Triethanolamine Salts Research Articles

Products from the reaction of fatty acids with ketones and their characteristic properties as cutting fluids additives

AbstractHydroxy acids were synthesized in good yields from ketones and fatty acids by the use of lithium naphthalene in the presence of diethylamine. For example, from cyclohexanone and undecylenic acid (I), 2‐(1‐hydroxy‐1‐cyclohexyl)‐10‐undecenoic acid (III) was obtained in 92% yield. Hydroxy acids were treated withp‐toluenesulphonic acid to give corresponding unsaturated fatty acids. From the reaction of (III), 2‐(1‐cyclohexenyl)‐10‐undecenoic acid (IV), a 3,4‐unsaturated acid was obtained (yield 59%). Corrosion and lubricity tests for these products as water‐based cutting fluid additives were carried out. We have found that triethanolamine salts of 2‐cyclohexenyl and 2‐hydroxycyclohexyl fatty acids showed effective rust‐inhibiting and antiwear properties for water‐based cutting fluids.

On the role of fatty acid in adsorption and corrosion inhibition of iron by amine—fatty acid salts in acidic solution

A study has been made of the adsorption and corrosion inhibition of iron by triethanolamine salts of 18C unsaturated fatty acids in 0.5 M deaerated H 2SO 4 solution. The adsorption was considered in terms of the competitive coadsorption of acid molecules and amine cations, being the main species in this solution. From measurements of differential double layer capacitance and dissolution kinetic of iron, the preferential adsorption of fatty acids over amine has been found. The orientation of acids appeared decisive for the formation of inhibitory effective adsorbates. Such adsorbates were originated by vertically oriented oleic acid molecules. Less effective were the layers based on salts of acids possessing a greater number of Π bonds. The double, horizontal and vertical orientation was found for these acids. The main role of amine was the cross-linkage of acid chains adsorbed on the iron surface.

A relationship between foaming and H.L.B. value

Synopsis The foaming properties of solutions of purified samples of the C(10) to C(18) even-numbered sodium alkyl sulphates in water have been studied using three methods of foam generation. Foam volumes increased with increase in surfactant concentration, and reached a limiting value at the C.M.C. At post-C.M.C. concentrations, foam volumes increased to a maximum with temperature, and then decreased. The point at which the maximum occurred, the maximum foam temperature (M.F.T.), varied from one surfactant to another, but was independent of the experimental method. M.F.T. was inversely proportional to the hydrophile-lipophile balance (H.L.B.) value. The corresponding triethanolamine salts behaved in the same way. Similar results were observed with non-ionics, but the plots of H.L.B. value against M.F.T. were positive.

Formation of phospholipids from sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and free fatty acids or their derivatives by homogenates of soybean cotyledons

Cell-free homogenates of soybean cotyledons contain a sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase system which incorporated [U- 14C]- sn-glycerol-3-phosphate into 5 labelled lipids when incubated with palmitic acid in the presence of ATP and CoA. In decreasing order of incorporation of label, the lipids were: lysophosphatidic acid, monoacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. The substrate specificity of the acyltransferase system was investigated with the fatty acids shown in order of decreasing rates of reaction; palmitate > stearate > oleate > linoleate > linolenate > laurate. Making these acids more soluble as triethanolamine salts or as polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters did not greatly enhance these rates of reaction. Activity was found in a 10000 g pellet containing plastids, mitochondria and glyoxysomes and also in the lipid layer; the activity in these particulate fractions was enhanced by the addition of cytosol which itself had little activity when gentle methods of cell disruption were used. During cotyledon development the total acyltransferase activity increased, although its specific activity slowly declined due to more rapid synthesis of other proteins. During germination total activity decreased but there was a transient increase in specific activity due to more rapid degradation of other proteins.

Corrosion Test of Various Derivatives of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids

Various derivatives of benzoic acid and hydroxybenzoic acid were prepared. Corrosion test for cutting fluids characterization of these compounds were examined. Triethanolamine salts of m-iodobenzoic acid and other iodo-compounds have excellent properties.

