Trilinear Diagram Research Articles

Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Pre- and Post-Monsoon Variations in Molakalmur Taluk, Chitradurga District, Karnataka, India

Objectives: To ascertain whether the groundwater in Molakalmur Taluk is suitable for human consumption and it is anticipated that the study will assist regulators and policymakers in taking the proper actions to provide the study area’s population with safe domestic water. The study’s overall goal is to examine the suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes in accordance to WHO and BIS standards. Methods: The current study was carried out to analyze the water quality and spatial distribution of physicochemical parameters of groundwater in study area. A total of 92 groundwater samples were collected in the study region for study during both pre- and post-monsoon monsoon period, ArcGIS 10.1 was used to create a spatial distribution map based on a geographic information system. The concentrations of various ions like Ca+2, K+1, Cl-1, Mg+2, HCO3 -1, Na+1, CO3 -2, and SO4 -2 were evaluated as per BIS 3025 (2014) and compared with BIS and WHO standards for drinking purpose. Findings: The Gibbs diagram shows that the two main elements that affect the chemical composition of groundwater are evaporation and rock-water interaction. Weathering of silicate minerals and carbonate minerals are the principal sources of carbonate and bicarbonates. Roughly 68% and 58% of the samples exceeded the permissible level of 500 mg/l for TDS. According to the interpretation of Piper’s trilinear diagram, the majority of the water samples fell into the categories of mixed CaMgHCO3, MgHCO3, and CaCl2 types, in that order of dominance. The plot shows that alkaline earths correspond to 75% of the samples. Novelty: The major ion chemistry of the groundwater in Molakalmur Taluk has never been studied, and there is no perennial river in the research area. The current investigation makes an effort to investigate if water is suitable for domestic purpose. The study’s conclusions will help with the gathering of vital information on the condition of the groundwater in Molakalmur Taluk. The study’s conclusions may also beuseful to groundwater managers and city planners in their efforts to restore and enhance groundwater quality. Keywords: Groundwater; Physicochemical Parameters; Gibbs Diagram; Pre-Monsoon; Post-Monsoon Water Quality; Geographic Information System; Pipers Chart

Water quality index and GIS-based technique for assessment of groundwater quality in Wanaparthy watershed, Telangana, India

A comprehensive study of 58 groundwater samples was collected in the Wanaparthy catchment area (1600 km2), Telangana, India to assess hydrochemistry, quality, water types, and potability using hydrogeochemical characterization, WQI, and GIS techniques. The main concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, F−, NO3 −, and SO4 2− ions in groundwater were analysed using ion chromatography (IC). Physicochemical values of potential hydrogen (pH), total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined using portable Hanna meters, while total hardness (TH), alkalinity, and bicarbonates were estimated by titrimetric methods. The obtained results clarify the main anions and cations, which are found in the order Cl− > HCO3 − > SO4 2− > NO3 − > F− and Na+ > Ca+2 > Mg+2 > K+. Among the various ions measured were fluoride (18.97%), chloride (3.44%), nitrate (8.62%), Sulphate (5.17%), sodium (34.48%), and calcium (1.72 %) found above the acceptable limit values of the authority. Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking purposes. According to Piper's trilinear diagram, two dominant hydrochemical facies were identified, Na-Cl-SO4 and Ca-Na-HCO3 types. The Gibbs diagram conferred the dominance of samples in the area, namely the rock-water reaction and the dominance of evaporation. The WQI shows that 67.79% of the samples refer to excellent to good types of water that are suitable for drinking. The drainage diagram calculated that the concentration of the measured parameters exceeds the lower area, which may be caused by the chemical reaction of the rock-water interaction (infiltration and recharge). Since groundwater is the main source of drinking water in the study area, a proper management plan must be put in place before its quality deteriorates.

