Triiodothyronine Levels Research Articles

Oregano essential oil and Bacillus subtilis role in enhancing broiler’s growth, stress indicators, intestinal integrity, and gene expression under high stocking density

This study investigates the role of dietary Bacillus subtilis and oregano essential oil in mitigating the effects of high stocking density on growth performance, carcass traits, physiological stress indicators, gene expression, and intestinal integrity in broiler chickens. A total of, 1250 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five experimental groups, where each group had five replicates of 50 chicks. Group 1 (control, LSD): 15 chicks/m2 fed a basal diet without feed additive, group 2 (HSD): 20 chicks/m2 fed a basal diet without feed additive, group 3 (BHSD): 20 chicks/m2 fed a basal diet supplemented with B. subtilis (500 mg/kg diet), group 4 (OHSD): 20 chicks/m2 fed a basal diet supplemented with oregano essential oil (300 mg/kg diet), group 5 (CHSD): 20 chicks/m2 fed a basal diet supplemented with oregano essential oil and B. subtilis. At 35 days of age, there was a noticeable improvement in the growth performance of broilers fed CHSD under high stocking density through the increase in body weight gain, dressing percentage, and crude protein digestibility with a decrease in feed conversion rate compared to other groups. Adding CHSD enhanced the state of oxidation and immunity through increasing superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius, while decreasing malondialdehyde, in addition to increasing plasma triiodothyronine levels. The microbial structure and morphometric parameters improved in the group that received the CHSD compared to the other groups, where villus height and Lactobacillus population increased, whereas Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens population decreased. Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), fatty acid transporter 1 (FABP1), and amino acid transferase 1 (CAT1) gene expression levels significantly increased when feeding on oregano essential oil with B. subtilis. In conclusion, combining oregano essential oil and B. subtilis supplements mitigated the effects of high stocking density by enhancing growth performance, antioxidative status, and intestinal integrity, in addition to modifying the genetic expression of genes related to nutrient absorption.

Effect of electronic smoking (Vaping) on thyroid hormones level and lipid profile in men

In the last period, the market quickly became saturated with vaping devices available in many flavors and forms appealing to youth. Both traditional cigarette and e-cigarette smoking are known to potentially alter metabolic processes, including hormone production and to increase the risk of lung, heart and kidney diseases. The aim of the study was to estimate the level of thyroid hormones and lipids in the blood of young men who smoked traditional or e-cigarettes. A case-control study involved 200 men aged 24-25 years who smoked 5-7 h per day, divided into two groups (100 e-cigarette smokers and 100 cigarette smokers) and 50 healthy men who did not smoke. The levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were measured using COBAS E411. The levels of total cholesterol, TG, LDL and HDL were estimated spectrophotometrically. No significant changes were found in thyroid hormone levels or lipid profiles, except for an increased TG content in the group of traditional cigarette smokers compared to the control group. Whereas in the blood of e-smokers, the increase in the level of FT3 and FT4 and a significant decrease in that of TSH, as well as the elevated content of total cholesterol, TG, and LDL, were detected compared to the control group. The results obtained indicate that e-smoking affects the function of the thyroid gland and lipid metabolism. Keywords: blood samples, lipid profile, thyroid hormones, vaping

What is the impact of acute endocrine and metabolic alterations on long-term ischemic stroke prognosis: a prospective study

BackgroundPost-stroke stress can trigger instant survival but its influence on long-term ischemic stroke outcomes remains controversial. Thus, we sought to explore the associations of acute post-stroke stress evidenced by endocrine and metabolic changes, with long-term ischemic stroke outcomes.MethodsAdmissions for acute ischemic stroke within seven days of onset were prospectively recruited to determine acute endocrine and metabolic variations measured by thyroid parameters and the stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR). Long-term ischemic stroke prognoses were followed up for one year, with the primary outcome being a modified Rankin Scale score of 3 to 6.ResultsA total of 887 patients were enrolled, of which 535 reached the final one-year followed up at a poor prognosis rate of 29.3%. Patients with poor outcomes were observed to have lower levels of free triiodothyronine (fT3) and higher levels of SHR on admission. Medium values (fT3, 4.4 mmol/L; SHR, 8 nmol/L) were used to divide patients into four gradient stress degrees. Larger acute endocrine and metabolic variations (fT3 < 4.4 mmol/L and SHR ≥ 8 nmol/L) were independently associated with a poor one-year prognosis (adjusted OR = 4.231, P = 0.001).ConclusionsHigh degrees of acute post-stroke stress may aggravate long-term ischemic stroke prognosis and timely stress-reduced interventions may help promote post-stroke living quality is equally important as survival.

