Tridodecylamine Research Articles

Recovery of synthetic dye from simulated wastewater using emulsion liquid membrane process containing tri-dodecyl amine as a mobile carrier

The extraction of Red 3BS reactive dye from aqueous solution was studied using emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). ELM is one of the processes that have very high potential in treating industrial wastewater consisting of dyes. In this research, Red 3BS reactive dye was extracted from simulated wastewater using tridodecylamine (TDA) as the carrier agent, salicyclic acid (SA) to protonate TDA, sodium chloride as the stripping agent, kerosene as the diluent and SPAN 80 as emulsifier. Experimental parameters investigated were salicyclic acid concentration, extraction time, SPAN 80 concentration, sodium chloride concentration, TDA concentration, agitation speed, homogenizer speed, emulsifying time and treat ratio. The results show almost 100% of Red 3BS was removed and stripped in the receiving phase at the optimum condition in this ELM system. High voltage coalesce was applied to break the emulsion hence, enables recovery of Red 3BS in the receiving phase.

Liquid-liquid Extraction of Black B Dye from Liquid Waste Solution Using Tridodecylamine

Textile batik industry produces wastewater which contributes to water pollution since it utilizes a lot of organic and inorganic chemicals especially dyes. Decolourization of wastewater is very important before discharged. This study explores the liquid-liquid extraction method to recover or to remove Black B dye from batik industry wastewater using tridodecylamine (TDA) in kerosene. The important parameters governing the extraction behaviour of Black B have been investigated such as pH of the source phase, extractant concentration, dye concentration and stripping agent. The experiment was carried out in batch process. Almost 98% of dye was extracted using 0.04 M TDA and pH 4 of source phase. The extraction of dye decreased as the pH of solution increased. The dye loaded in organic phase was back extracted using various types of inorganic acids and bases as stripping agent. The result found that almost 100% of dye was stripped using 0.5 M Thiourea in 1 M sodium hydroxide solution. As a conclusion, Black B dye recovered successfully using TDA in kerosene at favourable condition.

Investigation of acrylic acid extractability from aqueous solution using tridodecyl amine extractant

2-Propenoic acid (acrylic acid) extraction from aqueous solution using tridodecylamine (TDA) extractant dissolved in fi ve single solvents (isoamyl alcohol, heptanol, hexanol, octanol, decanol) at 298K was studied. Some parameters related extraction, the extent to which the organic phase may be loaded with acrylic acid is expressed as loading ratio, Z, its values extraction efficiencies E and distribution coefficients, KD , were calculated in light of the experimental data. According to Bizek Approach, equilibrium complexation constants for (acid:amine) (1:1), (1:2) have been determined. The maximum removal of acrylic acid accomplished was about 91% with isoamyl alcohol having 1.188 mol.dm−3 initial concentration of TDA. Linear Solvation Energy Relationship (LSER) model was applied experimental data. LSER model results were compared with the experimental results and well agreement between them was observed.

Extraction equilibria of picolinic acid from aqueous solution by tridodecylamine (TDA)

Pyridine compounds having a carboxyl side chain at the 2-position are attracting considerable attention for their ability. Chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are present as chelating agents in the human body. Picolinic acid acts as a chelating agent instead of these elements. In this study, the extraction of picolinic acid was studied using tridodecylamine (TDA) with respect to the functional groups of the diluents. All experiments reported on the extraction of picolinic acid by tridodecylamine (TDA) dissolved in different two different acetates (ethyl acetate and propyl acetate), two different alcohols (1-octanol and 1-decanol), and two different ketones (2-heptanone and 2-octanone), as well as single solvents. The experimental results of batch extraction experiments are reported as distribution coefficients, ( K D = C PA * C PA ), loading factors, Z, and extraction efficiency, E. All measurements were carried out at 298.15 K. The highest distribution coefficient has been obtained by 1-octanol value of 4.121 and its extraction efficiency is 80%. Linear Solvation Energy Relationship (LSER) model has been applied to the experimental data with good regression coefficient, R 2:0.90. Model results are close to experimental results.

