8.05 GHz (X-band) frequencies. The designed unit cell structure is studied for Transverse Electric (TE)/Transverse Magnetic (TM) incident waves and their responses to the various incident angles. The corresponding PCR is calculated, which shows 92% in the lower frequency band (5.2 GHz), 93% in the second frequency band (6.9 GHz), and 94% in the high-frequency band (8.05 GHz). The total efficiency of the structure shows 83.2%, 62.95%, and 64.6% at the respective resonance bands. A prototype of the proposed PCRM with 3 × 3 unit cells is fabricated to validate the simulated results. The experimental data agrees with the simulation results. The compactness, triple-band operation with a high PCR value of more than 92% makes use of the designed metasurface in wireless antenna-integrated applications at ISM and X-bands.

Single-Feed Triple Band Microstrip Antenna for High Frequencies

This project presented a Design of a Single feed microstrip antenna has proposed for the Triple band operations and at the same time it mainly designed for satellite communication and the applications in K/Ka/Ku bands it is easy to fabricate, and high flexibility and improved antenna improved efficiency. The antenna has small dimensions of 70×29×0.787 and operates at 1GHz. This antenna mainly consists of a microstrip line in the center, two slot-loaded rectangular patches on the lateral sides, with two thin microstrip lines. The antenna is designed and simulated on High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) platform using Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with 0.787 dielectric constant and 0.002 loss tangent. The radiation pattern, return loss, vswr and gain results reveal that the antenna performs quite well at all frequencies.

A Compact MIMO Antenna with Improved Isolation for ISM, Sub-6 GHz, and WLAN Application.

This paper presents a compact two-element MIMO antenna with improved isolation for triple-band applications. The antenna consists of two radiating elements with the shared ground plane and a novel decoupling structure. Each antenna element has three stubs with different lengths, which work as quarter-wavelength monopoles to give a triple-band operation. The decoupling system is made by etching various slots in an inverted H-shape stub attached to two quarter-circles at its lower ends. The simulated and measured results show that the antenna operates (|S11| < −10 dB) at the key frequency bands of 2.4 GHz (2.29–2.47 GHz), 3.5 GHz (3.34–3.73 GHz), and 5.5 GHz (4.57–6.75 GHz) with a stable gain and radiation patterns. Moreover, the MIMO antenna shows good isolation characteristics. The isolation is more than 20 dB, the envelope correlation coefficient is <0.003, and diversity gain is 9.98 dB, within the frequency band of interest. Furthermore, the MIMO antenna has a compact size of 48 mm × 31 mm × 1.6 mm. These features of the proposed antenna make it a suitable candidate for I.S.M., 5G sub-6 GHz, and WLAN applications.

A novel miniaturized V-shaped monopole antenna for GSM/WiMAX/WLAN applications

Abstract This paper presents a novel miniaturized triple band V-shaped antenna (VSA). The miniaturization and the triple-band operation are obtained by performing two V-shaped turns on the metallic strip. The proposed antenna is printed on a single FR4 substrate and fed using the coplanar waveguide (CPW) technique. It operates in three frequency bands, [1.6–1.95 GHz], [2.8–4.4 GHz] and [5.4–5.8 GHz], with stable bidirectional radiation patterns in both E- and H-planes. A prototype of the designed antenna is fabricated and tested where the observed good agreement between simulated and experimental results indicates that the proposed structure, having a reasonably compact size of 0 . 0166 λ 0 2 $\text{0}{\text{.}0166\lambda }_{0}^{2}$ , is suitable for GSM [1800 MHz], WiMAX [3.4–3.77 GHz] and WLAN [5.725–5.825 GHz] applications.

A Compact Triple-Band UWB Inverted Triangular Antenna with Dual-Notch Band Characteristics Using SSRR Metamaterial Structure for Use in Next-Generation Wireless Systems

