Triggered Off Research Articles

(Invited) Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment of Materials

Technologies based on the use of non-equilibrium plasmas have become virtually irreplaceable in diverse application fields. These range from modification/functionalization of surfaces of medical implants, production of functional thin films or nanostructured materials, light generation, environmental remediation, ozone generation or sterilization/decontamination of surfaces. However, there is a clear trend in the last few decades to substitute low-pressure plasma systems with the ones operated at atmospheric pressure. The interest in atmospheric pressure plasmas is stimulated not only by the decrease in equipment costs by avoiding expensive pumping systems of conventional low-pressure plasma devices but also by the possibility to process objects non-compatible with vacuum conditions. The latter triggered off rapid development of brand new scientific fields – plasma medicine and plasma agriculture.In this work, we briefly review the main operational principles of atmospheric pressure plasma sources, as well as the advantages/drawbacks of atmospheric plasma for a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the atmospheric plasma processing technology compared with conventional low-pressure plasma processing technologies. Subsequently, the possible use of two common atmospheric pressure plasma systems - dielectric barrier discharges and atmospheric pressure jets - will be demonstrated on the selected examples. The main emphasis will be given to the issues connected with the control of the wetting/drying/condensation of liquids on plasma-treated polymers, use of plasma pre-treatment on metallization of surfaces or their improved biocompatibility, application of atmospheric pressure plasma for deposition of nanostructured thin films, treatment of seeds with an aim to improve their germination, and last, but not least, the attention will also be devoted to the removal of organic deposits/contaminants, including pathogens, from different types of surfaces.

Las tierras de baldío en el concejo de Soria, a fines de la Edad Media

L'utilisation du sol de Soria, adapté à l'altitude, au climat froid et à la pauvreté du terrain, se fit avec une grande mobilité sur la superficie de cer terres depuis leur utilisation, au XIIIeme siècle. Ces terres en friche représentaient la plus grande partie du territorire, où l'on pratiquait l'élevage ainsi que l’agriculture de «monte hueco». L'occupation permanente des terres, utilisées en pâturages, délimitèrent lentement la mosaïque des propriétés individuelles et collectives. Dès le milieu du XVeme siècle, la dynamique d'expansion économique que connut la Couronne de Castille affecta ces terres pour les convertir en exploitations d'élevage et de production forestière. La dénonciation d'usurpation de terres, entre autres de la part de l'oligarchie urbaine de Soria, rend manifeste l'attribution de ces terrains à l'élevage. Vers la fin du XVeme siècle, des conflits se déclarèrent entre la Mesta pour l'utilisation de ces jachères comme pâturages, l’oligarchie urbaine désirant délimiter ces propres pâturages et les municipies de certaines villes et villages cherchant à préserver l’exploitation forestière. Les habitants des lieux, de petits ou «moyens» agriculteurs et éleveurs, furent les plus lésés en perdant leur mobilité et en devant faire face à la concurrence des élevages «mesteño» dans l'utilisation de ces jachères.

Research Direction toward Scalable, Stable, and High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractDiscovery of the 9.7% efficiency, 500 h stable solid‐state perovskite solar cell (PSC) in 2012 triggered off a wave of perovskite photovoltaics. As a result, a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.2% was recorded in 2019. Publications on PSCs have increased exponentially since 2012 and the total number of publications reached over 13 200 as of August 2019. PCE has improved by developing device structures from mesoscopic sensitization to planar p‐i‐n (or n‐i‐p) junction and by changing composition from MAPbI3 to FAPbI3‐based mixed cations and/or mixed anion perovskites. Long‐term stability has been significantly improved by interfacial engineering with hydrophobic materials or the 2D/3D concept. Although small area cells exhibit superb efficiency, scale‐up technology is required toward commercialization. In this review, research direction toward large‐area, stable, high efficiency PSCs is emphasized. For large‐area perovskite coating, a precursor solution is equally important as coating methods. Precursor engineering and formulation of the precursor solution are described. For hysteresis‐less, stable, and higher efficiency PSCs, interfacial engineering is one of the best ways as defects can be effectively passivated and thereby nonradiative recombination is efficiently reduced. Methodologies are introduced to minimize interfacial and grain boundary recombination.

