Fenugreek Research Articles

A sustainable approach towards extraction of Diosgenin from fenugreek seeds using Polystyrene/Divinyl Benzene Resin

A sustainable approach towards extraction of Diosgenin from fenugreek seeds using Polystyrene/Divinyl Benzene Resin

Hydrogel films prepared from plant-seed mucilage: an emerging biopolymer for therapeutic applications

Hydrogel films were prepared using mucoadhesive extracts from fenugreek and flax seeds, and their versatility for a range of biological uses – such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, and anti-microbial applications was examined.

Preservation Potential of Fenugreek Seed and Leaf Extracts in Mayonnaise: Impact on Antioxidant Activity, Peroxide Value, and Sensory Quality

Preservation Potential of Fenugreek Seed and Leaf Extracts in Mayonnaise: Impact on Antioxidant Activity, Peroxide Value, and Sensory Quality

Fenugreek seeds based functional foods: A review

Fenugreek seeds based functional foods: A review

The Effect of Differrent Sowing Time, Bacteria and Fertilizer Types on Nutrient Content and in Vitro Nutrient Digestion of Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum Graecum L.) Grown in Van Ecological Conditions

Çalışma Van YYÜ Ziraat Fakültesi deneme arazisinde 1 ve 20 Nisan 2012 tarihinde ekimi yapılan çemen bitkisi kuru otunun kalite özelliklerini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Ekimde rhizobium bakteri inokulantı, diamonyumfosfat (DAP), kentsel arıtma çamuru (KAÇ), humik asit (HA), çiftlik gübresi (ÇG) uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen çemen otlarının kuru madde (KM), ham kül (HK), organik madde (OM), ham protein (HP), nötral deterjan fiber (NDF), asit deterjan fiber (ADF) değerleri ve in vitro KM, HK ve OM sindirimleri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda 20 Nisanda, bakteri ve humik asit uygulamasının hayvan besleme açısından besin madde içeriklerini göreceli olarak artırdığı belirlenmiştir. İn vitro sindirim değerleri dikkate alındığında ise 1 Nisanda ekimi yapılan çemen bitkisine bakteri uygulaması ve DAP gübresi kullanılmasının daha iyi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ancak tek yıllık sonuçlar tarımsal üretimde çok fazla dikkate alınmamaktadır.

Biochemical Analysis and Nutritional Composition of Fenugreek Extract

Fenugreek is important herb because of their high phytochemical content, dietary fibre level, and nutritional value. Fenugreek have a wide range of nutritional and physiological benefits and its value added products have been provided in this study. Objective: To characterize the Fenugreek seeds powder for its nutritional and chemical profile. Methods: Fenugreek was analysed for its chemical contents i.e. moisture, crude fibre, ash, crude fat and protein, minerals and antioxidants was quantified according to their procedures. Results: The results showed fenugreek had higher values of proximate testing and other nutrients like minerals. The results showed fenugreek had higher antioxidants. Conclusions: In conclusion, Fenugreek outperform most chemical, nutritional, vitamin, and outstrip Fenugreek antioxidants criteria. It is convincingly suggested that Fenugreek be included in a diet-based treatment for rheostat lifestyle-related illnesses.

Plants Used in Diabetes Treatment

Recently, the interest in herbal products is increasing day by day due to the side effects as well as the medical and economic problems. There are different plants used for different diseases and different extracts prepared from certain parts of these plants. In this study, the plants used in the treatment of diabetes were emphasized; In many different countries, including Türkiye, the plants used for this purpose and their parts are mentioned. For this, articles in many indexes were scanned and scientific studies were compiled following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses state-ment. In addition, scientific studies on the plants Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Cinnamomum cassia Blume, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. and Allium sativum L., which are frequently used in the treatment of diabetes globally, are given in detail. It is also mentioned that these plants are included in pharmacopoeia and monographs. While the place and importance of plants and preparations prepared from plants in medicine and pharmacology is quite large, any work to be done on this subject will shed light on the world of science.

Study on the Insect Pest-complex and Its Correlations with Environmental Factors on Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum Graecum L.)

