Triiodothyronine Levels Research Articles

TSHR Variant Screening and Phenotype Analysis in 367 Chinese Patients With Congenital Hypothyroidism.

Genetic defects in the human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) gene can cause congenital hypothyroidism (CH). However, the biological functions and comprehensive genotype-phenotype relationships for most TSHR variants associated with CH remain unexplored. We aimed to identify TSHR variants in Chinese patients with CH, analyze the functions of the variants, and explore the relationships between TSHR genotypes and clinical phenotypes. In total, 367 patients with CH were recruited for TSHR variant screening using whole-exome sequencing. The effects of the variants were evaluated by in-silico programs such as SIFT and polyphen2. Furthermore, these variants were transfected into 293T cells to detect their Gs/cyclic AMP and Gq/11 signaling activity. Among the 367 patients with CH, 17 TSHR variants, including three novel variants, were identified in 45 patients, and 18 patients carried biallelic TSHR variants. In vitro experiments showed that 10 variants were associated with Gs/cyclic AMP and Gq/11 signaling pathway impairment to varying degrees. Patients with TSHR biallelic variants had lower serum TSH levels and higher free triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels at diagnosis than those with DUOX2 biallelic variants. We found a high frequency of TSHR variants in Chinese patients with CH (12.3%), and 4.9% of cases were caused by TSHR biallelic variants. Ten variants were identified as loss-of-function variants. The data suggest that the clinical phenotype of CH patients caused by TSHR biallelic variants is relatively mild. Our study expands the TSHR variant spectrum and provides further evidence for the elucidation of the genetic etiology of CH.

A Look at Thyroid Functions as a Predictor on Prognosis of Critically Ill Patients in İntensive Care Units from the Perspective of Covid-19.

Aim: Thyroid gland can be affected both by cytokine storm and through angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors. A worse prognosis has been described in patients with low fT3 levels. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic significance of thyroid function during COVID-ICU hospitalization. Methods: After ethical approval, 100 COVID-19 patients followed in the ICU between March 2020 and April 2021 was admitted to study. Patients with previous thyroid disease were excluded from study. Free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels at ICU admission were evaluated. Clinical, demographic, laboratory, treatment, and outcome data were obtained from the patient's electronic hospital records. Mann Whitney U, Spearman correlation, binary logistic, and linear regression tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: TSH was in 31 patients, fT3 was in 37 patients, and fT4 was in 54 patients, which were outside the normal ranges. fT3 were lower in non-survivors than the survivors (p: 0.036). However, the fT3 level was not the independent factor for mortality rate in linear regression analysis (p=0,652). APACHE II and procalcitonin levels as independent predictors of mortality (p: 0,017). fT3 remained an independent factor for the length of ICU stay (p=0,024) and the length of hospital stay (p=0,031). Conclusion: fT3 is a prognostic indicator that can predict hospital and ICU length of stay in critically ill patients with Covid-19. In the future, a broader panel of validated biochemical markers, including fT3 levels, may become a simple tool for stratified management of patients with severe COVID-19.

Biomedical Applications of Wavelet Transform Algorithm on Deep Learning Ultrasonic Image Optimization as a Prognosis Model for Acute Myocarditis