Matizando a violência: as representações das relações coloniais na obra de João Paulo Borges Coelho

TONES OF VIOLENCE: REPRESENTING COLONIAL RELATIONS IN THE WORK OF JOÃO PAULO BORGES COELHO
 This article analyses the process of recuperation of social relations during the colonial period in the work of a Mozambican writer João Paulo Borges Coelho. The process is seen as a project of filling an empty space in the collective memory of Mozambican nation that has emerged due to a violent rupture with the past triggered off by the post‑independence politics.

DIRECT MACROECONOMIC LINKS BETWEEN SELECTED EAST ASIAN ECONOMIES AND THE US? AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

This paper attempts to establish whether there exists any direct macroeconomic linkages between some East Asian (EA) countries on the one hand and the US on the other hand, based upon quarterly real gross domestic product (GDP) series spanning from the early 1990s. Cointegration, Granger causal relations and contemporaneous correlations of output shocks are explored. Contrary to a priori expectations, the empirical evidence suggests no direct linkages of these economies to the US, with the exception of the Malaysian economy. In the case of Malaysia, only a Granger causal relation from the US is found. All this would allude to the ability of these EA economies save one to grow independently of the US, barring a global economic crisis such as the recent one triggered off by sub-prime loans.

Jelinek in Chinese: a Controversial Austrian Nobel Laureate in the Chinese Book Market

Abstract The awarding of the world’s best known literature prize to the controversial Austrian writer Elfriede Jelinek in 2004 triggered off worldwide hype in its reception. So far, Jelinek’s works have been translated into more than 40 languages. Chinese is one of them. Although the author’s first works had already been translated back in the 1990s, on the Chinese mainland all translations of her works were actually published only after the key event of the Nobel Prize. They immediately received immense attention from the Chinese public and unleashed what could even be termed a ‘Jelinek fever’. This paper is devoted to shedding light on the first introduction and the unexpected success of this controversial Austrian Nobel laureate in the Chinese book market. It will give an overview of the Chinese translations of Jelinek’s works and will try to reveal some of the dynamics that led to their actual selection, translation, publication, marketing and status as bestsellers. The challenges of the rapidly transforming Chinese publishing industry and the impact of these challenges on the reception of foreign literature will be discussed. Furthermore, the paper will outline the crucial role of the intermediaries, especially of the powerful literary agency involved, in this process of cultural transfer.

Guerre et paix autour de Friedensfeier

For want of material or philological elements that could help provide an answer to his questions, the author combines an immanent interpretation of H’s wellknown hymn Friedensfeier, taken as a coherently argumented discourse, with a careful attention to its immediate historical context. This approach aims at identifying the political issues at stake which allow to establish a linkage between the following facts : 1. the definitive version of the poem was written between 1801 and 1802. 2. although it seems to have been completed, it was not published during the poet’s lifetime 3. the manuscript disappeared around 1822. 4. its recovery in London in 1854 triggered off a fierce debate among German scholars.

Pop Songs for the Tape Recorder, LPs for the Record Player? The Market Launch of Tape Recorders in West Germany and the Copyright Debate on Young Consumers’ Practice of Tape-recording in the 1950s and 1960s

»Hits fur das Tonbandgerat, Alben fur den Plattenspieler? Die Markteinfuhrung des Tonbandgerates in Westdeutschland und die Urheberrechtsdebatte uber Musikaufnahmen jugendlicher Konsumenten in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren«. Since the late 1950s, tape recorders were increasingly to be found in West German households. This device for the first time gave the consumers the opportunity to record music from records or from the radio. This triggered off discussions between the record industry and the GEMA (Society for musical performing and mechanical reproduction rights) on the one hand and tape recorder producers and users on the other hand. Whereas the former complained about falling record sales and called for the introduction of copyright fees, the latter argued that the tape recorder offered a large range of applications and that therefore a collective charging of producers and/ or users would not be justified. Against the background of the changing legal situation, the article retraces the copyright debate and evaluates the opponents’ argu- ments. In spite of the manifold functions of the tape recorder, young consumers predominantly employed it to record their favourite light music. But these appropriation practices did not cause an overall decline in record sales but rather a change in music consumption patterns. While the possibility of recording single hits did in fact lead to falling sales figures of 45rpm-discs, sales of longplaying-records rose considerably

OVERVIEW OF THE SEVEN YEARS' EXPERIMENT: WHAT CHANGED AND WHAT MATTERS?

