Tripartite Arrangement Research Articles

Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis in Human Breast Carcinoma: A Potential Prognostic Marker Linked to Hematogenous Dissemination

Multiphoton-based intravital imaging has shown that invasive carcinoma cells in mouse and rat mammary tumors intravasate when associated with perivascular macrophages, identifying a potential tumor microenvironment of metastasis (TMEM). We define TMEM as the tripartite arrangement of an invasive carcinoma cell, a macrophage, and an endothelial cell. The aim of this study was to determine if TMEM density in human breast carcinoma samples predicts the development of systemic, hematogenous metastases. A case-control study of 30 patients who developed metastatic breast cancer and 30 patients without metastatic disease was done. Cases were matched to controls based on currently used prognostic criteria. Paraffin-embedded primary breast cancer samples were stained using a triple immunohistochemical method allowing simultaneous identification of carcinoma cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Two pathologists, blinded to outcome, evaluated the number of TMEM per 20 high-power fields. No association was seen between TMEM density and tumor size or grade, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, or hormone receptor status. TMEM density was greater in the group of patients who developed systemic metastases compared with the patients with only localized breast cancer (median, 105 versus 50, respectively; P = 0.00006). For every 10-unit increase in TMEM density, the odds ratio for systemic metastasis was 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.4). TMEM density predicted the development of systemic, hematogenous metastases. The ability of TMEM to predict distant metastasis was independent of lymph node status and other currently used prognosticators. Quantitation of TMEM may be a useful new prognostic marker for breast cancer patients.

The Structure of the News Market in Britain, 1870–1914

In this essay, I grapple with three main questions: What effect did the nationalization of telegraphy in 1868–70 have on the structure of the news market in Britain? How did this market structure affect the pricing and supply of news? What effects did subsequent technological change have on the structure of the news market? I show that nationalization resulted in a tripartite market arrangement characterized by collusion that benefited the provincial press over the London press, but retarded the productivity of the General Post Office and the adoption of new technology.

New year, new beginning

The beginning of year 2008 marks the creation of TIFAC-CORE in Green Pharmacy. Dr. Deepak Bhatnagar, Advisor (Mission REACH) Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (DST, GOI), vide his letter dated 27/12/2008, informed us the approval of High Level Expert Group of Mission REACH for the creation of this Center of Relevance and Excellence with an objective of enriching Holistic Health Sciences and Modern Pharmaceutical Technology with each other. Budgeted for Rs. 100 million, this center shall operate under tripartite arrangement among Academia, Industry and the Government.

The Monterrey Process and Beyond: An Interview with Tim Wall

The Monterrey Process and BeyondAn Interview with Tim Wall Michael Collins (bio) Tim Wall is an Information Officer in the United Nations Department of Public Information Strategic Communication Division, Development Section. This interview was conducted at the United Nations on May 22, 2008. WALL: The Monterrey Process on financing for development started in the late 1990s. Official Development Assistance—foreign aid—had been going down since the end of the Cold War rather than going up as expected. The Asian financial crisis had just struck, and later on it affected Brazil and Russia and even shook the economies of the developed world. There were pullbacks in foreign investment, especially portfolio investment. So the question developing countries had was—we’re supposed to be financing our own development less through the public sector, but although private flows can be large at times they can also be volatile; they can turn off and disappear overnight; so how are we going to finance our own development? What’s the strategy now? Monterrey basically emerged as a way to answer this question. It was a Group of 77 developing countries-led process but, almost to their surprise, the northern countries Europe came on board. Also involved were the IMF and the World Bank. There had been strong disputes between the UN and Bretton Woods in the 80s and the 90s about structural adjustment, and differences on how to finance development. The UN delegates wanted these agencies to be part of this conference process. COLLINS: That’s the UN and Bretton Woods institutions? WALL: Yes, it was a tripartite arrangement. The process was initiated by the UN but it was co-sponsored by the UN, the World Bank and the IMF, and the WTO also took a leading role. As a matter of fact on the opening day in Monterrey, a press conference was held with the chiefs of the United Nations (Kofi Annan), the World Bank (James Wolfensohn), the International Monetary Fund (Horst Kohler) and the World Trade Organization (Mike Moore). I believe it is the only time that that has ever happened. In terms of substance, you found the UN taking the point [traditionally made by the Bretton Woods institutions] that fiscal balance is necessary; you can’t finance development just by printing money. But you also had the Bretton Woods [bodies, the IMF and the World Bank] taking the UN’s point that the main purpose of development, economics, and finance was not to balance [End Page 1302] the books. The main point is to meet human needs, and you had to gear the process to have that end result. Part of the process in the negotiations leading up to the Monterrey consensus was that the northern countries recognized that foreign aid was needed to jump start development in many areas, especially in the poorest and smallest countries, those that are landlocked, etc., and foreign aid had been falling to levels that were really unprecedented since 1950 in terms of per capita income. The developing countries basically recognized the importance of markets in generating economic surplus and economic growth, and that the main job of amassing additional resources had to come or should come from the developing countries themselves. They discussed various aspects of the six-part Monterrey agenda, on aid, trade, debt, mobilizing domestic resources, foreign investment, and international financial architecture. To the surprise of many people, the March meeting in Monterrey 2002 was met with pledges from the European Union two days in advance to increase development assistance by substantial amounts. The U.S. followed with its own pledge the next day. And in point of fact those increases started in during the next fiscal years. This effectively reversed the decline in foreign aid, and marked the beginning of the upward run in ODA that we’ve seen since. Even though many believe that ODA levels are still not sufficient, over this period they have roughly doubled from $50 billion to more than $100 billion. The kickoff of that process was Monterrey. I think the increase in ODA did something even more important. It helped the developing countries take seriously all the talk from the rich countries about openness...

