Triple-band Operation Research Articles

Triple-Band Single-Layer Rectenna for Outdoor RF Energy Harvesting Applications.

A triple-band single-layer rectenna for outdoor RF energy applications is introduced in this paper. The proposed rectenna operates in the frequency bands of LoRa, GSM-1800, and UMTS-2100 networks. To obtain a triple-band operation, a modified E-shaped patch antenna is used. The receiving module (antenna) of the rectenna system is optimized in terms of its reflection coefficient to match the RF-to-DC rectifier. The final geometry of the proposed antenna is derived by the application of the Moth Search Algorithm and a commercial electromagnetic solver. The impedance matching network of the proposed system is obtained based on a three-step process, including the minimization of the reflection coefficient versus frequency, as well as the minimization of the reflection coefficient variations and the maximization of the DC output voltage versus RF input power. The proposed RF-to-DC rectifier is designed based on the Greinacher topology. The designed rectenna is fabricated on a single layer of FR-4 substrate. Measured results show that our proposed rectenna can harvest RF energy from outdoor (ambient and dedicated) sources with an efficiency of greater than 52%.

Switched Low-Noise Amplifier Using Gyrator-Based Matching Network for TD-LTE/LTE-U/Mid-Band 5G and WLAN Applications

This paper presents a triple-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) fabricated using a 0.18 μm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) process. The LNA uses a double-peak load network with a switched component to accomplish the triple-band operation. Moreover, noise reduction using a substrate resistor to ameliorate the noise performance is presented. Noise reduction of 1.5 dB can be achieved at 2.5 GHz without additional dc power and extra manufacturing costs. An input matching technique is realized simultaneously using a gyrator-based feedback topology. The triple-band LNA can be realized by using a dual-band input network with a switched matching mechanism. The target frequencies of the triple-band LNA are 2.3–2.7 GHz, 3.4–3.8 GHz, and 5.1–5.9 GHz, covering the operating frequency bands of time-division long-term evolution (TD-LTE), mid-band Fifth-generation (5G), LTE-unlicensed (LTE-U) band, and Wireless LAN (WLAN) technology. The measured power gains and noise figures at 2.5, 3.5, and 5.2 GHz are 12.3, 15.3, and 13.1 dB and 2.3, 2.2, and 2.6 dB, respectively.

QMSIW-Based Single and Triple Band Bandpass Filters

This brief proposes compact and planar substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-based filters for single and triple band operations using two quarter-mode SIW (QMSIW) cavities. Two miniaturized QMSIW cavity resonators (QMSIWCRs) are capacitively coupled. Miniaturization in the QMSIWCR is achieved by adding an arc-shaped slot and a rectangular open-ended stub at the closed-end of the QMSIWCR. In the triple band bandpass filter (BPF), a capacitor is added to the open-ended side of the stub to enhance impedance matching at the higher modes. It has the centre frequencies of 2.1, 3.98 and 6.6 GHz with an insertion losses (ILs) of 0.93, 0.98, and 1.2 dB at the lower, middle and upper passband, respectively. Moreover, the measured fractional bandwidths (FBWs) are 16.97, 8.77, and 8.42% at the lower, middle and upper passband, respectively. Two rectangular slots are etched on the upper layer of the cavity to suppress the second mode and reduce coupling of the third mode; this realizes a single-band filter with an improved upper stopband response. It has the centre frequency of 2.1 GHz with a wide upper stop-band response, having a rejection level of 20 dB up to 3.19f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> . The operation of filter is additionally discussed and verified by means of a lumped element equivalent circuit model and experimental results. The proposed filters are suitable for integration with other planar radio-frequency (RF) components due to their compact sizes, low ILs, planar structures, multiple transmission zeros (TZs) and adequate bandwidths.