A compact triple-band operation ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with dual-notch band characteristics is presented in this paper. By inserting three metamaterial (MTM) square split-ring resonators (MTM-SSRRs) and a triangular slot on the radiating patch, the antenna develops measured dual-band rejection at 4.17–5.33 GHz and 6.5–8.9 GHz in the UWB frequency range (3–12 GHz). The proposed antenna offers three frequency bands of operation in the UWB range, which are between 3–4.17 GHz (~1.2 GHz bandwidth), 5.33–6.5 GHz (~1.17 GHz bandwidth), and 8.9–12 GHz (~3.1 GHz bandwidth), respectively. The higher resonating frequency band can be tuned/controlled by varying the width of the triangle slot, while the medium operational band can be controlled by adjusting the width of the SSRR slot. Initially, the simulated S-parameter response, 2D and 3D radiation patterns, gain, and surface current distribution of the proposed UWB inverted triangular antenna has been studied using epoxy glass FR4 substrate having parameters εr = 4.3, h = 1.6 mm, and tan δ = 0.025, respectively. In order to validate the simulation results, the proposed UWB antenna with dual-notch band characteristics is finally fabricated and measured. The fabricated antenna’s return-loss and far-field measurements show good agreement with the simulated results. The proposed antenna achieved the measured gain of 2.3 dBi, 4.9 dBi, and 5.2 dBi at 3.5 GHz, 6.1 GHz, and 9.25 GHz, respectively. Additionally, an in-depth comparative study is performed to analyze the performance of the proposed antenna with existing designs available in the literature. The results show that the proposed antenna is an excellent candidate for fifth-generation (5G) mobile base-stations, next-generation WiFi-6E indoor distributed antenna systems (IDAS), as well as C-band and X-band applications.

Compact triple-band implantable antenna for multitasking medical devices

Abstract This paper presents a compact implantable antenna’s design, fabrication, and measurement for biotelemetry applications. The proposed design with the size of 255 mm3 provides a triple-band operation that covers all the Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS: 402 MHz), Medical Device Radiocommunications Service (MedRadio: 405 MHz), and Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM: 433, 915 and 2450 MHz) bands simultaneously. The compact structure with triple- band performance is essentially achieved by using a spiral-like radiator loaded with meandered and internal gear-shaped elements excited by a vertical coaxial probe feed. Also, the slots-loaded partial ground plane is utilized to improve impedance matching at the desired frequency bands. The design and analysis of the antenna were carried out using the Ansoft HFSS software in a homogenous skin model and the CST Microwave Studio in a realistic human model. The proposed antenna was fabricated to validate the simulated results, and characteristics of its return loss and radiation patterns were measured in minced pork meat. Moreover, realized gains and specific absorption rate (SAR) values of the antenna were numerically computed using the simulators. Based on the simulated and measured results, the proposed antenna performance was found to be comparable to the limited number of multiband implantable antenna designs reported in the recent literature.

Triple Band Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna for Both C-Band and X-Band Applications

The primary target of the research work is to configure a rectangular shape microstrip patch antenna at a working frequency of 2.4 GHz to tune and improve the antenna characteristics of directivity, gain, return loss, VSWR, and to attain multi-band nature using slot cutting techniques for wideband applications. For performing triple-band operations from a single-band antenna, rectangular shape slots are made in the patch using slot cutting techniques. The antenna executes a good radiation pattern, propagation pattern, directivity, and gain, and it covers the frequency range of 7-13 GHz, which is perfect for C and X band applications. It bestows triple-band at 7.23 GHz, 10.17 GHz, and 13.6 GHz and high directivity, a gain of 9.8575 dB, and 4.4746 dB for an FR4 substrate having a thickness of 1.6mm. The suggested antenna is multi-band and possesses the benefits of easy layout, compactness, and adequate impedance matching. The suggested antenna configuration is simulated and executed using HFSS.

Compact multi-band implantable antenna designs for versatile in-body applications

In this paper, a quad-band implantable antenna (QBIA) and its triple-band miniaturized configuration are presented. The primary radiator of the proposed QBIA consists of four different types of concentric resonators excited by a microstrip feed line. The QBIA design has dimensions of 15 × 15 × 1.27 mm3, and it covers the Medical Device Radiocommunications Service (MedRadio), Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS), Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS), and Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands. The proposed antenna was fabricated to validate the numerical design, and the characteristics of its return loss and radiation patterns were measured in minced meat from pork. The miniaturized version of the QBIA has an ultra-compact size of 4.16 mm3 (4 × 4 × 0.26 mm3), and it offers a triple-band operation covering the ISM and WMTS bands. The proposed triple-band implantable antenna (TBIA) was achieved by using a thinner substrate and optimizing all design parameters of the QBIA. To the best of our knowledge, the suggested QBIA with the novel configuration is the first implantable antenna that simultaneously covers almost all frequency bands allocated for biotelemetry applications. Also, the proposed TBIA is the most miniature triple-band implantable antenna presented in the recent literature, considering the application frequencies.