Lower Free Thyroxine Levels Are Associated with Diabetic Kidney Disease in Males with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: We aimed to explore the correlation between thyroid function and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 7516 T2DM patients were enrolled and grouped according to DKD status. Clinical parameters, including blood glucose parameters, thyroid function, and indicators of renal impairment, were collected and compared between the DKD and Non-DKD groups. Correlation analysis and univariate/multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Age, T2DM duration, the use of insulin and lipid-lowering drugs, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, and fasting blood glucose levels were greater in the DKD group than in the Non-DKD group (p < 0.001). Notably, compared with those in the Non-DKD group, patients in the DKD group had lower triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels and higher thyrotropin levels (p < 0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that T3, T4, FT3, and FT4 levels were negatively correlated with the risk of DKD. Spearman correlation analysis confirmed that T3, T4, FT3, and FT4 levels were negatively correlated with blood urea nitrogen levels, blood creatinine levels, and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a greater FT4 level was a protective factor against DKD in T2DM patients, especially in males, with a cut-off value of 13.35 pmol/L (area under the curve = 0.604). Conclusions: Thyroid hormone levels, especially FT4 levels, were significantly negatively correlated with DKD in T2DM patients.

Thyroidectomy Induced Toxicity of Testis and Possible Amelioration by Chia (Salvia hispanica) Seeds Extract

Background: Thyroidectomy or thyroid surgery induces hypothyroidism and causes thyroid and testicular hormone deficiency. The current Study Aimed to examine the therapeutic effect of chia seeds extract against thyroidectomy-induced testicular toxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage, proliferation in rats. Methods: 40 male rats were equally divided into 4 groups [Gp1, control ; Gp2, CSE ; Gp3, thyroidectomies rats; Gp4, treated thyroidectomies rats with chia seeds extract (Thy+CSE )]. Result: Following a thyroidectomy, significant reductions (P less than 0.05) were observed in The Levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), sexual hormones (Testosterone (tt), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone And prolactin), count of sperm, index of morphology, vitality, progressive motility, total motility (PR+NP), Glutathione, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione S-Transferase and PCNA expressions compared to the control and CSE after three weeks. Additionally, thyroidectomy leads to significant (P less than 0.05) increases in the serum of thyrotropin (TSH), alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, non-progressive sperms, immotile sperms, malondialdehyde, DNA damage and injury of testis and significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in blood. Thy+CSE treatment helped to modulate most of these changes and recover testicular injury when compared To The Control and CSE. Rats treated with CSE after thyroidectomy Showed gradual improvements in testicular functions, histology and spermatogenesis due to its beneficial affection in free radicals’ scavenger.

Surgical Outcomes in Thyroidectomy for Patients with Graves’ Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Thyroidectomy is a preferred protocol for patients with Graves’ disease. However, it may be a challenging option in post-surgical management of various factors. There, this study aims to compare the surgical outcomes of total thyroidectomy and subtotal thyroidectomy in patients with Graves’ disease to provide evidence-based surgical decision-making. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at Sheikh Zaid Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, October 2023 to April 2024; enrolled 120 patients diagnosed with Graves’ disease using a simple random sampling technique were assigned to Group A (n=60) and B (n=60) who underwent total thyroidectomy, and subtotal thyroidectomy respectively. Preoperative assessments and surgeries were performed while postoperative outcomes, complications, and thyroid function tests were also monitored and represented using independent t-tests while a p&lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: It was revealed that operative time was significantly higher for total thyroidectomy than subtotal thyroidectomy 125.60±14.56 and 97.54±12.56 respectively, suggesting significantly lower time consumption in subtotal thyroidectomy procedure (p=0.001). Patients who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy had a significantly shorter hospital stay compared to those who underwent total thyroidectomy (p=0.02). Moreover, levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were significantly different between the two groups. Patients who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy had significantly lower T3 and T4 levels and higher TSH levels compared to those who underwent total thyroidectomy (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Subtotal thyroidectomy demonstrated favorable outcomes, including shorter operative time, lower rates of postoperative complications, and thyroid function tests compared to total thyroidectomy. These findings help and support the consideration of subtotal thyroidectomy as a viable surgical approach for patients with Graves' disease. Keywords: Grave Disease, Thyroidectomy, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine.