GROUNDWATER QUALITY INDEX, STATISTICAL CORRELATION, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL COMPARATIVE HYDROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ATHGARH BASIN, INDIA: AN INTEGRATED EMPIRICAL STUDY

This study aimed to explore and understand groundwater hydrochemistry, evaluate the groundwater quality of the Athgarh basin comprehensively using Water Quality Index (WQI) and statistical correlations. Accordingly, the quality of the groundwater was assessed for drinking purposes. Moreover, seasonal variation and annual variation of water quality have been monitored for two consecutive years after systematic collection of groundwater samples and their methodical physico-chemical analysis. For calculating the WQI, 13 parameters (viz., pH, EC, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride, fluoride, sulphate and nitrate) have been considered. The analyzed value is compared with the prescribed limits of WHO for drinking suitability. Hydrological facies were evaluated through Piper’s trilinear diagram and Chadha’s diagram using cation and anion values. A systematic statistical correlation study deciphers the significant linear relationship among different pairs of water quality parameters.

Comparative Analysis of Groundwater Quality Index for Bhavani River Basin Using Remote Sensing and Statistical Analysis

This research was conducted to examine the drinking (WQI1) and irrigation (WQI2) water quality for the Bhavani river basin using statistical methodologies. The study area geographically covers up to 4207 km2. For evaluating the Water Quality Index (WQI), fourteen groundwater parameters were employed and the data was gathered for two decades (1972–1990 & 2010–2019). The groundwater parameters include TDS, pH, EC, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, CO3 2-, HCO3 - , NO3 - , Cl- , F- and SO4 2-. The weightage arithmetic approach was utilized to compute the WQI1 and all the parameters were spatially represented using Arc GIS 10.3 software. To compute the WQI2, the Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (%Na), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazard Ratio (MHR), Kelly's Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI) and Potential Salinity (PI) are employed. The hydro-geochemical features are statistically examined using the Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs plot, correlation matrix and PCA biplot. The study results suggest that irrigation-and drinking-water quality is worsening from 2% to 44% of the studied region. Statistical analysis also yields satisfactory findings for both decades. According to the geochemical study, the anion and cation ranking for the 1972 decade is Mg2+> Ca+> Na+> K+=Cl- >HCO3 - ->CO3 2->SO4 2-, while the ranking for the 2019 decade is Na+> Mg2+> Ca+> K+=HCO3 - >Cl- >SO4 2->CO3 2->F- . The research indicates viable locations for drinking and irrigation reasons, while the low groundwater quality areas need effective treatment procedures before groundwater utilization. KEYWORDS: Groundwater, Hydro-geochemistry, Remote sensing, Statistical analysis, Water quality index.

ANALISIS HIDROKIMIA DALAM PENENTUAN TIPE DAN GOLONGAN FLUIDA GEOTERMAL SULILI KABUPATEN PINRANG SULAWESI-SELATAN

Field surveys in the Sulili Region show geothermal characteristics in the form of manifestations, namely hot water springs. This study aims to determine the type of geothermal fluid in the study area based on the Na-K-Mg geothermometer method and then classify it based on trilinear and ternary diagrams. The results showed that the types of hot springs from the three hot springs in the study area were included in the chloride type with a percentage between 96.209% -96.651% which was plotted on the trilinear diagram. Based on the ternary diagram plotting, the geothermal fluid in the study area belongs to the immature water group. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the type of hot water springs in the study area is chloride with one of the hot springs included in the immature water group, namely EPU-1 hot water spring station, while two hot water spring stations, such as EPU-2 and EPU-3 stations cannot plotted due to the high levels of Mg at that station.

Hydrogeochemical investigation and groundwater quality assessment toward ‘smart city planning in a coastal aquifer, India

Abstract This paper aims to understand the general background of groundwater quality that must be considered for the 'smart city' planning of Surat city. Twenty-Six water samples collected from bore wells of the city were analyzed. The results showed that water is alkaline, as pH varies from 7.6 to 9.2. The concentration of Cl− and Na+ are correlated with EC. The highest levels of Cl− and Na+ are found near the coastal region (predominantly northwestern); Piper trilinear diagram shows 52% of samples are Na-HCO3− type and 48% NaCl type. WQI shows that most samples are potable for drinking, but a few samples from the western part are not suitable for drinking. SAR, Na%, and PI results show that most samples are suitable for irrigation. The corrosivity index indicates that 50% of samples have a CR > 1(unsafe zone), and the rest are within the safe limit. The relationship of WQI with different water quality parameters revealed that groundwater quality has deteriorated in the city's western part, which may be due to seawater intrusion in the aquifer. This work gives a basic idea of groundwater quality, which will help make Surat a smart city.