Graphene based microstrip antenna for triple and quad band operation at terahertz frequencies

A plasmonic resonator antenna is designed to operate at the lower terahertz (THz) frequency band of 0.5–5 THz. A very thin layer of graphene film about 0.34 nm is employed as the radiating patch. The resonant frequency of the antenna is controlled by tuning the chemical potential of the graphene layer. As the chemical potential of the antenna is varied from 0 eV to 2 eV, we achieve additional resonant modes leading to triple band operation. At a fixed chemical potential of 2 eV, quad band operation is realized for a substrate thickness of 45 μm. It is inferred that, the operating frequency of the antenna can be varied based on the requirement, by tuning the chemical potential of the graphene layer and by modifying the substrate thickness. For the single band antenna operation, a maximum gain of 2.58 dB and directivity of 2.89 dBi is obtained at 2.58 THz. In the case of triple band operation, a maximum gain of 1.22 dB and directivity of 3.66 dBi is obtained at 4.41 THz. Further, quad band operation is achieved at 1.73 THz, 2.6 THz, 4.01 THz and 4.72 THz, with a maximum gain of 1.61 dB and a directivity of 7.17dBi at 4.72 THz. Further, the effect of chemical potential on the main lobe direction of the radiation pattern, leading to beam steering, is also investigated for the first time.

A Compact Triple Band EBG Using Interdigital Coplanar Waveguide Structure for Antenna Gain Enhancement

A new triple band EBG unit cell with compact size has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The proposed EBG unit cell is based on a square mushroom-like EBG (M-EBG) structure with an interdigital coplanar waveguide (ICPW). With this technique, the size of the proposed ICPW-EBG structure has been reduced from λ/2 to λ/4 compared with the conventional M-EBG unit cell dimension, which is 18 × 18 mm2. The proposed unit cell was designed in order to respond for three frequency bands at 1.8 GHz, 2.45 GHz, and 3.7 GHz. An array of 10 × 10 unit cell was also designed as a reflector with an overall dimension of 181.8 × 181.8 mm2. The dipole antennas were implemented over the designed reflector with a short distance of λ/8 to radiate electromagnetic wave. The simulation results showed that the ICPW-EBG reflector can improve directivity of the dipole antenna to be 9.12 dB at 1.8 GHz, 9.02 dB at 2.45 GHz, and 8.40 dB at 3.7 GHz. The measurement directivities agreed well with simulation results including 8.72 dB at 1.8 GHz, 8.56 dB at 2.4 GHz, and 8.1 dB at 3.7 GHz. This is the first design of triple band EBG unit cell with 50% size reduction compared with the conventional structure at the same frequency. The designed ICPW-EBG reflector with dipole antenna results in the triple band operation, low-profile and high gain suitable for modern wireless communication systems.

Microstrip-Fed Circular Ring-Slot Antennas With Very Wideband Harmonic Suppression

A microstrip-fed circular ring-slot antenna excited at 2.45 GHz band for wireless local area network (WLAN) 2.4 GHz operation is initially studied to achieve very wideband harmonic suppression between 3 and 20 GHz (7 fc ) in which the technique of integrating a stepped impedance resonator that has a low-pass filter characteristic and open stubs that possesses band-stop characteristic into the slot antenna is applied. By further loading two dissimilar slots into the single-band design, a triple-band operation for WLAN 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz with the harmonic suppression of up to 7.86 fc (2.73–21.9 GHz) is realized.

Compact ACS-fed monopole antenna with CRR defect for triple band application

A compact asymmetric coplanar strip fed monopole antenna for the triple-band operation is discussed. The introduction of the defected structure along with asymmetric coplanar strip feeding is an effective way of reducing the antenna size. The rectangular complimentary ring resonator is in the ground plane and another inverted T shaped slot at the radiating strip etched for achieving triple-band operation and interference suppression. The proposed antenna is 25 × 12 mm2 and has been fabricated and tested. The measured results reveal that the proposed antenna has impedance bandwidths of 340 MHz (2.36–2.70 MHz), 390 MHz (3.35–3.74 GHz) and 1110 MHz (5.01–6.12 GHz), which is required for 2.4/3.5/5.2 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications.

