Trip Conditions Research Articles

Virtual reality as a new tool for transport data collection

Transport studies that adopt complex analyses present methodological challenges that lead to the use of innovative techniques to address the limitations of traditional methods. In the Latin American context, people consider security as a relevant variable in their daily lives. Thus, when people travel around the city and choose a mode of transport, secu-rity becomes an important factor and should therefore be included in transport studies. However, the definition of security in terms of transport in the Colombian context remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the security percep-tion effect on transport mode choice by addressing security as a latent variable consisting of three elements: environ-ment, subject and transport mode. We proposed the use of virtual reality (VR) to recreate travel routes and offer partic-ipants a scenario of choice closer to the natural conditions of a trip. The participants were provided routes in the form of immersive 3D videos recreating natural trip conditions to identify their choices and travel behaviour. Recordings were made of daily scenarios and existing urban environments portraying real and active modes of transport, giving respondents an almost-natural experience. The use of 360-degree immersive videos offers a multisensory experience allowing both the capture of socioeconomic and travel information and the collection of journey perception. The experiment evaluated two environments in Medellín, Colombia (secure (E1) and insecure (E2)) and studied the effects of lighting conditions (day (D) and night (N)). A total of four videos (E1D, E1N, E2D and E2N) depicting six transport modes in tandem were assessed by 92 participants from Medellín and Bogotá, Colombia. We found that environment-associated security perception varies depending on the time of the journey (day/night) and one’s familiarity with the environment. The research results position VR as a tool that offers high potential to support transport studies. We found that people’s movements, gestures and expressions while participating in the VR experiments resembled what was expected from journeys in reality. VR constitutes a relevant tool for transport studies, as it allows for an assessment of active transport mode perceptions. It prevents participants from being exposed to the risk associated with travel to specific places and carries out several routes in different transport modes even when participants cannot or have never undertaken journeys in the modes under assessment.

Driving behaviour and trip condition effects on the energy consumption of an electric vehicle under real-world driving

This work evaluates driving behaviour, trip distance, ambient temperature, traffic condition and road grade effects on the specific energy consumption (SEC) of an electric vehicle (EV) under different operation modes according to a real driving cycle (RDC) test schedule. A compact size EV was operated in the roads of the second largest populated city in the United Kingdom for nearly four years, with real-time data collected, processed and stored by a monitoring software communicating with the electronic central unit. The trips were selected according to fully compliance with the RDC test in the individual operation modes based on vehicle speed – urban, rural and motorway – and those with shorter distances than the specifications. The driving behaviour was classified as aggressive, moderate and passive, according to dynamic operation limits, and the parameters representing the traffic conditions were stop time percentage and average vehicle speed in urban driving. The results show that the SEC is highly influenced by changes in the outside temperature, nearly doubling from operation at moderate temperatures of around 20 °C to operation at temperatures as low as 0 °C. Short trips below 16 km caused nearly 10% SEC average increase in comparison with longer ones, showing more awkward effects in motorway operation with a SEC rise up to 29%. Traffic conditions and driving behaviour also demonstrated a high influence on SEC, increasing it by as much as 40% and 16%, respectively, from the most favourable to the most unfavourable condition. In comparison with flat roads, ascending roads with 3% grade increased SEC by 50% while descending roads with −3% grade decreased SEC by 80%, with the assistance of the regenerative brake system.

Using SHRP2 NDS data to examine infrastructure and other factors contributing to older driver crashes during left turns at signalized intersections

Drivers age 65 and over have higher rates of crashes and crash-related fatalities than other adult drivers and are especially over-represented in crashes during left turns at intersections. This research investigated the use of SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) data to assess infrastructure and other factors contributing to left turn crashes at signalized intersections, and how to improve older driver safety during such turns. NDS data for trips involving signalized intersections and crash or near-crash events were obtained for two driver age groups: drivers age 65 and over (older drivers) and a sample of drivers age 30−49, along with NDS pre-screening and questionnaire data. Video scoring of all trips was performed to collect additional information on intersection and trip conditions. To identify the most influential factors of crash risk during left turns at signalized intersections, machine learning and regression models were used. The results found that in the obtained NDS dataset, there was a relatively small volume of crashes during left turns at signalized intersections. Further, model results found the statistically significant variables of crash risk for older drivers were associated more with health and cognitive factors rather than the infrastructure or design of the intersections. The results suggest that a study using only SHRP2 NDS data will not lead to definitive findings or recommendations for infrastructure changes to increase safety for older drivers at signalized intersections and during left turns. Moreover, the findings of this study indicates the need to consider other data sources and data collection methods to address this critical literature gap in older driver safety.