Biochemical properties of the major proteins from Rhodnius prolixus eggshell

Two proteins from the eggshell of Rhodnius prolixus were isolated, characterized and named Rp30 and Rp45 according to their molecular masses. Purified proteins were used to obtain specific antiserum which was later used for immunolocalization. The antiserum against Rp30 and Rp45 detected their presence inside the follicle cells, their secretion and their association with oocyte microvilli. Both proteins are expressed during the final stage of vitellogenesis, preserved during embryogenesis and discarded together with the eggshell. The amino terminals were sequenced and both proteins were further cloned using degenerated primers. The amino acid sequences appear to have a tripartite arrangement with a highly conserved central domain which presents a repetitive motif of valine–proline–valine (VPV) at intervals of 15 amino acid residues. Their amino acid sequence showed no similarity to any known eggshell protein. The expression of these proteins was also investigated; the results demonstrated that this occurred strictly in choriogenic follicles. Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger was found to be associated with Rp45 but not with Rp30. A. niger exposed to Rp45 protein induced growth inhibition and several morphological changes such as large vacuoles, swollen mitochondria, multi-lamellar structures and a disorganized cell wall as demonstrated by electron microscopy analysis.

People as partners: Facilitating people's participation in public–private partnerships for solid waste management

Cities in developing countries are facing a double dilemma. On one hand, the urban population is growing rapidly, causing a huge increase in demand for waste management services. On the other hand, the traditional public sector is failing to respond to the increased demand for service. The public sector is constrained by resource and institutional limitations. It is often proposed that the solution lies in private sector participation. It is expected that the private sector, with its dynamism and flexibility, may fill in the service delivery gaps by forming partnership with the public sector. However, a third tier—the people—is often overlooked in the service delivery framework. Citizens can contribute significantly to service delivery. They can support the private sector with payment of service charges. But more importantly, they can play an active role in improving accountability and service quality of both public and private sector. This radical shift in people's role, from passive service receivers to active service partners, however, may not occur endogenously. External help from facilitating agencies may enable the public and private sector to form partnership with people for better service delivery. This article examines the role of facilitating agencies in developing tripartite partnership for solid waste management service in Bangladesh. The key lessons learned are: a number of obstacles prevented spontaneous partnership among the public sector, private sector and people; facilitating agencies were able to overcome the obstacles to form partnership of the three; and, the tripartite arrangement resulted in higher accountability and better service delivery.

Advancing working and learning through critical action research: creativity and constraints

Continuous professional development is an essential component within many health care ‘Learning Organisations’. The paper describes the first phase of an initiative to develop a professional practice development framework for nurses in an NHS general hospital. The project was undertaken within a critical action research methodology. A tripartite arrangement between the hospital, a university and professional nursing organisation enabled clinical, educational and research support for the nurses (co-researchers) engaged in the project. Initial challenges were from some managers, educationalists and the ethics committee who did not appear to understand the action research process. A multi-method approach to data collection was undertaken to capture the change process from different stakeholders’ perceptions. Triangulation of the data was undertaken. Despite organisational constraints, transformational leadership and peer support enabled the co-researchers to identify and initiate three patient-focused initiatives. The change process for the co-researchers included: enlightening personal journey, exploring the research–practice gap, enhancing personal and professional knowledge, evolving cultural change and collaborative working, empowering and disempowering messages. A hospital merger and corporate staff changes directly impacted on the project. A more flexible time-scale and longer term funding are required to enable continuity for trust-wide projects undertaken in dynamic clinical settings.