The present investigation was carried out during November 2022 to February 2023. The field experiment was conducted in Randomized block design with eight treatments and three replications at Experimental farm, Department of Entomology, SAS, Medziphema. The outcomes of the experiments revealed that, during period of investigation, ten insect pests and two natural enemies were observed. The activity of aphid (Aphis craccivora) infestation on fenugreek started in the 45th SMW (1.5 aphids/ three leaves) and reached its peak during 52nd SMW (23.36 aphids/ three leaves). The thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) was observed from 46th SMW (0.8 thrips/ three leaves) and reached its peak during 2nd SMW (9.32 thrips/ three leaves). The population of Spodoptera litura on fenugreek started appearing from 47th SMW (0.1caterpilar/ plant) and the highest incidence was recorded during 1st SMW (2 caterpillar/ plant). The serpentine leaf miner was observed from 49th SMW (0.56 maggot/ plant) and reached its peak during 2nd SMW (2.3 maggot/ plant). The population of flea beetle on fenugreek started appearing from 48th SMW (0.8 adult/ plant) and the highest incidence was recorded during 1st SMW (2.03 adult/ plant). The correlation studies with weather parameters revealed that aphid, thrips, Spodoptera litura, serpentine leaf miner and flea beetle population had significant negative correlation with maximum temperature, minimum temperature but non-significant with other remaining weather parameters.

Role of Insects in Cross-Pollination and Yield Attributing Components of Fenugreek

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a self-pollinated crop however insect pollination can improve the seed and fruit set. The present study was carried out at the agricultural research farm of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan to enlist the pollinator community of fenugreek, their foraging behavior, and identify the most effective pollinator species in terms of plant reproductive success. The floral visitor community of fenugreek was comprised of six bees, four flies, one moth, and one butterfly species. The highest visitation frequency was observed for Apis florea (3.86 individuals/meter2/120 seconds) and the visitation rate for Apis dorsata (19.90 flower/120 seconds). The highest stay time on a single flower was observed for Ceratina smaragdula (3.94 seconds/flower). The maximum pod weight, pod length, and seed weight were recorded in C. smaragdula pollinated pods. Results suggest that C. smaragdula is an efficient pollinator of fenugreek in Bahawalpur in terms of plant reproductive success. Future studies should focus on the conservation of C. smaragdula and other allied bee species for enhanced crop pollination.

Design and performance evaluation of Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer slug of a natural surfactant of fenugreek in saline media for Foaming/Emulsification applications

The increasing demands of oil energy has created burden on conventional oil recovery methods because of which use of synthetic chemicals is increasing and creating significant health and environmental issues. Therefore, this study reports the synthesis of alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) slug with the use a natural surfactant and natural polymer as an alternate for foaming in saline environment of chemical-EOR applications. The natural surfactant (used at CMC level) derived from fenugreek seeds and guar gum (4000 ppm) was used as natural polymer, while the concentration of NaHCO3 (alkali) was tuned to curtail the impact of salt-ions on foam-ability of ASP slug for practical applications. It was observed that a stable air foam developed in saline medium due to the synergistic interaction between alkali-polymer. The desired ASP slug (nomenclature: 0.5ASP1) of 0.5 wt% alkali, 0.2 wt% surfactant (CMC), and 4000 ppm guar gum was developed after significant tuning in alkali concentration as per the variation in NaCl concentration (1–8 wt%). The desired slug 0.5ASP1 showed significant foaming potential till NaCl concentration of 2 wt% as demonstrated by superior foam height of 139.8 mm at span of 60 s which was only 113.4 mm for ASP slug (at salinity 2 wt%). The presence of alkali, capable of generating in-situ surfactant, and inclusion of additional natural surfactant in ASP formulation (0.5ASP1) resulted into minimum SFT of 38 mN/m and contact angle of 54°. This indicates a favorable impact of ASP slug on wettability alteration of reservoir rock and making them more water-wet. Microscopic investigations were also conducted to visualize packing and coverage of foam bubbles stabilized by 0.5ASP1 and ASP slugs. 0.5ASP1 slug sustained bubbles for longer duration than ASP slug. The results concluded that inclusion of natural derivative in form of surfactant and polymer along with inexpensive alkali makes ASP slug a green alternative for practical applications such as oil recovery, crude emulsification, CO2 foams, and IFT reduction.