Blood levels of zearalenone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and thyroid hormones in patients with colorectal cancer

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various species of mold fungi commonly found in plant materials. Zearalenone (ZEN) adversely affects the endocrine system. This study aimed to determine whether thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), procalcitonin (PCT), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) levels are altered during natural zearalenone mycotoxicosis in patients diagnosed with sigmoid colon cancer (SCC) or colorectal cancer (CRC). A study was conducted on women and men diagnosed with SCC or CRC accompanied by the presence or absence (Patients Without ZEN – PWZ group) of ZEN in the blood. The PWZ group consisted of 17 patients with symptoms of SCC and CRC in whom ZEN and its metabolites were not detected in peripheral blood. The experimental (empirical) groups included a total of 16 SCC and CRC patients who tested positive for ZEN, but not its metabolites. TSH values in both sexes were within the upper limit of the reference range (0.27 – 4.2 μIU/mL) adopted by the hospital laboratory and corresponded to the upper second tertile and the lower third tertile. PCT values demonstrated that SCC and CRC were accompanied by a systemic or local bacterial infection. All mean values of fT3 were in the middle of the reference range, and the mean values of fT4 were within the upper reference limit. The fT3/fT4 prognostic marker was somewhat above the cut-off point of 0.22. These results indicate that in postmenopausal women and andropausal men who were diagnosed with SCC and CRC and were exposed to food-borne ZEN, higher values of the prognostic marker (fT3/fT4) were associated with an unfavorable prognosis. The study also revealed that the more distal the neoplastic lesions in the colon, the higher the percentage of both thyroid hormones, regardless of the patient's sex. The presence of ZEN in the diet alters thyroid activity in patients diagnosed with SCC and CRC.

Early life air pollution exposures and thyroid function in children: A prospective cohort study

Studies on early life ambient air pollution exposures and childhood thyroid function are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between early life fine particulate matter (≤2.5 μm; PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposures and thyroid function in children. We measured the levels of thyrotropin, triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine in children (n = 684) residing in a rural Korean area at age 2, 4, 6, or 8 years from 2012 to 2020 in the Environment and Development of Children cohort. The relationship between residential average exposure levels of PM2.5 and NO2 during pregnancy and 1-year average levels before visit and thyroid function during childhood were analyzed. Inverse association between increases of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 during the first trimester and thyrotropin levels at aged 4 (β, −0.12; 95% CI: −0.22, −0.02) and 6 years (β, −0.16; 95% CI: −0.26, −0.06) were observed. No association was found between PM2.5 exposure during the second and third trimester and childhood TSH levels. Childhood PM2.5 exposure was positively associated with thyrotropin rise at aged 4 (β, 0.2; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.35) and 6 years (β, 0.16; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.29) and inversely related with free thyroxine levels at aged 8 years (β, −0.04; 95% CI: −0.07, −0.01). No relationship between NO2 exposure and thyroid function was found. In conclusion, association between PM2.5 exposure and childhood thyrotropin levels varied depending on exposure timing. Early gestational exposure showed an inverse relationship, whereas childhood exposure were positively associated with childhood thyrotropin levels. The long-term effects of early life air pollution exposure and underlying mechanisms should be investigated in future studies.

