Triethanolamine Content Research Articles

Evaluation of hydrogen evolution reaction on chemical bath deposited Cu2O thin films: Effect of copper source and triethanolamine content

The chemical bath deposition method was used to deposit thin films of cuprous oxide. The effect of copper source and triethanolamine content on the optical, morphological, structural, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of the thin films for the development of photocathodes for hydrogen production was investigated. Triethanolamine promotes the complexing of Cu+ ions independent of the copper source used, its increase promotes thicker films due to better growth control and reduction of rapid Cu2O precipitation in the bulk solution. The increase in thickness promoted a change in preferential orientation from (111) plane to (200) plane, which also influenced and reduced the conductivity because there is a decrease in disorder (Urbach energy EU). The thickness also varied due to copper source used, reaching the thickest films with copper nitrate while the thinnest films with copper acetate, this tendency is in agreement with their solubility in water. The lower solubility reduces the complexing of Cu + ions which promotes the Cu2O precipitation in the bulk solution, limiting the growth of the film. Also, electrical properties varied (measured as disorder EU) with copper source. The most conductive being the thin films deposited with copper acetate and nitrate while the most resistive being the films deposited with copper sulphate. Very little variation in optical properties was observed, estimating the band gap in the range of 2.62–2.66 eV, while high absorption coefficient (>105 cm−1) was calculated below the absorption edge (460–470 nm). All thin films showed p-type semiconducting behavior with a flat band potential in the range of −0.10 to 0.18 V (Ag/AgCl sat electrode), which confirms their ability to work as photocathodes for hydrogen production. The best photoelectrochemical performance was observed with the thinnest films, which also are the most conductive and present the highest values of absorption coefficient.

Effect of triethanolamine on the chloride binding capacity of cement paste with a high volume of fly ash

In this paper, the effect of triethanolamine content on chloride binding capacity of cement fly ash composite cement paste after curing for 7 days and 28 days was studied. The hydration product composition and pore structure evolution of the hardened paste were studied by hydration heat test, XRD, TGA and nitrogen adsorption test. In addition, the effects of triethanolamine on ion dissolution and microstructure of fly ash were studied by ICP and SEM. The results show that with the increase of triethanolamine content at the same age, the ability of composite cement paste to bind chloride ions is strengthened, and the ability to bind chloride ions is also increased with the increase of age.

Higher efficiency of triethanolamine-grafted anion exchange membranes for acidic wastewater treatment

Acidic wastewaters are major industrial effluents that must be cleaned before release in natural waters, yet classical treatment methods are limited. Diffusion dialysis through anion exchange membranes (AEM) appears as a sustainable alternative because those membranes are cheap and highly selective, yet there is a need for improved membranes. Here we synthesized AEMs from brominated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) using triethanolamine as an ion-exchange group for acid recovery. The prepared membranes were characterized by Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Acid recovery was tested with a mixture of HCl and FeCl2. Results show that increasing triethanolamine content into the membrane polymer matrix led to an increase of water uptake from 12% to 117%, ion exchange capacity from 1.28 to 2.29 mmol/g, and linear swelling ratio from 3.52% to 32.70%. The diffusion dialysis coefficient of acid (U H +) reached 23 × 10-3 m/h, which is higher than that actual membranes, of 0.37-20 × 10-3 m/h. U H + increased with membrane triethanolamine content, which is explained by increasing H bonding of aqueous protons with membrane hydroxyl groups. U H + also increased from 23 × 10-3 m/h at 25°C to 71 × 10-3 m/h at 55°C due to easier ion flow. Moreover, the separation factor (S) reached 495 at 25°C, which is higher than that of actual membranes, of 73-351. The diffusion dialysis coefficient of metal (U Fe 2+) ranged from 0.0025 to 61 10-3 m/h. Membranes also showed excellent thermal, chemical and mechanical stability.

Self-conditioning performance of hydrophilic fixed abrasive pad

Self-conditioning performance is one of the key properties of hydrophilic fixed abrasive (FA) pad, which affects greatly on lapping efficiency and surface quality of lapped work-piece. In order to explore the quantitative relationship between the self-conditioning performance of hydrophilic FA pad and process parameters, the material removal rate variation (MRRV) of work-piece was proposed to characterize the self-conditioning performance of the hydrophilic FA pad in a series of marathon tests. The correlations between MRRV and the factors, which are diamond particle size, pore forming additive, applied load, copper content in the pad, triethanolamine (TEA) content in the slurry and FA lapping parameters, were explored with the orthogonal regression experiments method. The results indicate that the relative significance factors affecting the self-conditioning performance are triethanolamine content of slurry and applied load, respectively.