Shallow Groundwater Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment in Holte, a Town in Southern Ethiopia

Groundwater quality and human health risk assessment are critical for the long-term usage of household water supplies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate groundwater quality and human health risk in Holte, a town in the Derashe Special Woreda in southern Ethiopia. Water samples from seven shallow groundwater wells were taken and examined for hydrogeochemical properties. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was developed to assess the suitabilityof groundwater for drinking. Groundwater hydrochemistry types and evolutionary processes were investigated. The results suggested that the typical pH of groundwater samples had an average pH of 7.99. The values of electrical conductivity (EC), bicarbonate (HCO3) and total dissolved solid (TDS) in all samples were above the recommended upper limit of World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. Based on the hydrochemical findings, the orders of cationic abundance and anionic abundance in the groundwater were Ca²⁺ < Mg²⁺ < K⁺ < Na⁺ and F⁻ < SO₄²⁻ < Cl⁻< HCO₃⁻, respectively. According to the Piper Tri-linear Diagram, the majority of groundwater samples were found to have Mixed Ca-Na-HCO3. The Gibbs fields results showed that evaporation dominated groundwater quality, whereas chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals dominated the remaining samples. The calculated WQI result showed that 57.1% (4 handpumps) of groundwater samples from the town had acceptable water quality, but 42.9% (3 handpumps) had poor water quality. The finding of this study suggests that groundwater quality parameters should be tested and monitored on handpumps at sample locations 1, 2, and 3 in the town to minimize human health risks and ensure long-term socioeconomic development.

Arsenic in groundwater from Southwest Bangladesh: Sources, water quality, and potential health concern

Arsenic (As) poisoning in groundwater has become one of the greatest environmental concerns around the world. In this study, As concentration in the groundwater samples (depth: 52–70 m) of southwestern Bangladesh was evaluated using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) to know the current status, possible source(s), and probable health risk of As. In addition, the other relevant water quality parameters (pH, temperature, EC, TDS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, HCO3−, Fe, and Mn) were also measured using various instruments such as portable bench meter, Flame photometer, AAS, and Ion Chromatograph to evaluate the suitability of the water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Arsenic concentration (μg L−1) ranged from 13.10 to 292 (mean ± SD: 156.9 ± 100.31), which is alarmingly, and 15 times higher than the WHO recommended value for drinking water. pH values of collected groundwater samples ranged from 7.17 to 8.09, which exhibits a lightly alkaline nature. The average abundance of major cation follows the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+, and the average abundance of major anions follows the order of HCO3− > Cl− > NO3− > SO42−, with Ca2+and HCO3− being the dominant cation and anion, respectively. Based on water quality assessments utilizing the water quality index and entropy water quality index, the groundwater in the region of interest was not suitable for drinking or irrigation purposes. The Piper tri-linear diagram suggests the dominant water type in the study area was the Ca-HCO3 type, where Ca and HCO3− are the principal cations and anions, respectively. A bivariate analysis of different hydro-chemical parameters revealed that silicate weathering controls the hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis indicate As in groundwater are geogenic in origin under reductive dissolution processes. The moderate correlation between As, Fe, and Mn indicate reductive dissolution of FeOOH and MnOOH plays a vital role in releasing As from sediment to groundwater. Probable cancer risk assessment for both adults and children revealed a higher value than the recommended value of 10−6 according to United Nations Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), suggesting that people in the area of interest were at high carcinogenic risk.

Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality assessment in Ambagarh Chowki, Chhattisgarh, India.