Una caminata provinciana: digresión y peregrinación en A Luján (una novela peregrina) de Ariel Magnus

Este trabajo pretende analizar la representación del peregrinaje en relación con la construcción de un discurso digresivo sobre la provincia en la novela A Luján (una novela peregrina) (2013), del escritor argentino Ariel Magnus. Considerando la dimensión sagrada del viaje asociada a la peregrinación, se abordarán los diversos modos en que la experiencia de recorrer el espacio urbano problematiza las nociones de centro y periferia desde un discurso que mezcla el humor y la ironía. En sintonía con el poder de la caminata para impulsar la reflexión, la digresión actúa como una herramienta retórica que descentra el discurso y define una estética caracterizada por la errancia textual. En la construcción de un imaginario religioso sobre la provincia, la novela ironiza sobre el sentido de la caminata espiritual bajo las condiciones mundanas del viaje turístico y juega con las figuras tradicionales asociadas al peregrino y el turista.

Dynamic Characteristics of Accelerator-Driven Subcritical Reactor With Self-Adapting Multi-Mode Core Few-Group Constants

In this study, the dynamic characteristics of accelerator-driven subcritical reactor (ADSR) under beam transients with high heterogeneity of neutron flux in time-space are investigated. Multi-mode core few-group constants are generated by three kinds of neutron fluxes: steady state of ADSR, λ-eigenvalue fundamental wave, and α-eigenvalue fundamental wave. The proposed few-group constants overcome the limitation of single few-group constant generated by two-step method that cannot consider the variation in neutron flux density and neutron energy spectrum with time and space. Compared to the existing few-group constants generated by two-step method under different operating conditions, the self-adapting multi-mode core few-group constants exhibit higher accuracy in the case of following two modes: steady-state mode of ADSR in the starting process and λ-eigenvalue mode in the beam trip condition. Overall, this research provides useful insights on neutron kinetics and can boost the development of ADSRs.

CLASSICAL METHODS TO PREDICT THE PERFORMANCE OF BUCHHOLZ RELAY BY GIVING THE PHENOMENA OF INCIPIENT FAULT INTO THE OIL IMMERSED TRANSFORMER

This work explains the classical methods for predicting the performance of the Buchholz relay. The traditional methods use the simulation by giving a phenomenon of incipient fault into the oil-immersed transformer. The Buchholz relay is a type of mechanical relay whose operating mechanism is influenced by oil and gas in the transformer tank tend to move into the expansion tank through the interconnecting piping. This device is a critical component that is integrated into the oil-immersed transformer protection philosophy. An electronic circuit-based simulator that is integrated with a circuit breaker operation control panel was chosen as a means for creating conditions during alarm or trip. The performance measurement provides simulated fault conditions for setting on alarm and trip. The provision of faults simulation in the form of pressing a push-button one time to simulate the existence of an alarm condition. In that condition, the CBs control panel does not operate, but the appointment of an alarm signal. Based on that, the Buzzer sounds and the status check trip is still normal or "no lock-out". Giving full pressure as a form of simulation for trip conditions on the Buchholz relay, the control panel designates the condition of the two CBs (side of 150 kV and 20 kV side) open, and the alarm signal designation also occurs with Buzzer sounding. Hence, the check trip status becomes "lock-out". The Buchholz relay serves to detect the presence of gas caused by local heating or pressure surges in the transformer oil. After giving all of the conditions, the Buccholz relay performance is known.

Planning for Congestion Pricing Policies in the Middle East: Public Acceptability and Revenue Distribution

ABSTRACT This study considered two types of congestion pricing, high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes and cordon pricing, and the factors influencing their public acceptability if they are to be implemented in Abu Dhabi city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) surveys were conducted in the city to collect data. The public acceptability was analyzed based on respondents’ willingness to pay (WTP) a toll or cordon fee to circumvent congestion. Furthermore, the distribution of the generated revenue was analyzed as an additional indicator of public acceptability. The results indicated that trip conditions (travel speed, travel distance, and trip urgency); respondents’ age, income, employment status, and car ownership; and toll fees are significant factors in determining public acceptability of HOT lanes, while respondents’ average monthly income, age, employment status, car ownership, and saving in travel time are significant factors of determining public acceptability of cordon pricing.