FTER the Asian currency crisis in 1997, Indonesia struggled to reconstruct its hard-hit economy and to implement a wide range of institutional reforms under the IMF loan program. At the end of December 2003, Indonesia finally graduated from IMF supervision, which had lasted for a period of over six years. The graduation signaled to the international markets that Indonesia’s crisis and the IMF-led reforms had at last been settled, and the markets reacted favorably. In October 2004, a new government was inaugurated in Indonesia following the first direct presidential election in the country’s history. For the first time after the fall of Soeharto, a government is expected to serve out its full term of five years. The resignation of President Soeharto in May 1998 triggered off democratization reforms, leading to a dramatic regime change from authoritarianism to democracy. The central government relaxed its unified grip not only in the political sphere but also as regards socioeconomic matters, a process that often had messy consequences. The initiation of the new government is expected to mark an end to this confused period of regime change. During the seven years in which Indonesia was busily occupied with internal affairs, drastic changes occurred in the East Asian economy. The Chinese economy came to the fore, AFTA began to work, and bilateral as well as multilateral FTA negotiations accelerated. In the increasingly competitive regional economy, Indonesia’s relative position seems to have suffered a setback. The new government has the responsibility of drawing up and executing appropriate development strategies without delay, taking full cognizance of these rapid changes in the surrounding world. This special issue aims firstly to analyze the changes in the Indonesian economy that have occurred since the economic crisis and the fall of Soeharto regime by looking at structure, institutions, and actors, and secondly to identify the key challenges that face the new government. Our analysis will demonstrate that even though Indonesia has emerged from the period of disorder, having successfully graduated from the IMF program and having inaugurated a new government, the Indonesian economy still faces some serious problems that need to be addressed.

Exploring between Two Worlds: China's Journalism Education

Despite history of close to 80 years, China's journalism education has yet to make substantial impact on journalistic practice in country. As one Chinese journalism professor (Lin, 1992) noted, journalism educators in country have yet to gain authority to provide theoretical, practical, and training guidance for media industry. A major cause of such situation lies in lack of clear orientation in of China's journalism education. The idea of journalism education was introduced from West when China's young intellectuals began to look toward West for inspirations after pondering over China's repeated defeats at hands of foreign powers in 19th century. They believed that in order to continue its glorious past, China had to borrow ideas from Western powers, most important of which were democracy and science. Against such backdrop, it was no surprise that China's journalism education, which was started as part of efforts to bring about democracy, began under heavy influence of U.S. journalism education, as U.S. was recognized by Chinese educators then as the most advanced country in journalism development and a ready source for journalism studies (Cai, 1994, p.6). With Communists' victory in China, press system transformed itself to take on the form and coloration of social and political structures within which it operates (Siebert, Peterson Sr Schramm, 1963, p.1). To accommodate new system, journalism education had no choice but to abandon American model and look for new model. The Soviet Union, which pioneered Communist movement, naturally provided answer. With unprecedented changes taking place in China's socio-economic and political structures as result of country's modern reforms and opening to outside world, China's journalism educators are at loss for model, but there is no ready answer this time. In Deng Xiaoping's words, they have to depend on themselves to grope for stones as footholds to walk through river. Proceeding from structural functionalism approach, authors believe that major changes in China's journalism education were first and foremost triggered off by country's internal changes rather than direct foreign influence since China has never been fully colonized. At same time, however, China's constant search for inspirations from overseas has also made country's journalism education similar to journalism education elsewhere in many areas. Under such premises, this paper examined historical of China's journalism education and its current exploration for new path. Education in China Although China's journalism history could be traced to as far back as Di Bao, news bulletin published by imperial court during Tang Dynasty in 777 (Fang, Chen & Zhang,1982), journalism did not flourish until 19th century when foreign businessmen and missionaries began to launch various newspapers following invasion of China by colonial powers (Chang, 1989). This was followed by first reformists and then bourgeois revolutionaries who, around end of 19th century, launched their publications to spread ideas against decadent rule of Qing Dynasty. University education in journalism emerged in form of series of lectures started by Journalism Society of Beijing University in 1918 and taught by Xu Baohuang, graduate of journalism from University of Michigan, and Shao Piaoping, well-known Chinese journalist who had studied in Japan. Based on his lecture notes, Xu, who is recognized as founder of China's journalism education, compiled China's first journalism textbook: An Outline of Journalism (Fang, 1994), which was first published in 1919 and reprinted in 1930, 1932, 1937 and 1994. With most of ideas discussed in book based on American textbooks (Fang, 1994), Xu gave rather comprehensive discussion of roles of journalism, news values as well as news gathering, writing and editing techniques. …