Evaluation of zinc oxide nanocomposites and L-ascorbic acid on meat quality during transport induced stress in birds of Sonali breed

The study assessed the efficacy of phytofabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles (CF-ZnONPs) and L-ascorbic acid in alleviating pre-slaughter transport induced stress in birds of Sonali breed (Cross bred of Rhode Island Red cocks and Fayoumi hens). A total of 120 birds were divided into four groups: negative control (T1) which were loaded in vehicle but not transported, Positive control (T2) birds were transported without any prior supplementation, T3 and T4 birds were transported with prior supplementation (a day before transportation) of CF-ZnONPs @100 µg/ml and L-ascorbic acid @82 µg/ml in drinking water. Results obtained observed significant reduction in live weight, meat colour and pH but increased drip loss percentage in T2 group. Significantly elevated H/L ratio was recorded in all transported groups. Increased cortisol and TSH levels and decreased thyroid hormones, Triiodothyronine and thyroxin (T3 and T4) levels were recorded in T2 group. However, supplementation with CF-ZnONPs and L-ascorbic acid notably reversed these adverse effects, restoring meat quality and other metabolic profiles. Notably, ascorbic acid exhibited greater efficacy, suggesting its superior role in mitigating transportation-induced stress. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of antioxidant supplementation in alleviating transport induced stress in birds.

Roxadustat has risks of reversible central hypothyroidism in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a single-center retrospective cohort study

Roxadustat, a hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, has proven efficacy in the treatment of renal anemia; however, evidence indicates that it may cause central hypothyroidism. The prevalence and reversibility of roxadustat-induced central hypothyroidism in patients undergoing hemodialysis remain unclear. Here, we retrospectively analyzed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels in 51 patients (mean age: 72.3 ± 10.7 years; 58.8% male) undergoing hemodialysis before, during, and after halting roxadustat treatment. TSH levels were significantly decreased from a median of 2.46 (interquartile range:1.60–4.51) mU/L before roxadustat treatment to 1.36 (0.72–2.41) mU/L during treatment (p < 0.001), and improved to 2.56 (1.78–4.63) mU/L after halting roxadustat (p < 0.001). Similarly, FT4 levels decreased from 1.11 (0.97–1.24) ng/dL before roxadustat treatment to 0.92 (0.71–1.03) ng/dL during treatment (p < 0.001) and improved to 1.05 (0.93–1.17) ng/dL after halting roxadustat (p < 0.001). FT3 levels were 2.04 (1.78–2.31) pg/mL before starting roxadustat, 1.97 (1.69–2.27) pg/mL during treatment, and 1.90 (1.63–2.18) pg/mL after halting roxadustat, with no significant difference between each group. Moreover, 2.0% of patients exhibited extremely low TSH levels (≤0.1 mU/L) and low TSH levels (>0.1 mU/L to <0.4 mU/L) before starting roxadustat and that percentage increased to 5.9% and 7.8%, respectively, during treatment. After roxadustat cessation, extremely low or low TSH levels recovered in all patients. Taken together, the results indicate that roxadustat can cause reversible central hypothyroidism in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

8454 Iron deficiency as a cause of euthyroid syndrome

Abstract Disclosure: O.V. Samburskaya: None. S. Kalinchenko: None. L. Vorslov: None. Annotation: The prevalence of euthyroid pathology syndrome is increasing, and the cause of its occurrence remains unknown, despite the decrease in the quality of life of these patients, there is no treatment for this pathology. One of the reasons may be iron deficiency, which not only reduces the activity of thyroid enzymes, but also disrupts the feedback between a decrease in triiodothyronine and the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Materials and methods: There are 6 patients under observation, aged from 25 to 55 years, average age 38.4±12.67 years, gender distribution: 4 women 67% and 2 men 33%, who are undergoing treatment to compensate for iron deficiency and simultaneously control thyroid function. The analysis of iron deficiency is performed according to blood test parameters: total blood count, total serum iron binding capacity, transferrin, ferritin, serum iron. The function of the thyroid gland is determined by blood test parameters: T4 free, T3 free, TSH.The received data. According to the results of the data obtained, latent iron deficiency was found in all 6 patients. All patients have a decrease in thyroid hormone levels: T3 free 3.87±0.45 pmol/l (reference range 3.69-8.46 pmol/L) and T4 free 14.17±1.23 pmol/L (reference range 12.3-22.8 pmol/L) is closer to the lower limit of normal, but TSH is also closer to the lower limit of the norm is 1.46±0.33 µm/ml (reference range 0.70-5.9 µm/ml). Discussion: The existing iron deficiency leads to the development of chronic hypoxia, which leads to a violation of the functioning of many endocrine glands, including a violation of the work of thyroid enzymes: thyroid peroxidase and deiodinases, with a decrease in the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3), and according to the feedback principle, an decrease in the level of thyroxine and triiodothyronine is expected raising the level of TSH. However, with chronic hypoxia, iron deficiency, hypoxic dysfunction develops not only of the peripheral endocrine glands, but also hypoxic hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, which leads to an inadequate response of the pituitary gland, i.e. the absence of an increase in TSH in response to a decrease in thyroid hormones. Conclusion: All patients with euthyroid syndrome need to evaluate the biochemical parameters of the body's iron supply, and the elimination of deficiency of which may be the necessary treatment for patients with euthyroid pathology. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Prevalence of physiological and perceptual markers of low energy availability in male academy football players: a study protocol for a cross-sectional study