Compatibility Analysis of Mushroom with different Botanicals in In vitro Condition

White button mushroom [Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach] is the most popular cultivated edible mushroom, fetching high price and still dominating in Indian and International market. However, the limiting factor for its successful cultivation is the occurrence of competitor moulds. The present investigations were carried out in the laboratory Department of Plant Pathology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. In this experiment different botanical (seed extract) viz., Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain), Foeniculum vulgare (Saunf), Anethum graveolens (Soa), Trigonella foenumgraecum (Methi) were evaluated to test their compatibility with Agaricus bisporus. The botanicals (seed extract) were evaluated in vitro through poison food technique at 10, 20 and 30% concentrations and 24, 48 & 72 hours of incubation. The maximum radial growth of Agaricus bisporus was observed in T0-Control (Agaricus bisporus) (16.45mm), (17.12 mm) and (17.22 mm) and minimum in T1 - Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) (1.46mm), (0.83mm) and (0.60mm) at 10, 20 and 30 percent concentration respectively. Maximum percentage of inhibition was observed in T1 - Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) (91.11%), (95.13%) and (96.50%) at 10, 20 and 30 percent concentration respectively.

Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on quality of minimally processed fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) microgreens

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) microgreens is an underutilized vegetable with limited shelf life having good source of antioxidants, carotenoid as well as vitamins. The study deals with nutritional quality and optimization of a suitable passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for improving the shelf life of fenugreek microgreens in its minimally processed form (MPFM) at 8oC Semipermeable plastic films viz., low density polyethylene, polypropylene, Cryovac PD 961® and stretchable PVC cling film with varying thickness were evaluated as packaging materials to obtain different MAP composition inside MPFM packages. Packaging of MPFM in 40 μm thick polypropylene film resulted in development of in-pack equilibrium MA with 10-14% oxygen and 5-8% carbon dioxide during storage. This in-pack MA maintained ‘fresh-like’ sensory properties, biochemical and nutritional quality in MPFM till 15 days of storage. Significant loss of B vitamins was recorded in all packages during low temperature storage. Packaging in 40 μm thick polypropylene film retained B vitamins significantly better than other semipermeable films. Low temperature storage in modified atmosphere conditions enhanced vitamin E content in MPFM. The outcome of the study will benefit the entrepreneurs and retailers for distant transport and storage of fenugreek microgreens in commercial open chillers maintained in supermarkets in their ready-to-cook form.

Effectiveness of endophytic bacteria for some medicinal plants as probiotics for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The main objective of this research is to study the possibility of using endophytic bacteria isolated from some medicinal plants (onion, Allium cepa, brassicales, Salvadora persica, and fenugreek, Trigonella foenum-graecum) as probiotics for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish growth was evaluated using fish growth performance indices and approximate fish composition. Fish health was assessed by quantifying some biochemical compounds in fish serum, and at the end of the experiment, a challenge test was performed with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The use of endophytic bacteria increased all indicators of growth performance compared to the control group. Endophytic bacteria of Fenugreek recorded higher growth performance than other plants. Moreover, in all treatments except for onion, bacteria mixed with feed significantly increased in fish growth performance compared to bacteria added to rearing water. Endophytic bacteria of onion and fenugreek recorded higher concentrations of protein in muscles than the control group by 56 and 49%, respectively. Furthermore, 88, 75 and 63% of the treatments recorded a decrease in albumin, ALT and AST concentration compared to the control group. Although the concentration of urea in the blood was higher than the control group by about 7.4 to 44.3%, but the challenge test showed that all treatments had a 20% mortality rate compared to the control group (10%). As a result, the endophytic bacteria of onion, brassicales and fenugreek can be used as probiotics for Nile tilapia. Further study is needed to elucidate the optimal bacterial concentration necessary for tilapia growth.

Effect of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seed Extracts on the Structure of Myofibrillar Protein Oxidation in Duck Meat.

The effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed extracts (FSEs) on the structure of duck myofibrillar protein (MP) oxidation was researched via particle size, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), fluorescence spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the Fenton oxidation system. FSE (0.3 mg/mL) could scavenge 58.79% of the hydroxyl radical and possessed good antioxidation. FSE could retard the oxidation of MP, and the carbonyl formation and total sulfhydryl loss of MP decreased by 42.00% and 105.94%, respectively, after 4.67% of FSE treatment. SDS-PAGE results showed that 0.67% and 2.67% of FSE decreased the strength of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin bands of the oxidized MP, respectively. The FSE changed the secondary structures of the MP and promoted the unfolding of the MP structure and the transformation from α-helix to β-turn. When treated with 0.67% of FSE, the hydrophobicity of the MP declined by 26.14%, and solubility was improved by 37.21% compared with the oxidation group. After 0.67% of FSE treatment, the particle size and zeta potential of the MP returned to the level of the blank group. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that FSE improved the apparent morphology of the MP. Overall, FSE had positive effects on the antioxidation of the duck MP, and it could improve the structure and characteristics of the MP. It is hoped that FSE could be considered as a natural antioxidant to retard the oxidation of the MP in meat products.