Residual and Recovery Strength Characteristics of Soil from the Reactivated Landslide Occurred at the National Road across the Middle Part of Taiwan

Shear strength characteristics (fully-softened and residual) and the recovery of the shear strength by re-consolidation following the large displacement shear were investigated for the soil sample collected from the moving mass of a reactivated and large-scale landslide which occurred at the middle part of Taiwan in 1994 triggered off by the heavy rainfall after road construction. Geology of the landslide area is the Miocene formation composed mainly of shale. The soil sample was characterized by the low clay content and the low plasticity and dominated by quartz accompanied by mica, chlorite, and feldspars.Slurried subsamples passed through a 420-μm sieve were normally consolidated at the respective normal stresses ranging from 50 to 300kPa. The subsamples were sheared using a ring shear apparatus under drained condition with a slow shearing rate until about 700mm of displacement. They were then re-consolidated at the corresponding normal stresses for 2 days and re-sheared.The fully-softened strength was Csf=4.6 kPa and φsf=35.3°. The relationship between residual strength and effective normal stress tended to be curve, showing the dependence of the residual strength on the effective normal stress. The residual strength was calculated to be φγ=31.2° under σn'of 50-150 kPa and φγ=25.4°underσn'of 200-300 kPa with a assumption of cγ=0 kPa.The recovery of the shear strength ofthe soil subjected to large displacement shear by re-consolidation was not detected under σn'of 200-300 kPa but clearly observed under σn' of 50-150kPa. The recovery rate in strength increased with the decreasing normal stress but the strength did not recover to the level of the fully-softened strength. The above results are important to clarify the mechanism of the recurrence of the reactivated landslide.

The advantages of tying Austria's hands: The success of the hard currency strategy

The paper offers support for the following thesis: Austria opted for an exchange rate peg at a time (1974) when the economic (optimum currency area — OCA) prerequisites were not yet met. It needed an appreciation of the schilling relative to the D-Mark between 1979 and 1981 to signal a hard rule and to earn credibility. This hard-currency-option triggered off adjustment processes (i.e., real wage flexibility) which ultimately made Austria part of an OCA with Germany. Using the theory of time consistency, a model demonstrates that for a small economy such as Austria an exchange rate rule constitutes a good focal point. Employing criteria derived from the OCA-theory it is shown that for Austria asymmetric real shocks dominated the observation period (1973–1989), at least until the mid 1980s. Then, through domestic policies induced by the hard-currency-option, one can argue that Austria became part of an OCA with Germany. A successful fixed exchange rate rule in the face of asymmetric shocks and restricted factor mobility requires a (relatively) high degree of real wage flexibility, as can be shown for Austria. Only a credible long-term policyenables a country to fulfil the OCA-criteria. Austria may therefore be viewed as an example for a fixed exchange rate system, at least between smaller countries and an anchor country, even if OCA criteria (initially) are not being met.

A study of falls among elderly living in the community

This study was conducted to mainly investigate the causes of falls among elderly living in the community and also to clarify the status of the elderly one year after they experienced falls. Subjects who had lived in Koga city, Ibaraki prefecture were chosen. An average age of the subjects (n = 132) was 73.7 +/- 6.4 years. Self administrated questionnaire was employed. The main results were obtained as follows. 1) The average of the falls of a subject for the past one year was 1.75 +/- 2.40 times. About 70 percent of the falls occured outdoor. About 70 percent of the causes of the falls were extrinsic. 2) The higher injuries frequency occured among those who got medical treatment. Diuretic and hypotensive drugs occupide the major two kinds of all. 3) The physical symptoms such as pains, fatigues, walking problems, as well as less active behavior characterized those who experienced the fall-caused external injuries. The falls triggered off deteriorating the elderly's healthy physical status. It was suggested that nursing intervention was very important to prevent falls among elderly in the community to maintain their quality of life (Q.O.L).