The current study was focused on hydrogeochemistry of Ambagarh chowki groundwater. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation uses, hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. For this purpose, various physicochemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl-), fluoride (F-), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and sulfate (SO42-) were analyzed. The major dominating ions in groundwater was found as cation Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and as anions in order of HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > F-. The pH of sampled groundwater was ranged from neutral to alkaline in nature (7.0-8.8). Among, all-analyzed parameters in groundwater were safe for drinking purpose except few ions and bicarbonate content was also exceeding the permissible limit which was not suitable for drinking purpose. The potential health hazard element fluoride was varied from 0.1 to 2.2mg/l and positively associated with the pH, Na+, and HCO3- content in groundwater. The drinking water quality index (WQI) was fluctuated between 12.22 and 185.56 and reported that most of the groundwater was suitable for drinking purpose except only one sample was unsuitable for drinking. Irrigation water quality assessment of the area was performed by evaluating as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), Kelly ratio (KR), magnesium hazard ratio (MHR), percent sodium (%Na), potential salinity (PS), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC). Whereas most of the groundwater were good and suitable for irrigation use excluding PI (3.70%), MHR (40.74%), RSC (22.22%) and PS (7.41%) were unsuitable for continuous irrigation. Hydrogeochemistry of groundwater evaluated with correlation, Piper, Gibbs, and other geochemical analysis. The Piper trilinear diagram reflects the Ca (Mg)-HCO3- type water was mainly contributed approximately 90% of entire sampled groundwater. The different ions in groundwater were originated from the rock water interaction through silicate and carbonate weathering of minerals.

Characterization of the groundwater quality in Udham Singh Nagar of Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand

The Udham Singh Nagar district is affluent in fertile land and water resources and even favoured for industrial advancement, resulting in a rapid increase of industrialization and urban growth, which are the inevitable causes of groundwater contamination. In recent years the increased rate of urbanization and Integrated Industrial Estate (IIE) in Pantnagar, Kashipur and Sitarganj area (of the district) have increased the demand for groundwater. Proper groundwater resource planning and monitoring on a regional scale are required to cope with the pace of rapid urbanization and industrialization along with dire irrigation needs. To suffice this strategy, the spatial distribution of water quality shall determine the sustainable approach to be implemented in an area. This research aims to assess the hydrochemical quality of the groundwater in Udham Singh Nagar district (areal extent 3055 Km2), Uttarakhand. The groundwater samples collected from the aquifer have shown anomalous values of Total Hardness (TH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Magnesium (Mg2+), Iron (Fe), and Lead (Pb2+) on undergoing major elemental analysis, which confirms degradation in the groundwater quality. Moreover, the Piper Trilinear Diagram (PTD) has identified groundwater's hydrochemical facies and characterization. Based on the interpretation of TDS, most groundwater samples < 500 mg/L of dissolved solids, making it desirable for drinking. Therefore, this phenomenon attributes to suitable drinking water present in the aquifer of Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand.

Spatial water quality assessment of a mountain stream in northwestern India using multivariate statistical techniques.

The water quality of Himalayan rivers and streams is deteriorating due to multitude of anthropogenic and natural influences and the changes are more pronounced in smaller hill basins with high human influx. Inadequate data and lack of monitoring further exacerbate the situation. The surface water quality of one such hill stream, Neeru was evaluated for potability and irrigation quality. The water quality parameters were analysed at 25 sampling stations over a stretch of 30km across four seasons during a 2-year study from January 2014 to December 2015. The CCME Water Quality Index (WQI) indicated excellent water quality in upstream stations, while the midstream and a few downstream stations revealed varying degrees of impaired water quality. Although the irrigation quality of the stream was excellent, pollution levels near urban areas were rather high, necessitating considerable treatment for human consumption. The factor analysis yielded seven components with Eigenvalues greater than one that accounted for 83.656% of the variance and enabled the grouping of selected parameters based on comparable characteristics. The hydrogeochemical characteristics of the water samples indicated that they lie within the zone of rock dominance, while the trilinear diagram depicted the Ca-bicarbonaterich stream water. The study concluded that the upstream stations revealed pristine water quality, which significantly degraded towards human settlements. It thus calls for regular and long-term monitoring of the surface water quality to ensure the continuous and sustainable use of this important water body.