Analysis of concrete for triethanolamine

This report details a method for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of triethanolamine in cement paste, mortar and concrete. Using the method, triethanolamine and triethanolamine salts introduced into concrete by ad-mixtures have been detected and quantified at specimen ages from a few hours to over two years.

Corrosion Test of Derivatives of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids and Dibasic Acids

Various alkyl benzoic acids and half esters of dibasic acids were prepared. Corrosion test for cutting fluids characterization of these compounds were examined. Triethanol amine salts of mono oleil phthalate and acids alkyl (methyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl and octyl) benzoic acids have excellent properties.

Long-chain carboxylic acids containing ether linkage. 3. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the amine salts of some beta-alkoxypropionic acids.

AbstractOctylamine, dodecylamine, octadecylamine and triethanolamine salts ofβ‐dodecyloxy‐ andβ‐tetradecyloxypropionic acids, without or with one and with two oxyethylene groups between the alkoxy group and the propionic acid group, were prepared and examined as the growth inhibiting agents againstStaphylococcus aureus andPenicillium. Some of them were also tested againstTrichophyton asteroides, T. interdigitale, T. granulosus, Epidermophyton floccosum andMicrosporum canis. The effects of the alkyloxy, oxyethylene and amine groups on antibacterial and antifungal activities were determined. The dodecyl radical was more potent than the tetradecyloxy radical. The enhancing effect of the oxyethylene group was obscure in the amine salts. The most effective amine was dodecylamine and its salt ofβ‐dodecyloxypropionic acid showed almost the same effectiveness as that of its mercury salt againstTrichophyton. As for the soluble amine salts, it was confirmed that their surface activities had nothing to do with their antibacterial and fungicidal powers.

Studies on Surface Active Agents on Dyeing Polyester Fibers with Carriers. II.

An investigation has been made on the emulsifying power of surface active agents for hydrophobic carriers, o-dichlorobenzene and 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene, and the influence of emulsifiers on the dyeability of two disperse dyes, C. I. Disperse Red 1 and C. I. Disperse Red 15, on polyester fibers at 80 and 95°C. 1, 2, 4-Trichlorobenzene was more difficult to emulsify, but a little more effective as dyeing accelerent than o-dichlorobenzene. POE nonyl phenyl ether (P=25) had an excellent emulsifying power but inhibited the absorption of dyes. Triethanolamine salts of dodecylbenzene sulfonate and lauryl sulfate were better emulsifiers than diethanolamine, monoethanolamine and sodium salts. Of the triethanolamine salts of sulfonated products, the emulsifying power ranked in the order of dodecylxylene, dodecyltoluene, dodecylbenzene.Among the emulsifiers examined for the dyeing of polyester fibers with o-dichlorobenzene or 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene, triethanolamine salt of dodecylxylene sulfonate was most suitable without affecting the dyeability of disperse dyes.

CONTROL OF SONCHUS ARVENSIS (L.) WITH CHEMICALS

Summary. Pot experiments concerning the control of Sonchus arvensis with chemicals showed that the time of application of MCPA or 2,4‐D has a dominant influence on the results obtained. Foliage applications at late rosette to early bud stage gave considerably better effects than did earlier or later applications as assessed by the. weight of roots, this assessment being considered the most reliable for final effects. Increasing the rates from 1 to 3 kg/ha was of less significance than the time of application. A good wetting ability of the spray solution is also essential for an effective control of this weed, which has very waxy leaves. The addition of a wetting agent to aqueous solutions of various salts of 2,4‐D had a great and significant influence on the effects. This was not the case with 2,4‐D acid in Carbowax. When wetter was added, there was no difference in the effects of the sodium, ammonium and triethanolamine salts. The latter were also slightly more effective than MCPA. 2,4‐D‐ester was much more effective than MCPA by foliage application. When the chemicals were applied to the roots through sub‐irrigation pipes, however, MCPA was at least as effective as 2,4‐D‐ester. The maximum effect by this method of application was obtained at a somewhat later stage of development than by foliage application. By foliage application of MCPA and dinoseb or DNOC at various rates used alone or in mixture, an antagonism between the growth regulator and the contact herbicides was demonstrated as regards the reduction in root weight of S. arvensis. The scorching effects of dinitro compounds were, on the contrary, increased when applied in combination with MCPA. Amitrole at rates of 5, 7.5 and 10 kg/ha applied at late rosette stage gave a complete kill of S. arvensis.La destruction du Sonchus arvensis L. à l'aide de produits chimiques