Assessing the Efficiency of Household Residential Location Choices

As part of strategic plans, we often see car dependency reduction vision along with strategies to reduce car use and vehicle-kilometers traveled while promoting alternatives such as transit and active modes. It is less common to see strategies to generate more structural changes, even if such change can have much more important and sustainable impacts. Whereas it is well known that home location is one of the key drivers of travel behaviors, it is much less frequent to have planners put forward strategies to encourage people to move and choose their locations more wisely with respect to their needs. This research aims to assess the potential collective gain of an optimal allocation of households to available dwellings. It aims to estimate how inefficient the current distribution is of households among the dwellings with respect to where all household members need to travel. Results show that the household relocations reduce the distances for work and study by 37.9%. This reduction saves an average of 13.8 km per household per day or 4.9 km per work or study trip. If the mode choice remains constant despite the new trip conditions following the household relocations, the total mileage for work and study trips would decrease by 42.8% for car drivers, by 35.2% for car passenger, by 13.3% for school bus, and 34.2% for public transport. As a result of the household relocations, walking and cycling latent trips increased, respectively, from 2.6% to 15.5% and 26.1% to 39.9% of motorized trips.

Bioeconomic Analysisis of Long-Jawed Mackerel Fish (Rastrelliger sp) in Indramayu Regency

Long jawed mackerel resources are resources that are open access and common resources. The activity of catch mackerel in Indramayu district is increasing every year. In 2018 total fish production was 8423 tons while in 2019 there were 9047 tons. The utilization of long jawed mackerel resources must be based on economic and biological aspects as well as planning a sustainable use of long jawed mackerel. This study aims to analyze the conditions, efforts, and actual production of bloating fishing activities that are sustainable and optimal in Indramayu, as well as providing input into the direction of appropriate input and output management in bloating fishing activities in Indramayu Regency. The study was conducted in December 2019 to January 2020. The method used in this study was a survey method using quantitative descriptive analysis. Sample included 100 patients (age range 15-65 years) with respondents were owner fishermen, crew members, and/or boat captains, respondents were fishing using payang and purse seine. The data analysis method used is Gordon Schaefer's bioeconomic analysis. The results of the study found that the recommended fishing effort was in Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) 100.061 trip conditions and total production of 9011 tons, Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) conditions 98.756 trips and total production of 9.009 tons, and Open Access (OA) conditions in 197.513 trips and total production of 4.638 tons. The condition of long jawed mackerel in Indramayu Regency has experienced biological overfishing and economical overfishing. The policy recommendation is a limited entry of 27.242 trips (MSY) to 28.547 trips (MEY). Presentation of the reduction in the number of payang and purse seine fishing gear fleets under the conditions of MSY was 58% and 91,3% while for the MEY conditions were 59% and 91,7%.

Analisis Koordinasi Over Current Relay Dan Ground Fault Relay Terhadap Keandalan Sistem

This research had done base on case study in the feeder of substation 20 kV Jababeka. Existing data showed that condition is well with not too long differential, over all setting on the Overcurrent Relay (OCR) – Ground Fault Relay (GFR) in the field is well. From calculated result can be seem that current of short circuit disturb is influenced by distance between disturbance points. Using over current relay has important purpose in the protection of electricity system. The qualification need setting minimum time of over current relay in the feeder not less than 0.3 second. This consider to the relay will not in trip condition in rush current from distribution transformator that has been connected in the distribution system when the feeder starts operated. Starting time for relay in the feeder is faster than work time in the incoming side with average time about 0.4 second for one phase disturbance side. But for three phase and two phase disturbance side, work time relay has interval time about 0.4 second and than increase with average increament about 0.1 second when transmission line is longer (from distance aspects about 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%).

Sistem Proteksi Motor Induksi 3 Fasa Terhadap Bermacam Gangguan Menggunakan Mikrokontroller

ABSTRACTIn the current era of globalization, various human jobs depend on electrical equipment such as three-phase induction motors. Three-phase induction motors are very important to use according to their roles and functions. The occurrence of voltage variations in the electric power system is due to the magnitude of the voltages between the three phases which are not the same so that there are differences in the angle of the R, S and T phases, which causes an uneven load overload in the electrical distribution system. Among the disturbances that can occur are overvoltage, under voltage, unbalance voltage between phases, overload, and overheating. Based on these problems, a three-phase induction motor protection system was designed, the system uses current, voltage, temperature sensors, which functions to measure the value when a disturbance occurs, a magnetic contactor as a breaker and a liaison when the disturbance is given in accordance with the set point value given to the microcontroller. The results of the research for unbalanced voltage of V1 112 V, V2 114 V, V3 108 V, overvoltage of V1 228 V, V2 207 V, V3 264 V, over current of A1 104 A, A2 107 A, A3 0.77 A , the overload on the resistance source is 333 ?, 250 ?, 200 ?, 167 ?, and the overheating is 40.75 ºC at 6.5 minutes with tripping conditions in each test. The final results of this study indicate that the protection system which is designed is better used for three-phase induction motors.Keywords: unbalaced, disturbances, protection systems, sensors, magnetic contactor, microcontroller.