We aimed to investigate the biomedical methods of wavelet transform algorithm on ultrasonic image denoising algorithm and the risk factors for the adverse prognostic events of patients with myocarditis and analyse its correlation with free triiodothyronine (FT3) level. A retrospective study was performed to include 68 patients diagnosed with acute myocarditis (AM). The included patients were enrolled into adverse event (AE) group (n = 7) and non-adverse event (NAE) group (n = 61). The clinical data, laboratory examination indicators, echocardiographic parameters, and thyroid functions between the patients in the two groups at admission were compared. Besides, wavelet transform (WT) algorithm was employed to process ultrasonic images containing noises. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed using Logistic regression model. It was demonstrated that peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) (35.279, 0.847) of wavelet transform algorithm were higher than those of denoising convolutional neural network (DnCNN) algorithm (30.673, 0.582) and Red-Net algorithm (28.489, 0.638). In the AE group, the QRS interval was longer ([102 (93, 135) ms] versus [86 (79, 102) ms]), the proportion of prolonged QRS period was higher (28.57%, 9.83%), and the creatine kinase isoenzyme, a marker of myocardial injury, was higher [32.87 (13.64, 78.62) U/L] versus 12.02 (9.89, 27.65) U/L], and the level of FT3 was lower [1.87 (1.23, 2.36) pg/mL versus 2.83 (1.83, 3.45) pg/mL] compared to the NAE group. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in the adverse event group was lower than that in the non-adverse event group [45.78 (36.18, 54.32) % versus 63.72 (54.82, 64.68)]. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for adverse events in patients with acute myocarditis included QRS interval > 120 ms (OR = 1.021), creatine kinase isoenzyme > 24 U/L (OR = 1.024), FT3 (OR = 0.067), and LVEF < 50% (OR = 0.973). This work confirmed that the wavelet transform algorithm can optimize the image quality of echocardiography, improve the clarity, and provide a feasible idea for improving the prognosis of patients with acute myocarditis.

Correlation of serum ferritin and thyroid hormone levels: A matched case–control study

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a common disorder of the endocrine system caused by insufficient biologically active hormones at the tissue level or the inability of the tissue to utilize thyroid hormones. Iron plays a crucial role in the synthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones, and it is stored in the body as ferritin. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between serum ferritin (SF) levels and thyroid hormone panel levels in both hypothyroid and euthyroid subjects. Methods: In 2022, a matched case–control study was conducted. The study involved participants with hypothyroidism and a control group (n = 53). The levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and SF were measured using the chemiluminescence immunoassay on a Mindray Cl 900-i analyzer (Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., China). Results: The hypothyroid group had TSH levels that were significantly higher (10.76 [8.54-18.76] vs. 1.76 [1.26-2.58]; p < 0.001) and SF concentrations that were significantly lower (39.08 [21.15-45.70] vs. 54.09 [41.41-71.82]; p < 0.001) compared to the control group. In both male and female subjects of the hypothyroid group, a strong negative correlation was found between SF concentration and TSH levels ([Rho = −0.855,p < 0.01]; [Rho = −0.747; p < 0.01]). In female subjects of the hypothyroid group, a weak positive correlation was found between SF concentration and fT3 (Rho = 0.488; p < 0.05). In the euthyroid group, a correlation of the same strength and direction was found for fT4 (Rho = 0.366; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Research results indicate a correlation between lower SF concentrations and hypothyroidism, which is of particular importance for understanding the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment modalities of patients with hypothyroidism.

Blood count, endocrine, immunologic, renal, and hepatic markers in a case-control animal study of induced periodontitis in female rodents.

Introduction: Periodontitis is a non-communicable chronic inflammatory disease with a systemic burden. Animal models of induced periodontitis help elucidate the mechanisms by which periodontal inflammation drives systemic effects. Studying this systemic involvement over longer follow-up periods may provide a strong foundation for future research on the association between diseases and periodontitis, particularly in female rats. Therefore, we aimed to compare blood, endocrine, immunologic, renal, and hepatic markers in a rat model of induced periodontitis in females with their control counterparts. Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced in 20 female Wistar rats by the application and maintenance of silk ligatures on the upper molars. The rats were then assessed for macroscopical analysis, complete blood count, and biochemical, endocrine, and immunologic markers at 21, 28, 42, and 56days. Results: Chronic periodontal inflammation was observed after 42days of exposure to the ligatures. Additionally, it was also possible to notice significant systemic manifestations, such as the reduction of triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels, along with an increase in the expression of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Discussion: The study's findings imply that certain changes can be underscored to highlight a reduced risk of conception. Notably, previous investigations have indicated that subfertile women exhibit lower levels of thyroid hormones and elevated lactate dehydrogenase expression. Despite the absence of preclinical data delineating a possible association between periodontitis and female infertility, the results of this study may prove to be a crucial contribution to both the scientific and medical fields.

