Trimethylsilyldiazomethane Research Articles

A Terminal Iron Nitrilimine Complex: Accessing the Terminal Nitride through Diazo N-N Bond Cleavage.

A novel method for the N−N bond cleavage of trimethylsilyl diazomethane is reported for the synthesis of terminal nitride complexes. The lithium salt of trimethylsilyl diazomethane was used to generate a rare terminal nitrilimine transition metal complex with partially occupied d‐orbitals. This iron complex 2 was characterized by CHN combustion analysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, SQUID magnetometry, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and computational analysis. The combined results suggest a high‐spin d 6 (S=2) electronic configuration and an allenic structure of the nitrilimine ligand. Reduction of 2 results in release of the nitrilimine ligand and formation of the iron(I) complex 3, which was characterized by CHN combustion analysis, 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. Treatment of 2 with fluoride salts quantitatively yields the diamagnetic FeIV nitride complex 4, with concomitant formation of cyanide and trimethylsilyl fluoride through N−N bond cleavage.

Novel Pyrene Excimer and Fluorogenic Probe for the Detection of Alkylating Agents.

A pyrene-containing salicylic acid derivative (4) was found to be low in fluorescence, but its derivative pyrene-containing methyl salicylate (3) was found to be highly fluorescent in aqueous solution. This derivative has been tested in solution and found to be superior in the fluorogenic assay of pharmaceutical compounds, detection of chemical warfare agents, a preliminary toxicology test, mutagenicity of medicinal compounds, and other chemical analyses, including trimethylsilyl diazomethane; alkyl bromides and iodides; a sulfur mustard mimic 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide; and anticancer drugs, busulfan and pipobroman. The salicylic acid derivative (4) was applied as a fluorogenic probe for the detection of alkylating agents by esterification and generating fluorescence at 475 nm in solutions at low concentrations.

Method for Quantification of Ribonucleotides and Deoxyribonucleotides in Human Cells Using (Trimethylsilyl)diazomethane Derivatization Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Investigation into intracellular ribonucleotides (RNs) and deoxyribonucleotides (dRNs) is important for studies of the mechanism of many biological processes, such as RNA and DNA synthesis and DNA repair, as well as metabolic and therapeutic efficacy of nucleoside analogues. However, current methods are still unsatisfactory for determination of nucleotides in complex matrixes. Here we describe a novel method for the determination of RN and dRN pools in cells based on fast derivatization with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (TMSD) followed by quantification using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Derivatization was accomplished in 3 min, and each derivatized nucleotide not only had a sufficient retention on reversed-phase column by introduction of methyl groups but also exhibited a unique ion transition which consequently eliminated mutual interference in LC-MS/MS. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a simple acetonitrile-water gradient elution system, which avoided contamination and ion suppression caused by ion-pairing reagents. The developed method was fully validated and applied to the analysis of RNs and dRNs in cell samples. Moreover, results demonstrated that the applicability of this method could be extended to nucleoside analogues and their metabolites and could facilitate many applications in future studies.

Development and validation of a method using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for determination of zoledronic acid concentration in human bone

A method for the extraction and quantification of zoledronic acid (ZA) from human bone was set up and validated. This method allowed the quantification of ZA from jawbone sequestrations of patients affected by bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) associated with ZA treatment. The analyte was extracted from the bone tissues with phosphoric acid and derivatized using trimethylsilyl diazomethane (TMS-DAM). ZA tetramethyl phosphonate was then quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), showing high accuracy, repeatability and selectivity. Lower limits of quantification and detection (LLOQ and LLQD) were 3.4 ng/mL and 1 ng/mg, respectively. This study fully described the analytical process for the determination of ZA in human bone sequestrations, representing a pivotal step for further biomedical research on ZA and BRONJ.

Profiling the Nucleobase and Structure Selectivity of Anticancer Drugs and other DNA Alkylating Agents by RNA Sequencing.

Drugs that covalently modify DNA are components of most chemotherapy regimens, often serving as first-line treatments. Classically, the reactivity and selectivity of DNA alkylating agents has been determined in vitro with short oligonucleotides. A statistically sound analysis of sequence preferences of alkylating agents is untenable with serial analysis methods because of the combinatorial explosion of sequence possibilities. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is ideally suited for the broad characterization of sequence or structure selectivities because it analyzes many sequences at once. Herein, NGS is used to report on the chemoselectivity of alkylating agents on RNA and this technology is applied to the previously uncharacterized alkylating agent trimethylsilyl diazomethane.