Vertical Slot Loaded Rectangular Monopole Microstrip Antenna for Triple Band Operation

Abstract: This paper presents the design and development of simple vertical slot loaded rectangular monopole microstrip antenna for triple band operation. The proposed antenna is excited through microstripline feed arrangement. The low cost glass epoxy substrate material is used to fabricate the antenna. The antenna operates between 2.77 to 8.29 GHz. giving linearly polarized broadside radiation characteristics with a peak gain of 3.8dB. The proposed antenna may find applications in WLAN. Keywords: slot, microstrip antenna, triple band, gain.

Small frequency range discrete bandwidth tunable multiband MIMO antenna for radio/LTE/ISM-2.4 GHz band applications

In this paper, an equilateral triangle inspired a novel triple-band multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is reported for L and S-band applications. The antenna elements are very closely placed at a separation of λmax/20 with isolation better than −15 dB. The proposed antenna operates in 1.06–1.24, 1.52–2.13, and 2.19–2.63 GHz in the first, second, and third bands respectively covering most of the communication bands. The triple-band operation is obtained by extending the electrical length of the main triangular radiator using two pin diode switches and slotted triangular parasitic patches. The bandwidth of the first and second bands can be tuned between 90 and 110 MHz, and 150, 440, and 610 MHz respectively. The bandwidth of the third band can be tuned between 390 and 440 MHz. The antenna has a reasonable gain of above 3.8 dBi, co and cross-polarization isolation better than 14 dB and quasi-omnidirectional radiation pattern. The envelope-correlation-coefficient (ECC) is well below 0.5 and diversity gain (DG) more than 9.5 dB in all operating modes. The proposed work is validated by prototyping and the measurement results.

A SEMI-DEFECTED GROUND PLANE AND A BINARY GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR DESIGNING A VERY COMPACT TRIPLE-BAND PIFA ANTENNA

we suggest in this study a very compact triple band PIFA antenna for mobile and wireless applications.by using the binary genetic algorithm and a semi-defected ground plane. This antenna with the dimension of 38×40×1.9 mm3 is dedicated to LTE Band 11 (1427.9-1495.9 MHz), HIPERLAN/2 (5.15-5.35 GHz), WLAN (5.15-5.35 GHz) and 5G Sub-6GHz applications. To accomplish triple-band operation with acceptable performance purpose of using the genetic algorithm is to dictate the form of the ground plane of the antenna. The simulation results showed that the developed PIFA antenna has optimal operation on three frequencies. The first resonance frequency is 1.32 GHz with a bandwidth (S11 &lt; -10 dB) from 1.28 GHz to 1.38 GHz. The middle and higher bands are centred respectively at 3.12 GHz and 5.2 GHz, with a bandwidth from 3.05 to 3.17 GHz and 4.93 to 5.44 GHz, respectively.

Optically Controlled Superwideband to Multiband Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications

Aim: Design of a reconfigurable microstrip planar antenna for wireless applications. Objective: To design an optically controlled microstrip planar antenna with superwideband (SWB) to multiband reconfigurable characteristics without using any biasing network. Methods: The use of a photoconductive switch made of Cadmium Sulphide (CDS) based semiconductor is conceived to realize the optically controlled reconfigurable antenna. The operating characteristics of the proposed antenna have been changed between SWB to multiband when the CDS coating is illuminated by the light-emitting diode. Results: Under the switch-off condition, SWB of 167% (1.8-20 GHz), fractional bandwidth with higher Bandwidth to Dimension Ratio (BDR) and a bandwidth ratio of 11.11:1 are achieved. While for the switch-on condition, triple-band (1.8-3.9 GHz, 4.3-7.3 GHz, and 8.2-15.4 GHz) operation with the resonating frequency of 3.4GHz, and 5.5GHz and, 12GHz covering the useful WiMAX, and WLAN wireless bands have been achieved with the realized peak gain of 2.34dBi, 4.18dBi, and 3.08dBi, respectively. Conclusion: An optically switchable SWB to triple-band compact planar monopole antenna has been analyzed and presented based on the simulation results. This design is reasonably compact and provides better BDR than the reported antennas of its class. The proposed design is flexible enough to adjust the operating bands by varying the dimensions of the defected ground structure (DGS) and stub. This antenna with switching ability can fulfill the requirement of the antenna society for wireless applications.