The association between per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances in serum and thyroid function parameters: A cross-sectional study on teenagers living near a Chinese fluorochemical industrial plant

Thyroid hormones (THs) play an important role in a wide range of crucial biological functions related to growth and development, and thyroid antibodies (TAs) can influence the biosynthesis of THs. Epidemiological studies have indicated that per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) could induce thyroid disruption, but studies on teenagers living in areas with high PFAS exposure are limited. This cross-sectional study focused on 836 teenagers (11– 15 years) living near a Chinese fluorochemical industrial plant. Decreased levels of free thyroxine (FT4, ﹤9.6 pmol/L, abnormal rate = 19.0 %) and elevated levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3, ﹥6.15 pmol/L, abnormal rate = 29.8 %) were observed. Correlations of serum PFAS concentrations and TAs/THs were analyzed. Increased PFOA was identified as a risk factor of decreased FT4 by using unadjusted (OR: 11.346; 95 % CI: 6.029, 21.352, p < 0.001) and adjusted (OR: 12.566; 95 % CI: 6.549, 24.115, p < 0.001) logistic regression models. In addition, significantly negative correlations were found between log10 transformed PFOA and FT4 levels using linear (unadjusted: β = −1.543, 95 % CI: −1.937, −1.148, p < 0.001; adjusted: β = −1.534, 95 % CI: −1.930, −1.137, p < 0.001) and BKMR models. For abnormal FT3, a significantly positive association between PFHxS and FT3 levels was observed in a regression model (unadjusted: β = −0.903, 95 % CI: −1.212, −0.595, p < 0.001; adjusted: β = −0.894, 95 % CI: −1.204, −0.583, p < 0.001), and PFHxS was identified as a risk factor (unadjusted: OR: 4.387; 95 % CI: 2.619, 7.346, p < 0.001; adjusted: OR: 4.527; 95 % CI: 2.665, 7.688, p < 0.001). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the above results. This study reported the elevated PFAS exposure and thyroid function of teenagers living near a fluorochemical industrial plant from China.

Correlation between a low serum free triiodothyronine level and mortality of severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the relationship between a low serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) level and the mortality of severe pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study and reviewed the medical records of patients with severe pulmonary TB between January 2016 and June 2022. The patient demographics, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, survival or death at 28 and 90 days after hospital admission, and serum FT3 level were recorded. Bivariate regression analysis was performed to study the relationship between mortality and the FT3 level. The Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test were used to compare the survival rates between patients with different serum FT3 levels.ResultsOur study included 495 severe pulmonary TB patients, with 383 (77.4%) patients having a low serum FT3 level. The low-serum FT3 group had high 28-day and 90-day mortalities. The patients who had died by 28 or 90 days after hospital admission had a low FT3 level. Survival analysis showed that the patients with a low serum FT3 level had a low probability of survival at 28 days and at 90 days after hospital admission.ConclusionThe serum FT3 level was correlated with the 28-day and 90-day mortalities in patients with severe pulmonary TB. The serum FT3 level should be monitored in these patients to help manage their disease.

CORRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR ANTIBODY WITH ACTIVITY AND SEVERITY OF GRAVES’ OPHTHALMOPATHY AT WAHIDIN SUDIROHUSODO HOSPITAL MAKASSAR

Abstract&#x0D; Introduction &amp; Objectives : Graves’ Ophthalmopathy (GO) is an autoimmune orbital disease with mostly occurs along with hyperthyroidism. The underlying cause of GO is theoretically connected with thyrotropin receptor that activated antigen-presenting cells from thyrotropin-receptor peptides, then attached with T- helper and B cell that produce the level of thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) and cause an enlargement of orbital tissue and increase the level of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). To determine the active manifestation status from those clinical findings, the Clinical Activity Score (CAS) is utilised. Meanwhile, European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) is used to classify the severity of the disease. This research aims to assess the correlation of TRAb levels toward its activity and severity in patients with Graves’ Ophthalmopathy.&#x0D; Methods : Thirty-four patients with Graves’ Ophthalmopathy underwent clinical and laboratory examinations. The result of clinical finding was plotted into CAS to determine its activity status and EUGOGO to classify its severity. TRAb concentration was measured with ELISA or TBII Assays.&#x0D; Results : All patients have high level TRAb. We analysed the level of TRAb with activity and severity. We found a significant result of cofounding variables related to gender and smoking history, with P value 0.011 and 0.017 respectively. There is no statistically significant result TRAb with activity (CAS) P=0.465, and TRAb with Severity (EUGOGO) P=0.812.&#x0D; Conclusion : The level of TRAb is primarily used as diagnostic marker for Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, but they haveno correlation from the level of TRAb with activity and severity patient with Graves’ Ophthalmopathy.