Low energy availability (LEA) is a core feature of the female athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs). LEA underpins multiple adverse health and performance outcomes in various...

Insights for possible association and impact of thyroidectomy to osteoarthritis

Background and aim of studyThyroidectomy and osteoarthritis have drawn more attention in last decades due to increase various local and systemic risk factors. This study is aimed to determine the association and impact between thyroidectomy and osteoarthritis by serological measurement of most specific related markers.ResultsMeasurement of thyroid markers showed the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was significantly increased, while parathyroid hormone (PTH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) levels were decreased in osteoarthritis subjected to thyroidectomy group (OTG) when compared to hyperthyroidism subjected to thyroidectomy group (TG), osteoarthritis group (OG), and healthy control group (CG). Detection the activity of bone markers showed the level of R-factor was significantly elevated concomitant with significant reduction in Dickkopf related protein 1 (DKK1), human hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2), osteocalcin (OC) in OG and OTG groups, while osteopontin (OPN) and procollagen I C-terminal propeptide (PICP) were significantly increased and decreased in TG and OTG. Furthermore, the level of S100 Calcium binding protein (S100CBP) showed significant decreased in patient’s groups, while TG with OTG groups exhibited significant reduction in sclerostin (SOST) concentration. Regarding the inflammatory markers, the levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) was increased in the OTG, while the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) was increased in OG and TG groups, and reduced in OTG. While, the level of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) was decreased in OG and TG associated with significant increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha level (TNF-α) in OTG. Measurement of oxidant and antioxidant activity markers showed the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly reduced in all patient’s groups compared to control, except the level of CAT in TG, whereas, malondialdehyde (MDA) level was increased in OG and OTG patients. Furthermore, the levels of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), C-Reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were increased in all patient groups compared to control, while fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) level was increased in OTG only.ConclusionThis unique study in Iraq is identified the interaction effect and impact of thyroidectomy to osteoarthritis according to the results that showed various changes and degree of correlation of study biomarkers in all patient groups, however more depth of specific quantitative and qualitative studies are required to support this association and the impact claim at molecular level.

Thyroid endocrine disruption effects of OBS in adult zebrafish and offspring after parental exposure at early life stage

As an alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate, sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) has been widely used and caused ubiquitous water pollution. However, its toxicity to aquatic organisms is still not well known. Therefore, in this study, parental zebrafish were exposed to OBS at environmentally relevant concentrations from ∼ 2 h post-fertilization to 21 days post-fertilization (dpf) in order to investigate the thyroid disrupting effects in F0 adults and F1 offspring. Histopathological changes, such as hyperplasia of thyroid follicular epithelia and colloidal depletion, were observed in F0 adults at 180 dpf. In F0 females, thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly reduced in 30 and 300 μg/L exposure groups, while triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly increased in 3 μg/L exposure group. For F0 males, significant increases of T4 and T3 levels were observed, revealing the sex-specific differences after the OBS exposure. The transcription levels of some key genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were significantly disrupted, which induced the thyroid endocrine disruption effects in adult zebrafish even after a prolonged recovery period. For F1 offspring, the thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis was also altered as T4 and T3 levels in embryos/larvae exhibited similar changes as F0 females. The transcription levels of some key genes related to the HPT axis were also significantly dysregulated, suggesting the transgenerational thyroid disrupting effects of OBS in F1 offspring. In addition, the decreased swirl-escape rate was observed in F1 larvae, which could be caused by disrupting gene expressions related to the central nervous system development and be associated with the TH dyshomeostasis. Therefore, parental OBS exposure at early life stage resulted in thyroid endocrine disruption effects in both F0 adult zebrafish and F1 offspring, and caused the developmental neurotoxicity in F1 larvae.