Reconfigurable Quad-Band Antenna for Wireless Communication

This letter presents a thorough procedural investigation of a highly compact reconfigurable quad-band monopole antenna providing multiband operation at 1.85 GHz (GSM 1900 MHz), 2.42 GHz Bluetooth/IMTE, 3.4 GHz (Wi-MAX) and 5.3 GHz wireless LAN (WLAN) for personal wireless applications (PWA). The investigated antenna structure consists of a ‘5′- shaped stub that facilitates operation for GSM applications and a semicircular arc for Bluetooth/IMT-E applications, while an inverted L-shaped stub facilitates dual-band operation for Wi-MAX and wireless LAN applications. The presented antenna is fed using an asymmetrical coplanar strip-line (ACS) feed. The triple-band frequency reconfiguration operation, over the Bluetooth, Wi-MAX, and WLAN frequency bands, is achieved by embedding two PIN diode RF switches. The investigated antenna is developed on a highly economical FR-4 glass epoxy substrate that is 1 mm thick with a compact size of 24 × 10 mm2. The presented antenna has measured impedance bandwidths of 1.7–1.91 GHz (BW = 11.63%), 2.35–2.55 GHz (BW = 10.31%), 3.3–3.7 GHz (BW = 11.428%) and 5.10–5.6 GHz (BW = 9.345%) providing frequency reconfigurable quad-band operation at the aforementioned frequency bands. The antenna offers simulated gains of 1.8, 3.45, 4.91 and 0.86 dBi; measured gains of 2.3, 2.7, 2.82 and 2.6 dBi and radiation efficiencies of 83%, 61%, 82% and 86% at 1.85 GHz, 2.42 GHz, 3.4 GHz and 5.3 GHz, respectively. The investigated antenna exhibits nearly symmetrical radiation patterns and stable acceptable gains across all application bands, thus making the antenna suitable for wireless communication.

Triple Band Slotted Patch Antenna with a Notch for Wi-MAX Communications

A conventional probe fed square patch antenna with a triangular notch &amp; a rectangular slot with perturbation is designed and simulated for triple band operation for applications in communication systems like Wi-MAX systems is presented. The antenna is designed on the glass epoxy FR4 substrate. With the fixed feed point location, the notch angle is varied from 1800 to 1400 resulting in single and dual resonance behavior of patch antenna. With the notch angle from 1800 to 1650, antenna resonates at a single frequency but on further reduction of notch angle from 1650 to 1400, dual resonance behavior is noticed with improved bandwidth. The optimum performance is obtained for a notch angle of 1500. The maximum radiation efficiency of ⁓ 40% is obtained. Further, a rectangular slot with perturbation at shorter edges give rise to additional resonant frequency. The other performance parameters of antenna are analyzed by varying notch angle and its position.

Design and exploration of functioning of a D-Z shaped SNG multiband metamaterial for L-, S-, and X-bands applications

A design and performance analysis of a new triple-band metamaterial (MTM) is imparted in this article. The proposed MTM is able to produce three operating frequency bands and can be applicable for L-, S-, and X-bands applications. The L-band and S-band frequency responses are caused by electric resonance, and the X-band is generated by magnetic resonance. The triple-band response is produced by combining two open D-shaped loops coupled with a Z-shaped metal strip. To conclude the electromagnetic behaviour of the proposed MTM, the Nicolson Rose Weir method is utilized, and effective parameter extraction from reflection and transmission coefficient is done. Then the parametric analysis is done by changing the arm length of the loop, varying the capacitive gaps of the structure to analyse the performance of the proposed structure. Moreover, the equivalent circuit analysis of three individual frequency bands is performed for a clear understanding of the resonance phenomena of the proposed MTM. Besides, the analysis of 1×2, 2×1, 2×2, and 4×4 array structures of the unit cells is done to validate the activities of the MTM because array structure is often needed to improve the performance of an antenna. All the structures reveal their triple-band operation and promising for L-, S-, and X-bands applications. The proposed MTM unit cell exhibits a larger effective medium ratio (17.7) for the lower frequency band. So, the projected compact MTM is a promising solution for different microwave applications.

Design and Analysis of Triple-Band Rectangular Microstrip Antenna Loaded with Notches and Slots for Wireless Applications

In this paper, a rectangular triple-band microstrip antenna has been designed for Bluetooth application by successively loading notches and slots of different dimension in radiating patch. The conventional microstrip antenna suffers with narrow impedance bandwidth. The current work affords an alternate option to enhance the bandwidth of antenna that resonates in triple-band operation. Initially, the antenna is resonating in single-band but after loading slots, the bandwidth of microstrip antenna has been obtained 1.97% (lower band), 10.35% (middle band) and 33.16% (upper band) resonating in triple-band with three resonant frequency at 1.422 GHz (lower resonant frequency), 1.791 GHz (middle resonant frequency) and 2.467 GHz (higher resonant frequency). The suggested antenna has upper frequency band in the range of 2.045–2.858 GHz resonating at 2.467 GHz frequency and it is appropriate for Bluetooth applications (2.40–2.48 GHz) and both lower band useful for other wireless (L-band) applications. The return loss of upper band is − 34.52 dB at 2.467 GHz. The suggested microstrip antenna is directly fed by 50 ohm microstrip line feed. The suggested antenna has been designed, simulated and analyzed by IE3D simulation software.