Effect of DIO2 Gene Polymorphism on Thyroid Hormone Levels and Its Correlation with the Severity of Schizophrenia in a Pakistani Population.

Low levels of triiodothyronine (T3) in the brain lead to increased dopamine receptor sensitivity, potentially resulting in schizophrenia. Iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (DIO2) is the only enzyme which converts tetraiodothyronine (T4) to T3 in the brain. DIO2 polymorphism of rs225014 results in the expression of non-functioning DIO2. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of rs255014 with schizophrenia and its impact on thyroid hormone levels. This study included 150 schizophrenia cases and 150 controls. DNA was extracted from blood and subjected to PCR and amplicon sequencing. Serum thyroid profiles were determined using chemiluminescent magnetic microparticle immunoassay. Statistical analyses involved independent sample t-tests, Chi-square, and Pearson's correlation tests. The results revealed a higher frequency of the reference genotype (TT) in controls compared to cases (p < 0.05). However, rs225014 did not influence serum thyroid levels or the severity of schizophrenia (p > 0.05). Interestingly, control subjects exhibited significantly higher T3 levels (p < 0.001) than cases. Regardless of the genotype (TT or CC), the control group had higher mean T3 levels than the corresponding case group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, rs225014 is associated with schizophrenia and has no effect on serum thyroid hormone levels.

Low-normal free triiodothyronine as a predictor of post-operative atrial fibrillation after surgical coronary revascularization.

Recent studies have focused on the association between thyroid function within normal range and cardiovascular diseases, especially on free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels. This study aims to evaluate the effects of normal FT3 level on new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with surgical coronary revascularization. The patients who underwent surgical coronary revascularization were enrolled in the retrospective study. Thyroid function was tested after an overnight fast on the first morning of hospitalization. Serum FT3 level was divided into quartile groups within the normal range. Hazards ratios (HRs) of FT3 level for AF were analyzed by COX proportional hazard model. This study included 503 patients with a mean [standard deviation (SD)] age of 63 (±9) years, and 396 (78.73%) were male. Post-operative AF (POAF) occurred in 120 (23.86%) patients at a median of two days after surgical coronary revascularization. The cumulating incidence of AF was significantly higher in the FT3 quartile 1 (Q1) group especially in older patients as evidenced by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Additionally, the patients who experienced AF had longer hospital stays, the same result was also found in the FT3 Q1 group. Further study demonstrated that low-normal FT3 was an independent predictor of POAF [HR =1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 2.28, P=0.045]. Low-normal FT3 is associated with an increased risk of POAF and is an independent predictor of POAF. Patients who experienced AF have longer hospital stays. The findings may help to identify patients with surgical coronary revascularization at a higher risk for the development of AF.

Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction in Patient with Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Subclinical Hyperthyroidism

Introduction: Thyroid disease as well as sexual dysfunction is both prevalent disorders that can significantly impact one's quality of life. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in patient with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Study design: Cross sectional study Settings: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, MTI Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar from December 2022 to May 2023. Materials &amp; Methods: The study included adult individuals (aged 18 and above) with a confirmed diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Individuals with pre-existing sexual dysfunction unrelated to hypothyroidism, those with comorbidities affecting sexual function (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases), and pregnant or lactating women were excluded. Additionally, individuals unable to complete the required questionnaires or participate in the study procedures were not considered for inclusion. Participants provided demographic details, including age, gender, and relevant medical history. Thyroid function was assessed through serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.

Effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on thyroid hormones and relationship between metabolic parameters and long-term total weight loss.