‘De-industrialization’, Industrialization and the Indian Economy, c. 1850–1947

The purpose of this short discussion paper is to raise some general questions concerning the current state of the historiography on the industrialization of pre-Independent India. Although triggered off by a close reading of Professor Morris's contribution to the recentCambridge Economic History of India, volume 2, it is not my intention to review the essay in a detailed and systematic manner; rather I seek to place it in the wider context of what is, in my view, the unsatisfactory state of our accumulated knowledge. The paper is organized in the following way. Section II contends that all too little is known about a seemingly crucial sector—a vacuity that is not confined to India alone among the Third World economies—and that this tends to distort accounts of the general functioning of the international economy. In Section III I try to pinpoint the major areas of weakness, and then go on to suggest the main reasons for this somewhat surprising situation. Finally, in Section IV, I argue that Morris's study reflects the problems I identify but does not take us further down the road towards their resolution.

Myths on the March: the Kenyan and Zimbabwean liberation struggles in colonial fiction

On 20th October 1952 the Kenyan Government declared a State of Emergency in response to settler calls for action against African Nationalism in general, and the movement known to the settlers as 'Mau Mau' in particular, and in so doing triggered off what is now known as the 'Mau Mau' revolt. Four years later the arrest of Dedan Kimathi marked the effective end of an armed peasant resistance to colonial rule which, if it didn't regain for the peasants the land which was their main object, did hasten a nominal Independence. Just over twenty years after the declaration of the state of emergency in Kenya, on 21st December 1972, the guerrilla attack on Altena Farm in north-eastern Zimbabwe signalled the start of the final and decisive phase of the Zimbabwe war. Seven years later, to the day, the formal agreements marking the end of the war and opening the way to an internationally recognized Independent Zimbabwe were signed at Lancaster House. 'The guerrillas', as Martin and Johnson put it, 'had brought Rhodesia to a point where it needed the end of the war even more than recognition and the lifting of sanctions.' 2 The Zimbabwe war, like the 'Mau Mau' revolt, was aimed by its black fighters at regaining control over their land and their political destiny, and was directed against white settlers. In each case armed resistance to the status quo provoked extremes of repression (often modelled by the Rhodesians on their Kenyan counterparts) on the part of what were, ironically, known as the 'security forces'. In each case the war produced a substantial body of propaganda and myth-making aimed at justifying or disguising both the social, political and economic dispensations which had been the causes of the war, and the measures taken to counter it. And in each case a substantial body of 'popular' fiction, written by settlers and their sympathizers, was an important, perhaps the most important, component of that propaganda.

The construction of economic reality by some Glaswegian children

AbstractStudied the development of the inderstanding of elementary economic systems in 120 working class children of both sexes aged between 6 and 12. Methods employed included a procedure whereby children had to detect absurdities, a task in which the children played the role of shopkeeper, and semi‐structured interviews. It was shown that the youngest children already had the basic idea of the wage‐system, i.e. selling one's labour, but were confused about the monetary transactions in a shop and failed to appreciate that a shopkeeper has himself to pay for goods. When this began to be understood children thought that goods were bought and sold at the same price; hence they conceived of two parallel but unconnected systems, which led them to believe that the payment for shop assistants came from some external source. Grasp of the way the two systems intermesh was not reached until about 11, unless direct questioning triggered off earlier insight. Findings are discussed in the light of the modified Piagetian approach put forward by Furth et al. (1976).