Groundwater quality assessment and modeling utilizing water quality index and GIS in Kabul Basin, Afghanistan.

Groundwater stands as a unique source of water supply in Kabul city, Afghanistan. In this investigation, 35 samples of groundwater were comprehensively analyzed to determine its hydrogeochemical characterizations, quality, water types, and its acceptability as drinking sources. A portable digital multiparameter instrument (LAB MAN Scientific instrument) was used to measure the total dissolved solids (TDS), hydrogen potential (pH), and electrical conductivity (EC). Total hardness, chloride, and bicarbonate were examined via a titrimetric approach. Sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations were measured with aflame photometer. Fluoride was determined by using a digital portable multiparameter. UV-VIS spectrophotometers were employed to count sulfate and nitrate concentrations. The distribution pattern of measured parameters and the Water Quality Index (WQI) in groundwater were spatially modeled utilizing the ArcGIS tool. The findings provide insight into the main anions and cations, which are found in ascending sequence F < NO3 < SO4 < Cl < HCO3 and K < Ca < Na < Mg, respectively. Based on the measurements of ion concentrations, bicarbonate (71.4%), chloride (14.28%), nitrate (2.85%), magnesium (80%), sodium (82.85%), calcium (5.71%), and potassium (17.14%) were all determined to be over the World Health Organization (WHO) limits of drinking water. Using the Piper trilinear diagram, two significant hydrochemical facies (CaNaHCO3 and NaHCO3) were discovered. Based on the mathematical model of WQI outputs, 88.57% of the research region has excellent to good water, whereas 11.43% has poor to very poor water.

Appraisal of Hydrochemical Quality of Groundwater in Bamanghaty Subdivision of Mayurbhanj District, Odisha, India Using Geospatial Technology

Geochemical attributes of groundwater were investigated in the Bamanghaty Subdivision of Mayurbhanj District, Odisha, India using geospatial technology. The assessment was undertaken to depict the suitability of water for drinking and irrigation use. Geospatial technology is reliable and cost- effective to measure the quality of groundwater in Precambrian hard rock terrain. Around 14 groundwater samples were collected arbitrarily from various sources such as hand pumps, tube wells and bore wells. Major ions were analysed to understand the influence of geochemical processes on groundwater quality in the Bamanghaty subdivision. Samples were tested for pH, Electrical Conductivity, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Sulfate, Nitrate, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium and absolute hardness. Based on the results of the chemical analysis of water samples, various graphical representations were made, viz. Ionic concentration diagram, Stiffs' diagram, Permeability index diagram, Salinity hazard diagram and Piper's trilinear diagram. The chemical properties of groundwater were analysed to decipher its suitability for drinking and irrigation use. Investigation demonstrates that most of the groundwater is chemically suitable for drinking and agricultural uses. Keywords: Groundwater; Chemical Analysis; Geospatial Technology; Permeability Index; Salinity Hazard Index; Piper Diagram

Chemical Characteristics of Surface Water of Sumpil River and Groundwater on its Surroundings

The objective of this study was to know the chemical characteristics of surface water in a segment of Sumpil River and the groundwater on its surrounding. The location of this study was in 3 cross sections, consisting of 1 well on the right of the Sumpil River, 1 well on the left of the Sumpil River flow, and 1 point on the Sumpil River flow. The chemical characteristics of the water were determined by the concentrations of cations and anions in the water sample using the Piper Trilinear Diagram with the GW Chart 1.30 computer program. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that the chemical characteristics of the Sumpil River water and the groundwater at the location of this study were the same, where all water samples had an alkaline earth metals content over the alkali content (zone 1), had a strong acidic content exceeding the weak acidic content (zone 4), have a balanced cation and anion pairs, none of which exceed 50% (zone 9), and shown that all of the water in the location of this study were fresh water.