Bariatric surgery has significant effects on metabolic parameters and hormone levels. However, the specific impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on thyroid hormones and other metabolic parameters remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the short and long-term effects of LSG on thyroid hormone levels, HbA1c, and other metabolic parameters. A total of 619 euthyroid patients without a history of thyroid disease or thyroid hormone replacement therapy were included in the study. Patients with diabetes were excluded from the study. Preoperative, 1-year postoperative, and 5-year postoperative levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), HbA1c, and other metabolic parameters were recorded and analyzed. LSG resulted in significant weight loss and improvements in metabolic parameters. At 1year postoperatively, there were significant reductions in BMI, HbA1c, TSH, fT3, and triglyceride levels, while fT4 levels increased. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between preoperative HbA1c level and percentage of total weight loss (%TWL) value at the fifth postoperative year. Additionally, a statistically significant negative correlation was found between the 5-year change in TSH and %TWL. Being the first study to predict long-term total weight loss based on preoperative HbA1c, it is significant. This finding has important implications for personalized patient management and could aid clinicians in identifying individuals who may benefit most from sleeve gastrectomy as a treatment modality. This is valuable in that it emphasizes multidisciplinary work, including the endocrinologist and dietician.

Elevation of free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels by Plasmodium falciparum independent of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in children with uncomplicated malaria.

Malaria parasites have a devastating effect on the infected host. However, there is a paucity of data on the effect of Plasmodium falciparum on thyroid hormones. This case-control study (1:1) involved children <16 years of age with uncomplicated malaria. Hematological parameters were determined using the URIT-5380 hematology analyzer (China). Later, levels of thyroid hormones, namely free triiodothyronine (fT3), free tetraiodothyronine (fT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), were determined using human ELISA kits (DiaSino ELISA kit, Zhengzhou, China). Ninety children with malaria and ninety matched control group were studied. Overall, compared to the control group, lower TSH (3.43 ± 1.25 vs. 3.84 ± 1.34, p = 0.035) and elevated levels of fT3 levels (5.85 ± 1.79 vs. 3.89 ± 1.19, p < 0.001) were observed in patients with malaria. However, fT4 levels were comparable between cases and control group (16.37 ± 2.81 vs 17.06 ± 3.5, p = 0.150). Free T3 levels were significantly higher in children <10 years (p < 0.001) and higher among male children with malaria (p < 0.001). Overall, there was a significant positive relationship between parasite counts and fT3 (R = 0.95, p < 0.001). Furthermore, body temperature was positively correlated with fT3 (R = 0.97, p < 0.001). Isolated fT3 thyrotoxicosis was observed in falciparum malaria, especially in children <10 years and male malaria patients, independent of TSH. This observation could explain the severity of malaria in children.

Iodineminho Study: Iodine Supplementation and Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency In Pregnant Women.

Iodine is necessary for proper brain development. The prevalence of iodine deficiency in Portuguese pregnant women led the health authorities, in 2013, to recommend iodine supplementation for women in preconception, throughout pregnancy, and during lactation. This work aimed to assess the effect of iodine supplementation initiated in the preconception or the first trimester of pregnancy on the prevalence of iodine deficiency and maternal thyroid status. An observational prospective cohort study was conducted that followed the thyroid function and iodine status of women recruited during preconception or in the first trimester of pregnancy. Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was significantly higher among women taking iodine supplements (no-supplement group UIC = 63 µg/L; supplement group UIC = 100 µg/L; P = .002) but still below the levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Only 15% of pregnant women had adequate iodine status and 17% showed a UIC of less than 50 µg/L. There was no influence whether iodine supplementation was started during preconception or during the first trimester of gestation (UIC preconception group: 112 µg/L vs UIC pregnancy group: 91 µg/L; P = .569). In the first trimester of pregnancy, total thyroxine levels were lower and free triiodothyronine levels were higher in nonsupplemented women. Thyroglobulin levels were lower in women who started iodine supplementation during preconception compared to nonsupplemented women and women who started iodine supplementation during gestation. In the Minho region of Portugal, fertile women have insufficient iodine intake. Additional public health measures are needed since the current recommendations for iodine supplementation for pregnancy are unsatisfactory to achieve adequate iodine status.

Non-Thyroidal Illness in Chronic Renal Failure: Triiodothyronine Levels and Modulation of Extra-Cellular Superoxide Dismutase (ec-SOD).

Oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in several chronic diseases. Extra-cellular superoxide dismutase (ec-SOD) catalyses the dismutation of superoxide anions with a protective role in endothelial cells. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), OS and thyroid dysfunction (low fT3 syndrome) are frequently present, but their relationship has not yet been investigated. This cohort study evaluated ec-SOD activity in CKD patients during haemodialysis, divided into "acute haemodialytic patients" (AH, 1-3 months of treatment) and "chronic haemodialytic patients" (CH, treated for a longer period). We also evaluated plasmatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and its relationships with thyroid hormones. Two basal samples ("basal 1", obtained 3 days after the last dialysis; and "basal 2", obtained 2 days after the last dialysis) were collected. On the same day of basal 2, a sample was collected 5 and 10 min after the standard heparin dose and at the end of the procedure. The ec-SOD values were significantly higher in CH vs. AH in all determinations. Moreover, the same patients had lower TAC values. When the CH patients were divided into two subgroups according to fT3 levels (normal or low), we found significantly lower ec-SOD values in the group with low fT3 in the basal, 5, and 10 min samples. A significant correlation was also observed between fT3 and ec-SOD in the basal 1 samples. These data, confirming OS and low fT3 syndrome in patients with CKD, suggest that low fT3 concentrations can influence ec-SOD activity and could therefore potentially contribute to endothelial oxidative damage in these patients.

Influence of mother’s genotype on the concentration and variability of triiodothyro- nine in landrace pigs

One of the leading roles in the hormonal system of the body of pigs in terms of functional significance is played by the thyroid gland, which, through the hormone triiodothyronine, has a complex effect on all systems, organs and physiological processes while controlling the metabolism and energy in the animal’s body. The impact of maternal genotype on the concentration and variability of triiodothyronine in complete siblings of Landrace pigs was studied. For the study, blood serum samples were taken from 33 pigs using the vacuum method from the jugular vein. Blood samples were taken according to generally accepted practices. The studies were carried out in the laboratory of the biochemistry of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University using the technique of competitive enzyme immunoassay with a set of reagents “Steroid ELISA-triiodothyronine” to quantify the concentration of triiodothyronine in blood serum. Enzyme immunoassay was performed on a Thermo Scientific Multiskan FC analyser. In pig breeding, the content of heavy metals in water, soil, feed, organs and tissues was constantly monitored. The concentration of chemical elements did not exceed the MPC level. Statistical processing of experimental data was carried out using standard methods of descriptive statistics and the statistical programming language or data analysis environment RStudio (using the functions: descrstats, summary, sd, read.table, write. table, aes). The strength of the influence of the genotype of mothers of the Landrace breed on the triiodothyronine content in complete siblings in the conditions of Western Siberia was established, which amounted to 4.6 %. In some mothers’ offspring, the triiodothyronine level was 1.9 and 1.8 times higher than in others. Two clusters of mothers were identified according to the concentration of triiodothyronine in complete siblings, which included three groups of mothers with an average level of 2.26 nmol/l and five groups with the attention of 1.30 nmol/l. The reference limits of the triiodothyronine level in Landrace pigs in the conditions of Western Siberia were established.

Subacute Thyroiditis Due to COVID-19 Vaccine.

In this report, we present a case of a 90-year-old female who exhibited a sudden onset of confusion and severe generalized weakness after receiving her second dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-19 vaccination 19 days prior to her admission in 2021. Her thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were low, while her thyroxine (T4), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were elevated. Triiodothyronine (T3) level was not measured. Ultrasonography of the thyroid revealed multiple nodules with heterogeneous tissue, and a nuclear medicine thyroid uptake scan showed very low uptake. These findings indicated limited thyroid destruction in the form of subacute thyroiditis, likely triggered by the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. This case illustrates an acute complication due to a novel vaccine. There are three key takeaways for physicians. First, there should be a discussion of the benefits and risks of Covid-19 vaccine. Second, patients who present with encephalopathy should have their thyroid function checked. Third, clinicians must be aware of the signs and symptoms of potentially life-threatening hyperthyroidism. Additional studies are needed to identify those patients at highest risk for Covid-19 vaccine complications.