Effect of fenugreek seed supplementation on fasting and postprandial blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic subjects

Diabetes mellitus has a high prevalence, morbidity and mortality globally. Management of type 2 diabetes is difficult with synthetic drugs as they cause many side effects and have some limitations. Thus, as an alternative and immense interest in medicinal plants with indigenous, inexpensive fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is considered to be a potent food-based treatment for managing type 2 diabetes. This study was undertaken to evaluate the blood glucose levels and diabetes status with the consumption of fenugreek seed powder in type 2 diabetic patients. In a clinical trial study, 49 type 2 diabetic patients were pooled using randomization and divided into two groups (controlled and exposed group). The exposed group was placed on 10 g/day of powdered fenugreek seeds soaked in water for 60 days, while the control group was not placed on any test diet. Demographic, clinical characteristics, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PBG) were measured before and after the study. No adverse reaction was found after the treatment resumed and all participants finished the trial. Findings showed that 20.83% of the patients who took the supplementation had reached the non-diabetic state where zero success rates were observed in the control group. Multivariable linear regression demonstrated that patients’ blood glucose level was significantly associated with fenugreek supplementation (p < 0.001) and the type of therapy (p < 0.05) while adjusted with their demographic variables, physical and medical conditions. When adjusted for covariates, fasting and postprandial blood glucose in the exposed group was estimated to be 2.38 mmol/L (95% CI: -3.45, -1.32, p < 0.001) and 4.18 mmol/L (95% CI: -5.41, -2.95, p < 0.001), which was significantly lower than the control group, respectively. The lowering of blood glucose level in the exposed group was gradually distributed over time while significant changes were observed starting from 30 days of supplementation. It is therefore concluded that fenugreek seed supplementation could be generalized to mitigate the complications of type 2 DM.

Suppression of weed and insect populations by living and straw mulches in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

In order to evaluate the effect of different weed management treatments on weeds, pest and natural enemies populations in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a 2-year study was conducted in East Azarbaijan, Iran in 2020–2021. The study was conducted based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The weed management treatments consisted of trifluralin use (960 g ai ha−1), wheat straw mulch (WSM), living mulches of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) (FLM), bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.) (VLM), calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) (CLM) and one-time hand weeding (OHW). The effect of weed management treatment was significant on densities of insect pests, natural enemies and weed and also weed biomass and sesame seed yield. The lowest densities of insect pests including Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua were observed in CLM treatment. Also, the highest densities of natural enemies Coccinella septompunctata, Coccinella undecimpunctata and Orius niger were observed in CLM treatment. The highest reductions in grass (51.0%), broadleaf (72.0%), and total (62.6%) weed biomasses and highest seed yield (1456 kg ha−1) were obtained in OHW. The seed yields in CLM and WSM treatments were not significantly different with trifluralin treatment and could be recommended in sustainable production of sesame.

Study on structure and properties of galactomannan and enzyme changes during fenugreek seeds germination

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L) galactomannan play an important role in the food and pharmaceutical sectors due to its attractive physicochemical properties. In this study, the changes of structure, properties and biological activity of fenugreek galactomannan (FG) during germination are analyzed by the activity and mechanism of endogenous enzymes (α-D-galactosidase and β-D-mannanase). The enzymes generally increased during germination and synergistically altered the structure of GM by cutting down the main chains and removing partial side residues. The mannose to galactose ratio (M/G) increased from 1.11 to 1.59, which is accompanied by a drastic decrease in molecular weight from 3.606 × 106 to 0.832 × 106 g/mol, and the drop of viscosity from 0.27 to 0.06 Pa·sn. The degraded macromolecules are attributed to the increase in solubility (from 64.55 % to 88.62 %). In terms of antioxidation and antidiabetic ability, germinated fenugreek galactomannan has the ability to scavenge 67.17 % ABTS free radicals and inhibit 86.89 % α-glucosidase. This galactomannan with low molecular weight and excellent biological activity precisely satisfies the current demands of pharmaceutical reagents and food industry. Seeds germination holds promise as a means of industrial scale production of low molecular weight galactomannans.