Validation of a novel and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of some phenolic organohalogens in human serum by GC-MS.

Over the last decades, more and more studies focused on the impact of endocrine disruptors on the environment and human health. Among them, phenolic organohalogens (POHs) are a particular concern because of their structural resemblance with natural hormones. There are different methods that are known to quantify these compounds in human serum, however, the current extraction techniques are long, fastidious and using harmfull chemicals such as diazomethane and sulfuric acid. Consequently, we developed an alternative, sensitive and faster method to simultaneously quantify pentachlorophenol (PCP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 4 bromophenols, 7 hydroxypolychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) and 3 hydroxy-polybrominated diphenyl ether (OH-PBDEs) in human serum sample. The clean-up and the enrichment of the sample were performed in a single extraction step using strong anion-exchange solid phase cartridge. After a rapid liquid-liquid extraction step to remove acidic traces, the extract was derivatized using trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) and finally analyzed by a gas-chromatograph coupled with an electron negative capture chemical ionization source combined with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-ENCI-MS) operating in single ion monitoring. The whole procedure was validated according to the total error approach. The inter and intra assay precision were demonstrated to be lower than 20% and the relative bias to be lower than 15% in the dosing range of concentrations. The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 2pgmL-1 and 5pgmL-1, except for the PCP (44.6pgmL-1) and for the 2,4,6-tribromophenol (49.6pgmL-1). Finally, the method was successfully applied to measure the POH background contamination in serum samples collected from 20 Belgian blood donors recruited in CHU Mont-Godinne (Namur, Belgium) aged between 21 and 69 years old.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐2H‐tetrazoles via a Regioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction.

AbstractCycloaddition reaction of diazonium salts (I) with trimethylsilyl diazomethane in the presence of CsF provides desilylated 2‐aryl‐2H‐tetrazoles.

A rapid and sensitive profiling of free fatty acids using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) after chemical derivatization

A mass spectrometry method for the improved identification and quantification of free fatty acids (FFAs) based on derivatization using trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) was developed and validated to be an sensitive and accurate method for analyzing FFAs.

ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of Dimethylalkynylaluminum Reagents with Trimethylsilyldiazomethane: Original Reactivity Leading to New α‐Silylated Alkynyl Hydrazones.

AbstractVarious α‐silylated alkynylhydrazones are prepared by the reaction of substituted alkynylaluminium compounds with trimethylsilyl diazomethane (II).

Evaluation of four derivatization methods for the analysis of fatty acids from green leafy vegetables by gas chromatography.

Green leafy vegetables are valuable secondary sources of nutrients, including lipids, commonly consumed in developing countries. However, method development for the analysis of fatty acids is usually focused on the animal lipid samples, rarely including natural plant extracts. Hence, the usefulness of four derivatization methods for the gas chromatographic analysis of plant lipids was studied. Methylation using 10% solution of BF3 in methanol and 2.0M solution of (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (TMSD) in hexane, trimethylsilylation and tert-butyldimethylsilylation were compared using lipid standards and extracts from the leaves of Solanum macrocarpon and S. melongena after saponification. While silylation was found effective and precise using lipid standards, it initially did not perform well in the analysis of plant lipids due to the presence of transesterification products in samples. Optimization of the hydrolysis conditions resulted in an effective analysis of these derivatives, but poor separation of FA(18:0) from unsaturated FA(18:X) compounds and the presence of larger amounts of interferences disqualified the use silylation for the analysis of plant fatty acids in applied analytical conditions. Methylation using TMSD gave more precise quantitative results when compared to BF3/MeOH method. Also, it produced a significantly lower amount of interferences when applied to plant lipid samples. Additionally, the TMSD-based method is simple, safe and less time-consuming when compared to other procedures. Thus, we suggest using TMSD-based methylation as a method of choice in the GC analysis of plant-derived fatty acids.

Profiling and relative quantitation of phosphoinositides by multiple precursor ion scanning based on phosphate methylation and isotopic labeling.