Spatial assessment of groundwater quality using CCME-WQI and hydrochemical indices: a case study from Talupula Mandal, Ananthapuramu district, South India

Fluoride contamination in groundwater is known from different villages of Talupula Mandal. In the present study in part of SoI toposheet no.57 J/8) of Ananthapuramu district, Andhra Pradesh, the magnitude and credible geogenic sources of the fluoride contamination in groundwater are studied. The present study carried out includes 30 groundwater samples covering an area of 442.89 sq km using (GIS) and (CCME-WQI) techniques. Problem is causally related to fluoride intoxication of human beings and animals through drinking waters. Well waters in the Talupula Mandal surrounded areas carry a high level of fluoride concentrations, much above the internationally decided safety limits. ‘Fluorosis’ is imminent as a result of prolonged intake of waters with more than 1 to 1.5 ppm of fluoride. Fluoride testing results of groundwater from borewell pump using fluoride test kit reveal that about 50% groundwater samples show fluoride concentration more than 4.0 mg/l, 30% samples show between 2.0 and 3.0 mg/l and 20% samples show fluoride concentration is 1–2 mg/l and above (BIS permissible limit: 1.5 mg/l). Agriculture indices are as follows: sodium percentage (Na%) was found between ranges (20.04–55.26), sodium absorption ratio varies from 0.86 to 3.91), Kelly's ratio (KR) varies from 0.22 to 1.16, residual sodium carbonate varies from − 4.12 to 20.66), permeability index (PI) varies from 39.00 to 82.28, magnesium hazard varies from 52.83 to 85.47, potential salinity varies from (0.71–3.15); results shown that the majority of the groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation uses. According to Gibbs’ ratio samples Gibbs ratio 1 (0.04–0.45) and Gibbs ratio 2 (0.44–0.81) fall in the rock dominance. Major ion compositions plotted on a Piper tri-linear diagram indicate that the water is of Ca-HCO3 type and is mixed Ca–Mg–Cl type. The present study indicates that the groundwater chemistry is mostly controlled by geogenic processes (weathering, dissolution and ion exchange) and some extent of anthropogenic activities.

Geothermal Fluid Characterisics based on Geochemical Analysis of Hot Water in The Wawolesea Area, North Konawe Regency Southeast Sulawesi Province

North Konawe Regency is an area with interesting geothermal potential to be studied. The observed geothermal potential manifestation is located in the Wawolesea area through the collection and analysis of three hot spring samples. This study aims to determine the characteristics of geothermal fluids, namely the type and origin of the fluid by conducting geochemical analysis on samples of hot springs in the study area which further shows the content of elements and chemical compounds and their respective concentrations. The analysis in this research is Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) to obtain B and Li concentrations, conductivity meter to obtain Cl concentration, visible spectroscopy method for SO4 concentration and HCO3 concentration measured by acid-base titration. The results showed that the type of hot springs in the study area was included in the Chloride type with a percentage of 81.8156%-83.3976% with a pH value of 6.7-7.4 and a hot spring temperature of 50-54°C then plotted into trilinear diagram. The Cl-Li-B Ternanry diagram shows that the source of the fluid is in a reservoir that has the same rock structure and comes from the old hydrothermal system. Based on the results of the analysis of fluid characteristics obtained from the research, it can be concluded that the hot springs of the Wawolesea Region are an indicator of the presence of geothermal sources and further research is needed on the magnitude of the geothermal potential.