London, UK: The Chalfont Centre for epilepsy

The National Hospital for the Paralysed and the Epileptic was founded at Queen Square, London in 1857. This Hospital has since been renamed the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery. Early physicians at the National Hospital, who established the foundations of the modern understanding of epilepsy and its treatment, included Sir William Gowers, John Hughlings Jackson, Sir David Ferrier, Sir Victor Horseley and William Aldren Turner. The National Society for the Employment of Epileptics was founded in 1892. This was an initiative of the physicians at the National Hospital, in collaboration with philanthropic charities. There have been close links between the charity and the hospital ever since. In 1894, the society purchased a farm in Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire, establishing the Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy. The name of the society was changed to the National Society for Epilepsy (NSE) in 1907. The NSE has provided residential care and public education from that time at its Chalfont site and, since its beginning over a century ago, has been the largest UK epilepsy charity that supports research and provides care for those with epilepsy. In 1972, following a report by the UK Department of Health on the care of patients with epilepsy, a new National Health Service treatment unit was established at the Chalfont Centre, specially for patients with severe and complicated epilepsy. This Unit, termed the Special Assessment Unit, was run jointly by the National Hospital and the NSE and is the origin of the current National Health Service clinical inpatient and outpatient service for epilepsy at the Chalfont Centre. In 1950, the Institute of Neurology was founded as a postgraduate Institute of the University of London. The Institute has been closely linked with the National Hospital over the last half century. The unique tripartite arrangement of the current era between charity (NSE), university (Institute of Neurology of University College London) and hospital (the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery—NHNN) was established in 1983, with the joint appointment of Dr Shorvon as a Senior Lecturer in Neurology at the Institute of Neurology, and Consultant Neurologist at the NHNN and at the NSE. In 1988, the role of Medical Director of the NSE, was added to the existing posts of Senior Lecturer in Neurology at the Institute of Neurology and Consultant Neurologist at the National Hospital. This led to the restructuring and reorganisation of the clinical and research work of the NHNN, NSE and Institute of Neurology. The result was a co-ordinated and comprehensive spectrum of clinical care and research at the Chalfont and Queen Square sites and stimulated the rapid development and expansion of the range and quality of endeavours in these areas. Since its beginning in 1894, the Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy has provided residential care for those with epilepsy and associated disorders, who were not able to live in the community.

London, UK: The Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy

The National Hospital for the Paralysed and the Epileptic was founded at Queen Square, London in 1857. This Hospital has since been renamed the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery. Early physicians at the National Hospital, who established the foundations of the modern understanding of epilepsy and its treatment, included Sir William Gowers, John Hughlings Jackson, Sir David Ferrier, Sir Victor Horseley and William Aldren Turner. The National Society for the Employment of Epileptics was founded in 1892. This was an initiative of the physicians at the National Hospital, in collaboration with philanthropic charities. There have been close links between the charity and the hospital ever since. In 1894, the society purchased a farm in Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire, establishing the Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy. The name of the society was changed to the National Society for Epilepsy (NSE) in 1907. The NSE has provided residential care and public education from that time at its Chalfont site and, since its beginning over a century ago, has been the largest UK epilepsy charity that supports research and provides care for those with epilepsy. In 1972, following a report by the UK Department of Health on the care of patients with epilepsy, a new National Health Service treatment unit was established at the Chalfont Centre, specially for patients with severe and complicated epilepsy. This Unit, termed the Special Assessment Unit, was run jointly by the National Hospital and the NSE and is the origin of the current National Health Service clinical inpatient and outpatient service for epilepsy at the Chalfont Centre. In 1950, the Institute of Neurology was founded as a postgraduate Institute of the University of London. The Institute has been closely linked with the National Hospital over the last half century. The unique tripartite arrangement of the current era between charity (NSE), university (Institute of Neurology of University College London) and hospital (the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery—NHNN) was established in 1983, with the joint appointment of Dr Shorvon as a Senior Lecturer in Neurology at the Institute of Neurology, and Consultant Neurologist at the NHNN and at the NSE. In 1988, the role of Medical Director of the NSE, was added to the existing posts of Senior Lecturer in Neurology at the Institute of Neurology and Consultant Neurologist at the National Hospital. This led to the restructuring and reorganisation of the clinical and research work of the NHNN, NSE and Institute of Neurology. The result was a co-ordinated and comprehensive spectrum of clinical care and research at the Chalfont and Queen Square sites and stimulated the rapid development and expansion of the range and quality of endeavours in these areas. Since its beginning in 1894, the Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy has provided residential care for those with epilepsy and associated disorders, who were not able to live in the community.