Phosphoinositides, the phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), are key regulators of many fundamental biological processes, including cell growth, proliferation, and motility. Here, we present a novel method for rapid, sensitive, and simultaneous profiling of phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate (PtdInsP3), phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PtdInsP2), and phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PtdInsP) of different fatty acid compositions. This method is based on a technique called "charged diacylglycerol fragment ion-specific multiple precursor ion scanning" (DAG(+)-specific MPIS), coupled with prior phosphate methylation. Using DAG(+)-specific MPIS, we were able to identify 32 PtdIns, 28 PtdInsP, 30 PtdInsP2, and 3 PtdInsP3 molecular species from bovine brain extracts or prostatic cancer cell lines in an efficient and time-saving manner. Our analysis revealed a large range of fatty acyl compositions in phosphoinositides not obtained previously from mammalian samples. We also developed a method that involves isotopic labeling of endogenous phosphoinositides with deuterated diazomethane (CD2N2) for quantitation of phosphoinositides. CD2N2 was generated in situ through acid-catalyzed H/D exchange and methanolysis of trimethylsilyl diazomethane (TMS-diazomethane). Phosphoinositides, extracted from a PC3 prostatic cancer cell line, were labeled either with CH2N2 or CD2N2 and mixed in known proportions for DAG(+)-specific MPIS-based mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. The results indicate that isotopic labeling is capable of providing accurate quantitation of PtdInsP3, PtdInsP2, and PtdInsP with adequate linearity as well as high reproducibility with an average coefficient variation of 18.9%. More importantly, this new methods excluded the need for multiple phosphoinositide internal standards. DAG(+)-specific MPIS and isotopic labeling based MS analysis of phosphoinositides offers unique advantages over existing approaches and presents a powerful tool for research of phosphoinositide metabolism.

English

Fats and oils in human diets are the main sources of essential fatty acids for the body. However, there is a mounting concern about the intake of foods containing trans fatty acids (TFAs) due to their deleterious effects on human. Thus, the accurate detection of fatty acids (FAs) and TFAs is needed to control and correct nutrition labeling in dietary fat samples. Accordingly, a method for the identification and quantification of FAs and TFAs in food fats by gas chromatography (GC) based on the extraction of lipids and derivatization using base catalyzed followed by trimethylsilyl-diazomethane (TMS-DM) was developed. The proposed method was evaluated to standard mixture of oleic acid (OA) (C18:1 cis 9) and Elaidic acid (EA) (C18:1 trans 9) and its application to three samples of commercial margarines was demonstrated. Based on the results obtained, recovery values (R) from all the samples were close to 100%. Repeatability (RSD) values ranged between 0.78 and 2.47%, while Reproducibility (RSD) values ranged between 1.14 and 3.65%. Consequently, the proposed method is sensitive, accurate and suitable for FAs and TFAs analysis of food fats and oils and can be applied to nutritional, medicine and food studies.

The reaction of dimethylalkynylaluminum reagents with trimethylsilyldiazomethane: original reactivity leading to new α-silylated alkynyl hydrazones.

Trimethylsilyl (TMS) diazomethane does not react as a homologating reagent but as a C-electrophilic species with dimethylalkynylaluminum reagents. This unprecedented reactivity enables a simple access to unusual α-silylated alkynyl hydrazones.

ChemInform Abstract: Vinyl Dihydropyrans and Dihydrooxazines: Cyclizations of Catalytic Ruthenium Carbenes Derived from Alkynals and Alkynones.

A novel synthesis of 2-vinyldihydropyrans and dihydro-1,4-oxazines (morpholine derivatives) from alkynals and alkynones has been developed. The cyclizations require a mild generation of catalytic ruthenium carbenes from terminal alkynes and (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane followed by trapping with carbonyl nucleophiles. Mechanistic aspects of the new cyclizations are discussed.

Quantitative analysis of bisphosphonates in biological samples.