Studies in the Principles of Phytotoxicity

SUMMARY In a detailed study of the factors which control spray retention by the shoot, five species with markedly different morphological characteristics have been examined {Helianthus annuus, Brassica alba, Linum usitatissimum, Hordeum vul gare, and Pisum sativum). The amount of spray retained, expressed as volume per unit weight of shoot or unit leaf area, is dependent on the stage of development of each species, the volume of spray applied, and the surface tension of the spray solution. The interrelationships between these factors are complex for all the second-order interactions proved to be highly significant. Under one set of condi tions there may be a tenfold difference in retention between two species while under another set the corresponding difference may be as little as twofold. Between a spray output of 14 and 143 ml./m.2 the level of retention by P. sativum and H. vulgare is linearly related to output but for H. annuus and B. alba the relationship is curvilinear. When the surface tension is reduced below 40 dynes/cm. retention by P. sativum and H. vulgare is increased, but for B. alba and H. annuus retention is decreased if the output exceeds 50 ml./m.2 For a given output, a reduction in the mean droplet size augments retention by H. vulgare but not by H. annuus. Differences in retention either between species or between stages of develop ment are linked with the ratio of leaf area to shoot weight, the nature of the leaf surfaces, the angle of incidence at which the droplets strike the leaf, and localized accumulation. Retention is maximal when the leaf-area ratio is high, the surfaces completely wetted, and the laminae set in a horizontal plane : once this maximum value is reached any additional spray received runs off the shoot. The relationship between retention and the concentration of the spray solution required to bring about some standard biological response has been examined for two groups of compounds—those which are freely translocated (triethanolamine salts of 2:4-dichloro-, 2:4:s-trichloro-, and 2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acids) and those which are not (ammonium 2:4-dinitro-6-sec-butylphenate). For the first group the equi-effective concentration is inversely and linearly related to retention since the total amount received is of primary importance in determining the inhibition of growth, though the position of the droplets must be taken into account. Placing micro-drops containing the growth regulator on the cotyledons of L. usitatissimum inhibits the growth of the shoot less than a spray application of the same amount over the whole shoot : for H. annuus placing the growth regulator on either the first or second pair of leaves or on the first internode induces more inhibition of growth than application to the cotyledons. With ammonium dinitro-seobutylphenate the relationship between retention

The Action of Soaps in the Animal Body

In the animal organism the possibility of the formation of soaps from fatty acids and various bases is often present. It is believed by many that soaps formed in the intestine are absorbed as such and act as a means of fat transport in the blood. In many types of pathological process, soap may be produced, as for instance in atherosclerosis, acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, necrosis of the brain, etc. Soap is often used as an abortifacient, in various therapeutic measures, in the preparation of vaccines, and selective bacterial cultivation.We have, therefore, made a study in mice, rats and rabbits of the activities of various of these substances. The following soaps were studied: The sodium, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine salts of capric, lauric, oleic, linoleic, and ricinoleic acids (n/20 aqueous solutions at pH 7.4). This is a preliminary paper, the detailed work appearing in the Naunyn-Schmiedeberg Archive fur experimentelle Pharmakologie.Studies on 500 mice, intravenously injected...