Apical sensory organ in larvae of the patellogastropod Tectura scutum.

The apical sensory organ in veliger larvae of a patellogastropod, a basal clade of gastropod molluscs, was studied using ultrastructural and immunohistochemical techniques. Immediately before veligers of Tectura scutum undergo ontogenetic torsion, the apical sensory organ consists of three large cells that generate a very long apical ciliary tuft, two cells that generate a bilateral pair of shorter ciliary tufts, and a neural ganglion (apical ganglion). Putative sensory neurons forming the ganglion give rise to dendrites that extend to the apical surface of the larva and to basal neurites that contribute to a neuropil. The ganglion includes only one ampullary neuron, a distinctive neuronal type found in the apical ganglion of other gastropod veligers. Serotonin immunoreactivity is expressed by a medial and two lateral neurons, all having an apical dendrite, and also by neurites within the neuropil and by peripheral neurites that run beneath the ciliated prototrochal cells that power larval swimming. The three cells generating the long apical ciliary tuft are lost soon after ontogenetic torsion, and the medial serotonergic cell stops expressing serotonin antigenicity in late-stage veligers. The lateral ciliary tuft cells of T. scutum may be homologs of lateral ciliary tuft cells in planktotrophic opisthobranch veligers. A tripartite arrangement of sensory dendrites, as described previously for veligers of other gastropod clades, can be recognized in T. scutum after loss of the apical ciliary tuft cells.

Charting the course of change

Change and transition are different concepts. Transition for practitioners in the workplace is complex. Transition within roles needs a positive tripartite arrangement with teacher and clinical manager. This paper looks at the findings from a study of 100 enrolled nurses undertaking a part-time conversion programme to RGN, RMN or RSCN. Evidence suggests that student perceptions change over time within a 2-year programme. This conversion programme is seen as a positive experience by participants and employers.

Vibration analysis of vessel wall motion with intra vena caval balloon pumping.

The intravenous membrane oxygenator (IMO) incorporates a centrally positioned balloon surrounded by hollow microporous fibers. Previous studies using this configuration have demonstrated that rhythmic pulsation of the balloon enhances gas exchange, presumably by three dimensional convective mixing. This study sought to characterize vessel wall vibrations imparted by intra vena caval balloon pumping. An in vitro flow loop incorporating a current IMO prototype was used for these measurements. The IMO prototype was inserted in a modeled vena cava on which ultrasonic dimension transducers were mounted on the outer surface. The flow loop was operated at physiologic flow rates. The balloon was activated, and dynamic vessel diameter measurements were recorded as the pumping frequency was varied from 40 to 120 beats per minute (bpm). A Fast Fourier Transform algorithm generated a frequency spectrum at each bpm and for two different balloon configurations; a single balloon versus a tripartite arrangement, the authors' results demonstrate that the mean amplitude of vena caval oscillations varied with bpm, and that this variation followed the trends in oxygen transfer rates. This suggests that the motion of the vessel wall may contribute to convective mixing of blood. In addition, this work demonstrated significant differences in the frequency spectra associated with our two balloon configurations.

THE IDEOLOGY OF INTERNAL RECRUITMENT The Selection of Chief Constables and Changes within the Tripartite Arrangement

THE IDEOLOGY OF INTERNAL RECRUITMENT The Selection of Chief Constables and Changes within the Tripartite Arrangement

STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN AND MEDULLA TERMINALIS OF THE SPINY LOBSTER PANULIRUS ARGUS AND THE CRAYFISH PROCAMBARUS CLARKII, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON OLFACTORY CENTERS