CO hydrogenation to higher alcohols over Cu/Zn/Al catalysts without alkalis or Fischer–Tropsch elements: The effect of triethanolamine content

Cu/Zn/Al catalysts were prepared by a complete liquid-phase method with various triethanolamine (TEA) contents. Results showed that the mass fractions of higher alcohols in the total alcohols reached approximately 36.0% over Cu/Zn/Al catalyst without promoters and a suitable amount of TEA promoted the formation of higher alcohols. Characterization results showed that TEA mainly decreased the amount of weak acidic and increased the Cu content on the catalyst surface. It was speculated that a suitable amount of weak acid was beneficial to C–O hydrogenolysis and a relatively higher Cu content was beneficial for hydrogenation in the higher alcohols synthesis.

Early Strength Agent on the Properties of Reinforcement Materials Research

In the trial, the author explores sodium nitrite, triethanolamine and sodium on fluidity initial and final setting time, flexural strength and compressive strength and other properties, of early strength reinforcement material. The results showed that, when sodium nitrite content is 0.2%, triethanolamine content is 0.05%, the dosage of sodium sulfate is 0.8%, final setting time for 58min, the initial flow greater than 320[mm], 30min flow greater than 280[mm], 2h compressive strength of 30[MPa], 1d bending greater than 10[MPa], 28d compressive strength greater than 90[MPa], on the early strength reinforcement, meet construction requirements.

Mesua ferrea L. seed oil‐based hyperbranched shape memory polyurethanes: Effect of multifunctional component

AbstractThe bio‐based hyperbranched polyurethanes (HBPUs) have generated immense interest as advanced shape memory materials. In the present investigation, HBPUs were synthesized from poly(ε‐caprolactone)diol as a macroglycol, butanediol as a chain extender, monoglyceride of Mesua ferrea L. seed oil as a bio‐based chain extender, triethanolamine as a branch‐generating moiety (at different percentages), and toluene diisocyanate by a prepolymerization technique using A2 + B3 approach. The structure of the synthesized HBPU was characterized by different techniques. Nuclear magnetic resonance (proton) study indicated the formation of highly branched structure with degree of branching 0.9. The increment of thermal stability from 225 to 260°C and melting point from 50 to 53.5°C with the increase of triethanolamine content was observed. Tensile strength 4–8 MPa, elongation at break 614–814%, impact resistance 0.8–0.95 m, and scratch hardness 2–6 kg increased with the increase of multifunctional moiety content from 0 to 5 wt%. The shape recovery ratio increased with the increase of multifunctional moiety content from 0.21 to 0.95. Thus, the studied HBPUs have the potential to be used as advanced thermoresponsive shape memory materials. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

Exposure to Metalworking Fluid Aerosols and Determinants of Exposure

Metalworking fluid (MWF) aerosols are associated with respiratory disorders including asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The aims of this study were to describe exposure to inhalable MWF aerosols and volatile compounds in machine shops, to estimate the influence of important determinants of exposure and to compare different sampling techniques for MWF aerosols. Personal full-shift air samples of inhalable aerosol (PAS-6 sampler) and total aerosol (open-faced sampler) were collected on operators in five medium to big-sized machine shops in three companies. The filters were analysed gravimetrically and extracted by supercritical fluid extraction for MWF aerosol and triethanolamine content. In addition, personal measurements were taken for formaldehyde and volatile compounds on adsorbent samplers. Continuous dust measurements were performed with a real-time instrument (DataRAM) during 2 h periods, using 1-min average values. In total, 95 measurements of inhalable aerosol and extracted MWF aerosols on 51 operators were conducted. Within the companies, the average exposure to inhalable aerosol ranged from 0.19 to 0.25 mg m(-3) with geometric standard deviations from 1.56 to 1.79. On average, the extracted fraction of MWF aerosol was 67% of the inhalable aerosol concentration. The exposure levels of triethanolamine, formaldehyde and volatile compounds were generally low. About 45% of the between-worker variance could be explained by use of compressed air, lack of complete enclosure of machines or grinding as cutting task. In 21 workers with continuous aerosol measurements, short-term peak exposures during 6% of the work time contributed to approximately 25% of the average concentration of inhalable MWF aerosol. Inhalable MWF aerosol concentration measured with the PAS-6 sampler was a factor 2 higher than the concentrations derived from the open-faced sampler. These findings suggest that control measures, such as full enclosure of machines and the elimination of the use of compressed air as cleaning technique, are required to reduce the exposure to MWF aerosols to levels below the expected threshold for adverse respiratory health effects.