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Surface Water in Upper Nujiang River, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Rivers play an essential role in the global matter transport and hydrogeochemical cycle. Hydrogeochemical research is significant to developing and protecting water resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its lower reaches. This study aimed to identify the hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of Daqu River and Gaqu River in Dingqing County, two tributaries of the upper Nujiang River. This study used spatial analysis, trilinear diagram analysis, and ion ratio analysis of hydrochemical indexes to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors. Results show that Ca2+ and Mg2+, and HCO3− and SO42− are the main cations and anions of these two rivers. HCO3·SO4-Mg·Ca and HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg are the primary hydrochemical types for the surface water of Daqu and Gaqu Rivers, respectively. The influence of atmospheric precipitation and anthropogenic activities is weak. The carbonated water–rock reaction is the main Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3− source, and hot springs act as the primary source of SO42− and supplements Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3−. Mg2+ from magnesite dissolution exists in the Daqu River basin. Weak reverse cation exchange occurs in both rivers. Daqu River receives more low-mineralized glacier meltwater along the flow, whereas Gaqu River receives more high-mineralized hot spring water.

ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER FACIES IN PARAKAN OMAS AND SURROUNDING REGIONS, RUMPIN DISTRICT, BOGOR REGENCY, WEST JAVA, TO DETERMINE GROUNDWATER FACIES.

The research area is located in Parakan Omas Village, Rumpin District, Bogor Regency, West Java Province. The background of this research was to determine the chemical properties of groundwater in the springs in the Parakan Omas area. The method used is taking samples of springs from springs and chemical analysis of the main ions (Mg⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HCO₃⁻, CO₃⁻) and getting 5 samples of springs entered into the laboratory. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical characteristics of groundwater in Rumpin sub-district. Lithological conditions affect groundwater facies, volcanic rocks cause groundwater to contain mineral cations Mg⁺ and Ca²⁺ with varying anions while alluvium layers in land areas will cause groundwater to be rich in sodium (Na⁺) minerals with anions in the form of chloride (Cl⁻) or sulfate ( SO₄²⁻). Data analysis using piper trilinear diagram. The diagram shows that there are 2 types of facies in the dominant research area, namely Sodium Potassium Bicarbonate (Na+ + K+ HCO3- ) and Calcium Magnesium Bicarbonate (Ca2+ + Mg2+HCO3⁻).

Genetic interpretation and health risk assessment of arsenic in Hetao Plain of inner Mongolia, China

Arsenic is a toxic element widely spread in soils and groundwater that can cause a great hazard to ecology and human health. In this paper, 51 groundwater and 12 sediment samples were analyzed to investigate the sources and evolution mechanism of arsenic and identify the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia through Kriging interpolation, Piper trilinear diagram and ion correlation analysis. Results show that high arsenic groundwater is mainly distributed in the areas with reducing environment. Arsenic has a strong positive correlation with bicarbonic acid and a negative correlation with nitric acid. Arsenic in the sediment is easily adsorbed by iron-manganese compounds. In a reducing environment, arsenic is however released while iron-manganese oxides are reduced. Through triangular fuzzy numbers, a health risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the hazard caused by high arsenic groundwater to humans. Results suggest that the highest carcinogenic risk values of arsenic for children, men, and women are 3.9 × 10−3, 2.38 × 10−3, and 2.35 × 10−3, respectively that greatly exceeds the acceptable risk value. The findings of this paper provide useful insight into the occurrence mechanism of arsenic in those areas with high arsenic groundwater and the potential health risk to humans.

Analyzing the Quality and Stability of Ground Water for Irrigation and Human Use in Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India, Using a Hydrological Technique

The physicochemical properties of groundwater were studied by collecting and analysing samples from several sites in and around the Salem region. Thirty samples of groundwater were taken at random from both open wells and borewells. The water quality metrics pH, EC, TDS, Cl-, Bi, SO4 2-, Si, Fe, Al, Ca++, Mg++, and Na+ were used to evaluate the groundwater in the Salem area. Different locations in the Salem area provided information on the quality of the groundwater in the month of October, 2021. The WHO and BIS criteria were used to evaluate the groundwater's viability as a source of drinking water and irrigation. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Water Quality Index (WQI), Piper diagram, and Wilcox's categorization were used in the assessment of the water quality. Piper's trilinear diagram was used to determine the impact of anions and cations. Almost all the study regions have questionable groundwater quality during the winter months, making it unsuitable for use in irrigation.