Bisphosphonate drugs pose significant challenges for bioanalysis due to various complicating factors. In 2006, a novel approach, utilizing 'on-column' derivatization with diazomethane, was reported that revolutionized the application of liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to bisphosphonates bioanalysis. The methodology enables superior biological sample clean-up while transforming bisphosphonates into species amenable to liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection. Since then, the approach has been successfully applied to numerous bisphosphonates. The use of an alternative methylation reagent - trimethylsilyl diazomethane - for on-column derivatization has been reported recently. This review focuses on published methods utilizing on-column derivatization for bioanalysis of major bisphosphonate drugs in biological matrices. Critical points required for successful application of on-column derivatization to the bioanalysis of bisphosphonates will be discussed.

ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereoselective Oxazaborolidinium Ion Catalyzed Synthesis of (Z)‐Silyl Enol Ethers from Alkyl Aryl Ketones and Trimethylsilyldiazomethane.

Highly stereoselective (Z)-silyl enol ethers were prepared from alkyl aryl ketones and trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) using an oxazaborolidinium ion catalyst. In addition, ring-expanded silyl enol ethers were successfully constructed from cyclic ketones. Their synthetic utilities were shown by sequential Mukaiyama aldol and [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions.

The derivatization and analysis of anticancer pharmaceuticals in the presence of tricyclic antidepressants by gas chromatography

Summary The evaluation of several derivatization procedures for the gas chromatographic analysis of selected anticancer pharmaceuticals (cyclophosphamide, iphosphamide, flutamide, chlorambucil, and melphalan) in the presence of tricyclic antidepressants was carried out. Among the methods, concerning trimethylsilylation, tert-butyldimethylsilylation, and methylation, the most useful was methylation using (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (TMSD), which is a safe alternative for the common reaction with diazomethane. Most of the anticancer drugs were unstable during derivatization using silylating agents, while antidepressants were stable in all tested conditions. Melphalan was the only compound, for which the results of all tested procedures were not satisfying. The TMSD-based procedure was validated, giving the results possibly suitable for the screening purposes in contaminated environmental samples.

A One-Pot Asymmetric Synthesis of a N-Acylated 4,5-Dihydropyrazole, A Key Intermediate of Thrombin Inhibitor AZD8165

A short, chromatography-free, and scalable synthetic route to thrombin inhibitor 1, the active metabolite of the propionic ester prodrug AZD8165, has been developed. The key synthetic step involved cycloaddition of TMS–diazomethane and ethyl acrylate to give an intermediate racemic dihydropyrazole which was reacted with enantiomerically pure 4-fluoro mandelic acid chloride in a one-pot dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) process.

Highly Stereoselective Oxazaborolidinium Ion Catalyzed Synthesis of (Z)-Silyl Enol Ethers from Alkyl Aryl Ketones and Trimethylsilyldiazomethane

Highly stereoselective (Z)-silyl enol ethers were prepared from alkyl aryl ketones and trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) using an oxazaborolidinium ion catalyst. In addition, ring-expanded silyl enol ethers were successfully constructed from cyclic ketones. Their synthetic utilities were shown by sequential Mukaiyama aldol and [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions.

SEC-MALLS analysis of TEMPO-oxidized celluloses using methylation of carboxyl groups

Two cellouronic acids [sodium (1 → 4)-β-polyglucuronates, CUAs] and one 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-oxidized wood cellulose (TOC) became soluble in 8 % lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) after the methylation of C6 carboxyl groups in these samples using trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD). The obtained solutions were diluted to 1 % LiCl/DMAc and subjected to size-exclusion chromatography combined with multi-angle laser-light scattering (SEC-MALLS). Neither depolymerization nor side reactions took place during methylation; this was confirmed by SEC-MALLS and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses, using CUAs as models. The SEC-MALLS analysis of the original wood cellulose and the carboxyl-methylated TOC prepared from it, using 1 % LiCl/N,N-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone and 1 % LiCl/DMAc, respectively, as eluents, showed that the weight-average degree of polymerization of the original wood cellulose decreased from 3,100 to 2,210 through TEMPO-mediated oxidation. The molecular-mass distributions of the original wood cellulose and the TOC both consisted of one large peak with a small shoulder, indicating that some of the oxidized hemicelluloses remained in the TOC. The combination of methylation of carboxyl groups in polysaccharides using TMSD and subsequent SEC-MALLS analysis using 1 % LiCl/DMAc as an eluent may be applicable not only to TOCs, but also to other polysaccharides with carboxyl groups, for evaluation of their molecular-mass parameters.