ABSTRACT We present a comparative morphological study of the brain and medulla terminalis (fourth eyestalk ganglion) of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus and the crayfish Procambarus clarkii as a basis for investigations of the functional organization of their olfactory systems. Both the brain and medulla terminalis of P. argus display folding with respect to those of P. clarkii, which alters the relative locations of analogous soma clusters, tracts, bundles, and neuropiles. The major olfactory neuropiles of the central nervous system are the olfactory lobes and the accessory lobes in the brain, and the hemiellipsoid bodies and regions IV of the glomeruli centrales in the medullae terminales. All of these paired regions of neuropile have a glomerular organization. The glomeruli of the olfactory lobe are radially arranged, and each glomerulus is divided into distinguishable regions. The glomeruli of the accessory lobe are smaller and more numerous than those of the olfactory lobe, are spherically shaped, and are organized into three groups within each accessory lobe (this tripartite arrangement is much more obvious in P. argus than in P. clarkii). The medulla terminalis contains 13 distinct neuropile regions, including the hemiellipsoid body and region IV of the glomeruli centrales, both of which are interconnected with the olfactory lobes and accessory lobes via the olfactory-globular tract and contain numerous microglomeruli.

The jumping mechanism of Xenopsylla cheopis. II. The fine structure of the jumping muscle.

The ultrastructure of the trochanteral depressor muscle of the oriental rat flea is described. It is shown to be similar to that of the tubular leg muscles of other insects except in the volume and arrangement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum occupies approximately 18% of the volume of the muscle fibres. It is in three configurations:a regular array of parallel tubules opposite the A-band, a collar of sacculi involved in the formation of the dyads at the edge of the A-band and a loosely woven arrangement of tubules around the I-band. This tripartite arrangement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and its large surface area is discussed in relation to the action of the muscle as the main propulsive muscle in the jump of the flea.

The Propagation of Short Period Air Pressure Micro-Oscillations

Air pressure micro-oscillations of the impulse-type (period: 10–25 seconds) as recorded by Macelwane Electromagnetic Microbarographs in a small tripartite arrangement at Florissant, Missouri (near Saint Louis) are propagated in the direction and with a speed that is of the same order of magnitude as the wind speed in the lower layers of the atmosphere but not necessarily at the surface.

Progress report of the Jesuit Seismological Association for the Years 1945 and 1946

The years 1945 and 1946, including as they do the transition from wartime restriction to peacetime freedom, deserve more than usual attention.During the war years the tripartite arrangement between Science Service, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and Geodetic Survey, and the Jesuit Seismological Association was maintained; but the sources of information were so diminished in number and the personnel and facilities were so greatly curtailed that epicenters of earthquakes publicly announced were necessarily fewer in number and the information contained in the Preliminary Bulletin of the Central Station at Saint Louis was much less extensive.

Progress‐report of the Jesuit Seismological Association for the years 1941, 1942, and 1943

The tripartite arrangement between Science Service, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the Jesuit Seismological Association has continued in fruitful operation during these years in spite of the difficult circumstances created by the war. Through this arrangement, telegraphic reports are received from important stations in the United States so that immediate determinations of the epicenters of earthquakes can be made independently by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in Washington and the Central Station of the Jesuit Seismological Association in Saint Louis, In addition to this excellent arrangement, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey has made available by mail to the Central Station of the Jesuit Seismological Association in Saint Louis information on earthquakes transmitted through courtesy of the State, War, and Navy Departments from such stations in the Pacific Area as Fairbanks and Sitka (Alaska), Honolulu (Territory of Hawaii), Brisbane, Perth, and Riverview (Australia), Wellington (New Zealand), Apia (Samoa), and Balboa Heights (Canal Zone). In addition to these, reports are received by mail from Tacubaya (Mexico) and from Bogota (Colombia), and through the courtesy of the Carnegie Institution of Washington readings are also obtained from the seismograms of the station at Huancayo (Peru).

Mother Lode and Sierra Nevada Batholith

A mineralized and silicified zone which dips more gently than the wall rock and is accompanied by reverse faulting or thrusting is denned as a mother-lode structure. The western border of the Sierra Nevada batholith is accompanied by a belt of such structures. A tripartite arrangement which coincides with three distinctly different portions of the batholith can be recognized in this belt: (I) a southern portion of scattered lodes within the boundaries of the widest portion of the batholith; (2) a medial continuous zone (the Mother Lode proper) west of the batholith; and (3) a northern extension of scattered, rich lodes which are closely related to the contacts of scattered and small massifs. The divisions of the batholith are believed to be accidental and due to a northward plunge of the mass; lower levels are exposed in the southern region and higher levels in the north. Gold production and mining values increase from south to north and seem to be highest where the shallowest levels of the batholith ar...

Societies and Academies

Societies and Academies