Vermistabilization of water hyacinth and secondary sewage sludge

Water hyacinth, the invasive aquatic macrophyte, can be used as a bulking agent in vermicomposting of secondary sewage sludge. Vermicompost was obtained from different ratios of water hyacinth (WH) and secondary sewage sludge (SS). First set was prepared with 25 % WH + 75 % SS (Set 1), and the second set with 50 % WH + 50 % SS (Set 2). Vermicomposting of these two sets was done using the earthworm species Eisenia fetida. A seed germination test was performed to compare the efficiency of compost with normal (garden) soil. Four different seeds were taken for the experiment: Moong bean (Vigna radiata), Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and Mustard seeds (Brassica nigra). After 7 days of growth, the seed vigour index was calculated for each seedling. Seeds grown in vermicompost obtained from sets 1 and 2 showed a higher seed vigour index compared to garden soil. It can be concluded that vermicompost obtained from these two substances is suitable for planting.

Anti-Diabetic Potential of Natural Plant Sources: An Assessment of Awareness and Consumption among Diabetics

Diabetes is a leading cause of death in developing countries, and there is a growing interest in utilizing natural remedies to manage high blood sugar levels. This study aimed to evaluate the awareness and usage of traditional plant-based treatments among diabetes patients. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 500 diabetic patients in Ludhiana hospitals' Outpatient Departments (OPDs). A structured questionnaire gathered data on demographics, socioeconomic status, medical history, hyperglycemia management, and awareness and utilization of 22 traditional anti-diabetic plants. The results showed that the majority (55.2%) focused on dietary control, followed by exercise (49.6%) and oral hypoglycemic medications (46.8%). Interestingly, a higher percentage of female diabetics (56.3%) engaged in exercise compared to males (44.2%), while insulin use was reported by 17.2%, and only 19.2% used herbal supplements. A majority (62.4%) of subjects reported awareness of the listed plant sources as potential anti-diabetic agents. Notably, fenugreek seeds, bittergourd, ginger, and holy basil were the most recognized plants, acknowledged by 55.2, 47.2, 44.4, and 40.8% of respondents, respectively. In the study, awareness of garlic as an anti-diabetic remedy was significantly (p<0.05) higher among females (40.6%) compared to males (31.3%), while males exhibited significantly (p<0.05) greater awareness of tulsi's anti-diabetic properties. Interestingly, a relatively higher percentage reported consuming garlic (34%) as part of their diabetes management, either as a remedy or in meal preparations, followed closely by holy basil (32.6%), bittergourd (31.4%), and fenugreek seeds (28.2%), it's apparent that only a small fraction actually incorporated these plants into their daily routines. This underutilization of readily available and cost-effective remedies in India may be attributed to the lack of substantial clinical data supporting their efficacy. The study highlights the gap between awareness and practical adoption of traditional medicinal plants among diabetics, despite their accessibility and affordability in India. Urgent efforts are needed to document ethnobotanical knowledge before it vanishes, and further initiatives should promote the utilization of traditional medicinal plants as a complementary approach to control hyperglycemia.

Study of the Physiochemical and Functional Properties of Fenugreek Protein Isolate

The aim of the research was to isolate Fenugreek Protein from local defatted seed powder and to investigate its physical and functional properties. The results showed that protein yield was 2.3% on dry weight basis, physical and functional properties results where the Isoelectric point of fenugreek protein is 4.5. The highest solubility was recorded at pH 2,10 56.60-%,58.0% respectively. the highest emulsification ability was at pH10=36% and at pH 3=35%. fenugreek protein isolate has a water holding capacity 2.46 ml / g. The oil binding capacity depends on the presence of hydrophobic amino acids. The oil binding capacity was 6.26 ml / g. Fenugreek protein isolate with 90.14% protein content was extracted from fenugreek seeds, Traces of fat (1.285), fiber (0.10%), carbohydrate (0.75%), ash (1.53%). Also, FTIR and spectroscopy was used to characterize the Fenugreek protein isolate powder, (Protein was isolated from Iraq fenugreek seeds and converted to powders using freeze drying)