The association between plasma thyroxine levels and neurocognitive impairment in early-onset schizophrenia and other psychosis spectrum disorders

Background/aimLimited studies have delved into the association between thyroid hormones and neurocognition in schizophrenia. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and neurocognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia and other psychosis spectrum disorders (SSD). MethodA total of 135 patients with early-onset SSD were included in the study. The participants underwent a cognitive assessment. Blood samples were collected to measure serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), and free triiodothyronine (fT3). Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the severity of the psychosis. FindingsThe results revealed a significant association between fT4 levels and various cognitive domains, including processing speed, verbal fluency, working memory, verbal learning, verbal memory, and visual memory. However, serum TSH and fT3 levels exhibited no significant association with neurocognitive impairment in adjusted linear regression models. Specifically, the correlation between fT4 levels and global cognition was more pronounced in patients with higher scores. ConclusionsSerum fT4 levels were associated with the performance across various cognitive domains in cases of early-onset psychotic disorders. This correlation was accentuated among patients with higher illness severity. Future studies could focus on the effects of specific pathways that can affect the course and progression of psychosis.

Prenatal double-hit with aluminium and cadmium mediate testicular atrophy and hypothalamic hypoplasia: the role of oxido-nitrergic stress and endocrine perturbations.

There is limited experimental evidence on the biochemical consequences of aluminium (Al) and cadmium (Cd) co-exposures during pregnancy and postnatal life.This study investigated the impacts of perinatal Al chloride (AlCl3) and Cd chloride (CdCl2) co-exposures on neuroendocrine functions in mice offspring during postnatal life. The study comprised of four pregnant experimental groups. Group 1 received AlCl3 (10mg/kg), group 2 were administered CdCl2 (1.5mg/kg), while group 3 received both AlCl3 (10mg/kg) and CdCl2 (1.5mg/kg) (AlCl3+CdCl2), and group 4 received saline (10mL/kg) only and served as control group. All experimental animals were chemically exposed once daily from gestation days 7-20. Upon delivery, male pups were regrouped based on maternal chemical exposure on postnatal day 21 (PND 21) and allowed to grow to adulthood until PND 78, after which they were sacrificed for assessment of neuroendocrine markers and histological investigations. There was no statistical significance (p > 0.05) on follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroxine (T4) in all treatment groups relative to controls|. However, AlCl3 and AlCl3-CdCl2 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced triiodothyronine (T3) levels, with a profound increase in T3:T4 ratio by AlCl3, and AlCl3+CdCl2 compared to control. Furthermore, pups from pregnant mice treated with CdCl2 and AlCl3+CdCl2 demonstrated increased testicular malondialdehyde concentration with increased catalase activity relative to controls, suggesting oxidative imbalance. In addition, AlCl3, CdCl2, and AlCl3+CdCl2 exposures induced testicular and hypothalamic architectural disruption compared to controls, with marked architectural derangement in the AlCl3+CdCl2 group. Our findings suggest that prenatal co-exposures to Alcl3 and CdCl2 induce testicular and hypothalamic alterations in offspring via a testicular oxidative stress and thyrotoxicosis-dependent mechanisms.

Longevity, demographic characteristics, and socio-economic status are linked to triiodothyronine levels in the general population.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is fundamental to human biology, exerting central control over energy expenditure and body temperature. However, the consequences of normal physiologic HPT-axis variation in populations without diagnosed thyroid disease are poorly understood. Using nationally representative data from the 2007 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we explore relationships with demographic characteristics, longevity, and socio-economic factors. We find much larger variation across age in free T3 than other HPT-axis hormones. T3 and T4 have opposite relationships to mortality: free T3 is inversely related and free T4 is positively related to the likelihood of death. Free T3 and household income are negatively related, particularly at lower incomes. Finally, free T3 among older adults is associated with labor both in terms of unemployment and hours worked. Physiologic TSH/T4 explain only 1.7% of T3 variation, and neither are appreciably correlated to socio-economic outcomes. Taken together, our data suggest an unappreciated complexity of the HPT-axis signaling cascade broadly such that TSH and T4 may not be accurate surrogates of free T3. Furthermore, we find that subclinical variation in the HPT-axis effector hormone T3 is an important and overlooked factor linking socio-economic forces, human biology, and aging.