The Moni Mélange, Cyprus: an olistostrome formed at a destructive plate margin

Detailed mapping has shown that the Moni Mélange of southern Cyprus consists of two separate allochthonous components: a variety of Triassic to Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks representative of an original continental margin sequence, and substantial sheets of serpentinite derived from Upper Cretaceous Troodos-type oceanic crust. All these allochthonous rocks were emplaced by sliding into an in situ host matrix of Upper Cretaceous bentonitic clays and radiolarian siltstones of deep water hemipelagic facies. The postulated geotectonic setting involves a phase of late Cretaceous northward subduction of Troodos-type oceanic crust beneath a continental margin now located in southern Turkey. Subduction culminated in the Maastrichtian in a major collision of oceanic crust with the adjacent continental margin. This triggered off major oceanward gravity sliding of continental margin rocks. The collision was also associated with deep tectonic slicing of Troodos oceanic crust with the result that sheets of partly serpentinized ultramafic rocks were emplaced by sliding into the host sediments of the mélange from the opposite direction to the other olistoliths. Soon afterwards there was a brief period of submarine erosion, then local tectonic movements ceased, suggesting an end to subduction in the area.

Depth of processing pictures of faces and recognition memory.

These studies ask whether S remembers a picture better the greater the of he allots to it. Depth of processing pictures of faces was varied according to judgments of sex (superficial) or judgments of likableness or honesty of the person pictured. Performance on a later recognition memory test was high for pictures judged for likableness or honesty, and low for pictures judged for sex. This ordering held as'true for intentional learners as for incidental learners. A final experiment showed that face recognition memory was not materially affected by a context manipulation: an old test picture was remembered at a level determined by its original depth of processing and independently of how it was tested—either alone, along side an old picture it had been studied with, or with a new picture. In a recent paper, Craik and Lockhart (1972) argued that of of stimulus material is a direct determinant of how well that material will be remembered. The underlying assumption in their approach is that a stimulus is processed through a series of stages with different kinds of information being extracted from or triggered off by the stimulus at successive stages. Sensory features of the stimulus are presumably extracted first, whereas associative information (such as the name or meaning of a grapheme) becomes available later. In support of their depth of processing hypothesis, Craik and Lockhart review studies showing higher incidental learning for words which 5s had processed for meaning than for items processed for physical attributes. For instance, Hyde and Jenkins (1969) oriented 5s to answer different questions with respect to a word, either counting the number of letters in it or the number of es, or rating it for pleasantness. Those 5s who did the pleasantness judgments recalled the words later much better than did the other 5s. Similarly, Johnston and Jenkins (1971) showed that 5s required to think of an adjective appropriate to a presented

CARBON-MONOXIDE-INDUCED MOUNTAIN SICKNESS PROVOKED BY TOBACCO SMOKING

A patient is described who, for many years, had had attacks of headache, vertigo, muzziness, and, occasionally, loss of consciousness. The attacks were always triggered off by intensive cigarette smoking. Similar symptoms were provoked by breathing carbon monoxide in air. Capillary filtration-rate and transvascular albumin transport also rose during laboratory exposure to carbon monoxide. The patient stopped smoking 3 years ago and has since been free from attacks. It is concluded that the attacks were caused by uptake of carbon monoxide from the tobacco smoke, the pathogenesis being increased endothelial filtration and permeability.

The Q1 (A) strains of Salmonella typhimurium: induction phenomena.

Summary: Members of the Q1 (A) group of lysogenic strains of Salmonella typhimurium have a common bacterial component and differ only in their prophage content. All are inducible by ultraviolet (u.v.) radiation but, in the cultural conditions which were standard in the experiments here described, never more than. 40% of the bacteria were induced, and this only with exposures which killed approximately 75% of the host strain, Q1. The latent period between irradiation and phage liberation was approximately 45 min. The number of particles per burst varied widely. The most striking difference in the reaction to irradiation of cultures of the different strains was that, without significant variation in the amount of free phage produced, some showed clearing while others did not. Clearing was not directly related to the percentage of bacteria induced, nor was it attributable to the production of a lysin by some strains and not by others. Clearing occurred in strains in which induction took place in bacteria which would otherwise have survived irradiation, and would have enlarged into filamentous forms. In strains in which no clearing occurred, induction took place in bacteria which had received a lethal dose of u.v. radiation, and not in the more lightly irradiated bacteria which were therefore left free to enlarge and so mask the lysis of the induced bacteria. Thus there is evidence that the induction of these closely related prophages is ‘triggered off’ by different stimuli directly related to the degree of damage to the host bacterium caused by irradiation.