A Compact Triple-Fed High-Isolation SIW-Based Self-Triplexing Antenna

A novel and compact all planer-fed self-triplexing patch antenna is designed and demonstrated for triple-band operation simultaneously. The model is comprised of one substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity, three planar ports, and one modified I-shaped slot. The proposed antenna is designed in a simple three-step method to achieve improved self-triplexing property. In the first step, a rectangular slot is created and its position is altered to obtain initial isolation (>20 dB) between any two ports. Secondly, the same slot is modified to an I-shape, which creates three patches facing three different ports and radiates at three different frequencies (4.14, 6.1, and 8.32 GHz) with minimum isolations above 28.4 dB. In the third step, one input-port is off-centered to obtain port isolation tradeoff so that isolation between any two ports is better than 30.8 dB. Importantly, the proposed design also supports easy individual frequency tuning using single variable. For demonstration purpose, the antenna is fabricated and characterized. The proposed planar antenna is very simple, compact, and feasible for handheld microwave devices.

The Smallest Form Factor Monopole Antenna with Meandered Radiator for WLAN and WiMAX Applications

ABSTRACT The demand for designing antennas having multiband operations along with very compact dimensions is increased recently. Compact and low-profile antennas are required which can be used with multiple communication standards in a portable device. This work presents the smallest form factor multiband antenna, which is very compact, low profile, and covers triple-band for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications, simultaneously. The proposed smallest form factor antenna comprises two asymmetric meandered-shaped elements and a partial ground plane for triple-band operations. Designed on a standard and low-cost FR4 substrate, the physical size of the antenna is 20 × 20 mm2 equivalent to 0.15 λ ° × 0.15 λ ° that has been found to be resonating in three bands, i.e. 2.4–2.53, 3.3–4.15, and 5.13–6.2 GHz. An experimental prototype shows that the antenna is satisfying the WLAN (2.40/5.20/5.80 GHz) bands and WiMAX (3.50/5.50 GHz) frequency bands and exhibits acceptable gain in the passbands, good radiation performance and advantageous radiation patterns in the resonant frequencies. The proposed smallest form factor antenna will establish its place for future wireless communication with its promising compactness and extraordinary performance.

Triple band MIMO dielectric resonator antenna for LTE applications

A triple band dual-polarized MIMO square dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for fourth generation (4G) and fifth generation (5G) is proposed and analyzed in this paper. It covers LTE band 9/24 (1.63–1.84) GHz at lower frequency, LTE band 38/41 (2.43–2.71) GHz at middle frequency and LTE band 48/52 (3.27–3.75) GHz at higher frequency. The aperture coupling feeding mechanism techniques such as position of slot/feeding and L-monopole feeding have been explored to obtain triple band operation by exciting TE1δ1 (1.8 GHz), TE2δ1 (2.6 GHz) and TE44δ (3.6 GHz) radiating modes inside the DRA respectively. The proposed MIMO antenna provide impedance bandwidth of 12% at 1.7 GHz, 10.89% at 2.6 GHz and 13.68% at 3.6 GHz. Measured antenna gain obtained at 1.7 GHz is 5.5 dBi, at 2.6 GHz is 5.9 dBi and at 3.6 GHz is 6.9 dBi. Obtained envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.02, and the diversity gain is about 10 dB at the desired frequency band.