Haizao–Gancao herb pair ameliorates propylthiouracil-induced goiter by regulating the Beclin1-mediated autophagy

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHaizao, Sargassum, is widely used to treat goiter. Gancao, Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome, is renowned for reducing toxicity or increasing effects in traditional Chinese medicine. As a classic herb pair, Haizao–Gancao (HG) is a commonly used and effective combined therapy for goiter. The underlying biological mechanisms of HG on goiter is still unclear. Aim of the studyTo explore the effect of HG on goiter, employing molecular docking combined with experimental validation to elucidate the molecular mechanism. Materials and methodsThe rat goiter model was created by gavageing propylthiouracil (PTU) intragastrically for a duration of 14 days. The rats had been separated into six groups: control, model, euthyrox, HG high-dose (HG-H), medium-dose (HG-M) and low-dose (HG-L) group. Based on general observations (such as the rats' living status, body weight, and rectal temperature), the relative weight of the thyroid, thyroid function, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to view the pathological variations of the thyroid glands, the effect of HG was evaluated. Discovered the chemical composition of HG by UPLC-MS/MS and the possible targets were predicted adopting several databases. Next, we explored their pharmacological mechanisms using molecular docking and validated key targets using western blotting (WB) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). ResultsHG significantly increased the levels of triiodothyronine(T3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), gained body weight and reduced tumescent thyroid glands in PTU-induced rats. The model group pathological changes such as uneven size, irregular shape and disordered arrangement of follicular epithelial cells occurred. However, HG groups thyroid follicles and epithelial cells appeared apparently normal. A variety of characteristic changes of autophagic vesicles appeared in the HG groups as opposed to the model group. In conclusion, the HG-L showed the best therapeutic effect. By UPLC-MS/MS, the major chemical components of HG were identified. The result revealed that HG contained flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids, phenolic acidsand and terpenoids, etc. The molecular docking results of formononetin and naringenin and Beclin1 protein showed a high interaction of -5.38 kcal/mol and -5.25 kcal/mol. This implies that formononetin and naringenin may have a therapeutic effect in goiter rats by controlling the Beclin1-mediated autophagy. Western Blot (WB) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) results showed that HG can disrupt Beclin1/class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3KC3) binding and promote Beclin1/B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2(Bcl-2) complex formation. Taken together, results demonstrate that autophagy inhibition via reducing Beclin1/PI3KC3 formation and increasing Beclin1/Bcl-2 binding activity. ConclusionsHG ameliorates propylthiouracil-induced goiter by regulating the Beclin1-mediated autophagy, thus promoting the autophagy of thyroid cells.

Low T3 Syndrome is Associated with Imbalance of Bone Turnover Biomarker in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

To investigate the variation in bone turnover biomarkers among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and low triiodothyronine levels (Low T3 syndrome). This retrospective analytic study included 418 inpatient records from Shanghai Pudong Hospital covering the years 2021 to 2023. Laboratory data related to metabolic and bone turnover biomarkers in patients were analyzed with T2D and the low T3 syndrome. The results indicated that patients with reduced serum T3 levels exhibited statistically significant variations in thyroid function, age, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and the proportion of medication history associated with diabetes in comparison to euthyroid patients. In addition to parathyroid hormones, bone turnover biomarkers including N-terminal middle molecular fragment of osteocalcin (NMID), plasma calcium (Ca2+), β C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25 OH VitD3) exhibited significant changes in patients with decreased T3 levels. Evident irregularities were observed in patients with a decreased T3 level, including elevated serum creatinine (SCr), decreased concentrations of albumin and total protein, and a decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), as assessed through hepatic and renal testing, respectively. Significant associations between bone turnover biomarkers and the subsequent variables (gender, adiposity, hepatic, renal, and thyroid function) were revealed through the correlational analysis. Further investigation utilized multivariate linear regression to determine that, in addition to thyroid function, several other factors such as age, gender, bodyweight, pancreatic, hepatic, and renal function, affected the variability in bone turnover biomarkers among patients demonstrating a low serum T3 level. This comparative study demonstrated that despite age, gender, bodyweight, hepatic, renal function, thyroid hormone and pancreatic function were significant factors associated with bone metabolism in patients with T2D and Low T3 syndrome, which may increase the risk of osteoporosis.