Estimation of the Energy Consumption of Battery Electric Buses for Public Transport Networks Using Real-World Data and Deep Learning

The estimation of energy consumption is an important prerequisite for planning the required infrastructure for charging and optimising the schedules of battery electric buses used in public urban transport. This paper proposes a model using a reduced number of readily acquired bus trip parameters: arrival times at the bus stops, map positions of the bus stops and a parameter indicating the trip conditions. A deep learning network is developed for deriving the estimates of energy consumption stop by stop of bus lines. Deep learning networks belong to the important group of methods capable of the analysis of large datasets—“big data”. This property allows for the scaling of the method and application to different sized transport networks. Validation of the network is done using real-world data provided by bus authorities of the town of Jaworzno in Poland. The estimates of energy consumption are compared with the results obtained using a regression model that is based on the collected data. Estimation errors do not exceed 7.1% for the set of several thousand bus trips. The study results indicate spots in the public transport network of potential power deficiency which can be alleviated by introducing a charging station or correcting the bus trip schedules.

The Problem of Congestion Unreliability Cost: The Certain Error of a Mean and the Measure of Travel Time Utility Gains from Public Works

This summary-for-students presents the claim of some recent analyses of home-based daily urban trips made in France or in the USA that the first four moments of travel time, not just the first, matter and that travelers react to changed service on road or transit networks by adjusting all four of their constructed trip duration moments, including the three higher moments characterizing time unreliability. Sole reliance on mean time changes to evaluate improved or worsened trip conditions then short-changes the benefit-cost analysis and notably fails to explain fast fill-ups and super-peaks that are part of the demanded trip time profile.

RIP-based performance guarantee for low-tubal-rank tensor recovery

The essential task of tensor data analysis focuses on the tensor decomposition and the corresponding notion of rank. In this paper, by introducing the notion of tensor Singular Value Decomposition (t-SVD), we establish a Regularized Tensor Nuclear Norm Minimization (RTNNM) model for low-tubal-rank tensor recovery. As we know that many variants of the Restricted Isometry Property (RIP) have proven to be crucial analysis tools for sparse recovery. In the t-SVD framework, we initiatively define a novel tensor Restricted Isometry Property (t-RIP). Furthermore, we show that any third-order tensor X can stably be recovered from few linear noise measurements under some certain t-RIP conditions via the RTNNM model. We note that, as far as the authors are aware, such kind of result has not previously been reported in the literature.

Nonlinear Modelling of Kerman Combined Cycle Power Plant Drum-Boiler and Drum Level control especially in trip conditions

Nonlinear Modelling of Kerman Combined Cycle Power Plant Drum-Boiler and Drum Level control especially in trip conditions

Optimal Situation-Based Power Management and Application to State Predictive Models for Multi-Source Electric Vehicles

This paper presents an optimized situation-based power management strategy (SB-PMS) for multi-source electric vehicles. The presented SB-PMS is based on defining optimal control strategies offline for different vehicles states. In such control schemes, multiple characteristic variables, i.e. vehicle speed and power demand, are implemented to define vehicle states. The selection and discretization of characteristic variables have a significant impact on the solution optimality of SB-PMSs. Based on a comprehensive analysis of literature, the variables vehicle speed, power demand, speed dynamics, and on-board state-of-charge have been selected to investigate their impact solution optimality of SB-PMS. These variables are depicted as axes in a multi-dimensional space (grid-space), whereinto vehicle states can be mapped. Multiple structures of grid-space are generated based on different constellations of axes and different discretization levels for each axis. Comparative evaluation of grid-space structures is based on two aspects: first, the optimality of situated solutions related to vehicle states; second, the ability to develop predictive models using the statistics of state transitions in grid-space. Results analysis, compared to rule-based (RB) and dynamic programming (DP), reveals the significant impact of certain grid-space structures to achieve near optimal results in both energy saving and prediction accuracy at different trip conditions.