Compact Eight-Element Antenna Array for Triple-Band MIMO Operation in 5G Mobile Terminals

In this paper, we have introduced a compact eight-element antenna array for triple-band MIMO (multi-input multi-output) operation in 5G (fifth generation) mobile terminals, which consists of two symmetric four-element sub-arrays disposed, respectively, along two long side-edges of the system ground plane of the mobile terminal. This antenna element can operate at two dual-wideband of 3250-3820 MHz and 4790-6200 MHz with three resonance frequencies which can fully cover 5G NR (New Radio) BandN78 (3300-3800 MHz), China 5G-Band of 4800-5000 MHz and LTE Band-46 (5150-5925 MHz). The main parameters that characterize the performance of the proposed MIMO antenna system, such as bandwidth, reflection coefficient, isolation (more than 10.5 dB), total radiation efficiency (more than 43%), ECC (envelope correlation coefficient, less than 0.12) and CC (channel capacity, 34.9-37.6 bps/Hz), are analyzed and presented in this paper. Besides, the effects of single-hand and dual-hand on performance of the MIMO antenna system are also discussed. The structure of antenna element is only 15 mm × 3 mm (0.175 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> × 0.035 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> , λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> is the free-space wavelength at the frequency of 3.5 GHz) with a very small ground clearance of 13 mm × 2 mm on the main board of the proposed mobile terminal. The antenna system has the possibility to be used in 5G mobile terminals with triple-band operation, narrow frame and large display. The corresponding antennas prototype is fabricated and measured; and a quite good agreement between simulation and measurement is obtained.

A Compacted triple band antenna design for GSM, Wi-Fi and WiMAX communication schemes for information computation system

Recently, wireless communication devices like mobile phones are becoming increasingly popular. The aim of this paper is to design an antenna which can excite triple band operation with appreciable impedance bandwidth to combine WLAN/WiMAX communication specifications simultaneously in one device. A compacted triple band antenna is designed for global system for mobile (GSM) communications, Wi-Fi and WiMax-based applications. The proposed design comprehends a rectangular ring and S-shaped strip committed to the feed line. The dimension of the antenna is relatively small (16 × 20 mm2) and it can be operated over the frequency ranges of 1.6-1.85 GHz, 3.4-3.65 GHz and 4.95-5.8 GHz with reflection coefficient less than −10 dB. The measured and simulated results expose that the proposed antenna design can well be operated in three desired bands.

A compacted triple band antenna design for GSM, Wi-Fi and WiMAX communication schemes for information computation system

Recently, wireless communication devices like mobile phones are becoming increasingly popular. The aim of this paper is to design an antenna which can excite triple band operation with appreciable ...

Design and Development of a Compact Triple-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna Loaded with Shorting Pin.

A single layer coaxial probe fed compact shorted patch antenna capable of triple band operation for GSM, ISM and WiMax application has been designed, fabricated and analyzed. The designed antenna generates three separate resonances to cover 1.9 GHz DCS, Bluetooth and WLAN (2.4 GHz), 3.5 GHz WiMax bands while maintaining a small overall size of 36*28*1.6 mm3. A prototype is fabricated and experimental results show good radiation characteristics over the operating bands.

Design and packaging of multi-polarized triple-band antenna for automotive applications

This paper proposes a novel design and packaging of single-fed asymmetric slot loaded triple band antenna with left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) at SDARS, right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) at GPS L5 band, and linear polarization at GSM-1900 that be able to deploy at hand-held device for geo-informatics and surveying applications. Triple-band operation and multi-polarization are obtained by inculcation of asymmetric slots in the patch. The all-inclusive dimensions of the designed antenna is only 51 × 52 × 1.6 mm3, rendering it attractive for the user market. A archetype of the proposed model is fabricated, and its performance is substantiate through measurement. Measured results shows that the antenna exhibits multiple independent polarized radiations, i.e. RHCP and LHCP radiation at two distinct bands namely Global Positioning System (GPS) L5 (1.17645 GHz) and Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service (SDARS) (2.320–2.345 GHz) bands, respectively and linear Polarized radiation at GSM-1900 band. The proposed antenna display good radiation performance when installed on car housing and various other type of housing.

Triple-band operation achievement via multi-input multi-output antenna for wireless communication system applications

AbstractA multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna is designed and discussed for multi-band applications. The constituent antennas are composed of four L-shaped elements and a ground plane. When placed beside each other to form a MIMO antenna, a T-bar shaped parasitic structure is also embedded between the antennas on the backside of the substrate to increase the inter-element isolation. The triple-band performance of the antenna is observed at 2.15–2.73 GHz, 3.1–3.9 GHz, and 5.04–6 GHz. The isolation level of more than 20 is seen over the operating frequency range. The fabricated prototype of the MIMO antenna size is very compact (20 × 40 mm), printed on the FR4 substrate. Based on simulation and experimental results, the proposed design is useful for WiMAX and WLAN applications.