Seasonal and Sexual Variations in Corticosterone and Total Triiodothyronine: A Pilot Study in Mediterranean Tortoises (Testudo hermanni).

The Mediterranean tortoise Testudo hermanni inhabits different regions bordering the northwestern Mediterranean. This species is vulnerable, protected by legislation, and involved in various breeding and reintroduction programs. Wild populations face numerous environmental and anthropogenic stressors that can potentially interfere with their conservation. While seasonal changes in stress-response biomarkers, such as glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones, have been widely studised in mammals and birds, there is a paucity of research in reptile species. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the seasonal fluctuations in corticosterone and total triiodothyronine levels in adult and juvenile Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni) as a measure of the physiological stress response. Blood samples were collected seasonally (winter, spring, summer, and autumn) and posteriorly analyzed by using a specific and validated enzyme immunoassay for both hormones, respectively. The results showed that corticosterone levels varied seasonally and differed between sexes, whereas total triiodothyronine levels changed seasonally but did not differ between sexes. Notably, juveniles exhibited no seasonal changes in either corticosterone or total triiodothyronine levels. Additionally, no correlation between blood extraction duration and hormonal concentrations was observed. This study is pioneering in its comprehensive evaluation of corticosterone and total triiodothyronine changes across all four seasons, including winter, and its focus on juvenile Hermann's tortoises.

Efficacy of selenium supplementation for patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism during methimazole treatment: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease is a common organ-specific autoimmune disease. Selenium is an essential trace element of the human body that is mainly concentrated in the...

Association between thyroid function and prognosis of severe COVID-19 among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study in China.

This study aims to examine the thyroid hormone profile and its association with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This retrospective cohort study enrolled patients admitted to a tertiary hospital due to SARS-CoV-2 infection between February 18 and May 18, 2022. Clinical data were collected retrospectively from the electronic medical record system. Based on the thyroid function, patients were divided into five groups: normal, non-thyroid illness syndrome (NTIS), hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, and unclassified. The association between thyroid function and severe COVID-19 was detected using multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic splines analysis. This study included 3,161 patients, with 7.7% of them developing severe COVID-19. 44.9% of the patients had normal thyroid function, 36.5% had NTIS, 6.7% had hypothyroidism, and 1.0% had thyrotoxicosis on admission. After adjusting for age, sex, and relevant clinical characteristics, NTIS and hypothyroidism were associated with increased risks of severe COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59-3.56 and OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.23-4.26, respectively), compared to normal thyroid function group. Among patients with NTIS or hypothyroidism, higher levels of total triiodothyronine (TT3) are associated with lower risks of severe COVID-19 (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.64-0.82, for every 0.1nmol/L increase in TT3 level). Thyroid hormone profiles of NTIS or hypothyroidism are associated with increased risks of severe COVID-19. The decreased level of TT3 correlated with the increased risk of severe COVID-19 in patients with NTIS or hypothyroidism.

Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and longitudinal thyroid stimulating hormone changes in youth with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: an observational study.

Studies on adults have shown an association between overt or subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and the histological characteristics of MASLD in youth. This observational study used prospectively collected liver biopsy and clinical data from youth enrolled in two pediatric clinical trials in the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN). Thyroid assays were compared between youth with MASLD and population-based controls aged ≤18 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Individuals with overt hypothyroidism, abnormal anti-thyroid antibody, or thyroid-related medications were excluded. SH was defined as TSH between 4.5-10.0uIU/L. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test the association between TSH and MASLD histological changes at baseline, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and body mass index. Mixed-effect models, including treatment and time, were used for the longitudinal analysis. Mean TSH, total thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), and free T4 levels were higher (p<0.001) in the NASH CRN cohort (n=218; 421 observations) than in the NHANES cohort (n=2,198). TSH levels were positively associated with increased steatosis over time (p=0.03). SH was associated with borderline or definite metabolic-associated steatohepatitis on histology at baseline (p=0.03) and with changes in fibrosis over time (p=0.01). The association between TSH and steatosis severity in individuals with normal thyroid hormone concentrations suggests an independent role of TSH in MASLD.