Constitutional Traits of the Statokinetic Stability of Flying Personnel under the Conditions of Long Navy Trip

The dependence of statokinetic stability (SKS) on the somatotype was investigated in pilots of aircraft-carrier fleet in a long trip. Somatotyping of 220 subjects was used as a basis to develop two discriminant functions to identify, using anthropometric indices, the digestive and muscular somatotypes with an accuracy of 96 and 87%, respectively. The sample of 42 pilots was divided into groups according to the dominating somatotype. Statokinetic stability was determined by tolerance of cumulated Coriolis accelerations on a rotating armchair. The highest SKS was displayed by pilots with the muscular somatotype, and the lowest one was displayed by pilots with the digestive somatotype. The factors of the long navy trip had little effect on SKS in pilots of the digestive somatotype and did not impact pilots' flight performance.

Positive-Sequence Component Based Directional Relaying Algorithm for Single-Pole Tripping

This paper addresses positive-sequence based protection scheme for series-compensated high-voltage transmission lines during faults in the presence of single-pole tripping (SPT) condition. Directional relaying algorithm based on the angle difference between fault and pre-fault positive-sequence current phasor has been proposed to estimate the fault direction during SPT in transmission lines. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated by simulating the single-circuit system using EMTDC/PSCAD for various fault scenarios considering compensated and uncompensated transmission line. Discrete Fourier transform technique has been used to estimate the fundamental components. The outcome of different existing conventional directional relaying techniques has been analysed considering SPT, in the presence and absence of voltage and current inversion in the compensated/uncompensated system and compared with the proposed technique. To test the ability of the proposed classifier, the WSCC 9-bus system with capacitor switching and power swing has been tested. Some abnormal operating conditions have also been considered to prove the robustness of the proposed scheme. Simulation studies show that the fault direction estimation algorithm efficiently identifies the direction of fault. The performance of the algorithm shows its consistency and accuracy in estimating the direction of fault during SPT.

Analysis of Shutdown System Effectiveness in the Canadian Super Critical Water Reactor Using Coupled Thermal Hydraulics and Three-Dimensional Neutron Kinetics

Abstract The Canadian supercritical water-cooled reactor concept features a re-entrant fuel channel wherein coolant first travels down a center flow tube and then up around the fuel elements. Previous work demonstrated that in cases of sudden coolant flow reduction or reversal (such as that which would result from a large pipe break near the core inlet), the coolant density reduction around the fuel has a positive reactivity effect that results in a power excursion. Such a transient is inherently self-terminating since the inevitable density reduction in the center flow tube has a very large negative reactivity effect. Nevertheless, a brief power pulse would ensue. In this work, the possibility of mitigating the power pulse with a fast-acting shutdown system was explored. The shutdown system model, consisting of bottom-inserted neutron absorbing blades and realistic estimates of insertion rates and trip conditions, was added to a full-core coupled spatial neutron kinetics and thermal-hydraulics model. It was demonstrated that such a system can effectively mitigate both the peak magnitude of the power excursion and its duration.

A trip project for more demanding clientele involving the climb on Matterhorn

Abstract Tourism is one of the areas which is constantly making progress. While 10 years ago tourists enjoyed a holiday by the sea in a beautiful resort with even more beautiful weather and clean beach, eventually winter holiday in the ski resort with regularly adjusted slope, enough snow and comfortable accommodation, today it is different. Based on a survey among the clients of the Slovak travel agency it was found out that the clients are interested in the trip involving the climb on the Matterhorn mountain which has not been offered in the proposition yet. Travel agency together with the specialized academic workplace processed the trip project for more demanding clientele to this less common destination, this means on Matterhorn mountain, accompanied by the mountain guides. This way the travel agency gained a competitive advantage because no other Slovak travel agency organizes a tour of this type. It has to be considered the safety of the participants of the trip and wind conditions in the final destination. The profit margin was established at 45%. Under the term „ demanding clientele” we mean the clients who do not long for a stay at the seaside but on the contrary they love to increase adrenaline and are not afraid to test their abilities in extreme situations. There is a competition not only among the individual travel agencies but due to access to information via the Internet there are more and more tourists who are able to arrange a demanding sightseeing trip to various countries themselves. The special exception is mountain tourism and climbing which is demanding for the accompanying services – providing mounting guides, transport of the backpacks in hilly terrain. Climbing is the risky sport, it is necessary to have a secure professional accompaniment.