Cobalt Nanoparticle Langmuir−Schaefer Films on Ethylene Glycol Subphase

The Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) technique was applied to prepare two-dimensional films of tridodecylamine (TDA)-stabilized Co nanoparticles. Ethylene glycol was used as the subphase because the Co nanoparticles spread better on it than on water. Surface pressure-area isotherms provided very little information on the floating films, and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) was needed to characterize the film formation in situ. In addition to the subphase, various other experimental factors were tested in the LS film preparation, including solvent and presence of free TDA ligands and poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) in the nanoparticle dispersion. LS films deposited from dispersions from which the excess TDA ligands had been removed by washing the Co nanoparticles with 2-propanol consisted of hexagonally organized particles in rafts that were organized in necklace structures. The addition of PS-b-PEO to the deposition dispersion resulted in small nanoparticle rafts evenly distributed over the substrate surface. The best Co-nanoparticle-PS-b-PEO films were obtained with a mass ratio of 20:1 between Co (9 nm) and block copolymer (38 200 g/mol, PEO content 22 mass %). These films were successfully transferred onto Formvar-coated TEM grids and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. At room temperature the films showed superparamagnetic behavior with a saturation magnetization M(s) of 100 emu/g (Co). Our work indicates that it is possible to obtain thin superparamagnetic LS films of TDA-stabilized Co nanoparticles. This is an important result as the TDA-stabilized Co nanoparticles show a very good resistance to corrosion.

A Study on Glutaric Acid Extraction by Tridodecylamine: Equilibria and Models

AbstractThe extraction of glutaric acid was studied using tridodecyl amine (TDA) with respect to the functional groups of the diluent. The diluents studied were 1‐octanol (alcohol), methyl isobuthyl ketone, MIBK (ketone), and toluene (aromatic hydrocarbon) and these were used to dilute the TDA. The experimental results of batch extraction experiments are reported as distribution coefficients, DC, loading factors, Z, and extraction efficiency, E. All measurements were carried out at 298.15 K. The results of the liquid‐liquid equilibrium measurements are correlated by a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) model that takes into account physical interactions and modified Freundlich and Langmuir equations. The experimental results are compared with model results.

Investigation of Formic Acid Separation from Aqueous Solution by Reactive Extraction: Effects of Extractant and Diluent

This study aims to investigate the extraction of formic acid by a high molecular-weight aliphatic amine, tridodecylamine (TDA), and a phosphorus-bonded, oxygen-containing extractant, tributyl phosphate (TBP), dissolved in five different diluents (ethyl valerate, diethyl adipate, diethyl sebacate, 1-octanol, and heptane) each. The experiments were carried out at 298.15 K. Comparisons of the results were made using the distribution coefficient, loading factor, separation factor, and the percentage of extraction yield. The results demonstrated that combination of TDA and diethyl adipate had the greatest synergistic effects with a distribution value of 6. The maximum value of the extraction efficiency was found to be 87 % with a 1.09 mol·L−1 concentration of TDA in diethyl adipate.

Comparison of the Efficiencies of Amine Extractants on Lactic Acid with Different Organic Solvents

The aim of this study is to compare different types of solvents and amines for extraction of carboxylic acids from fermentation broth and to find the most effective amine−solvent composition for the extraction. Studies have been made of the extraction of l-(+)-lactic acid and citric acids from fermentation broth by tridodecylamine (TDA), a long-chain tertiary amine, and Amberlite LA-2, a secondary amine mixture. These extractants dissolved in different solvents which have different chemical structures. The extraction of acids was carried out at 298 K. Comparison of the results was made using the distribution coefficients (Kd), loading factor (Z), and the percentage of extraction yield. 1-Octanol was found to be the most effective solvent with a maximum distribution value of 4.25 and 37.93 for TDA and Amberlite LA-2, respectively.

Comparative Equilibrium Studies for Citric Acid by Amberlite LA-2 or Tridodecylamine (TDA)

Carboxylic acids like citric acid are produced by fermentation. They have been used in many industrial fields as intermediate and starting materials, and their importance is still growing. It is important to separate them from the fermentation broth. In this sense, comparison of different types of solvents and amines for extraction of carboxylic acids from the fermentation broth and the most effective amine-solvent composition is sought. Studies have been performed on the extraction of citric acid from fermentation broth by tridodecylamine (TDA) (a long chain tertiary amine), and Amberlite LA-2 (a secondary amine mixture). These extractants were dissolved in different solvents having different chemical structures. The extractions were carried out at 298 K. Comparison of the results were made using the distribution coefficient, loading factor, separation factor, and the percentage of extraction yield. The most effective solvent was determined as 1-octanol for both TDA and Amberlite LA-2 with a distribution...

Solubility of Tridodecylamine in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Using a continuous flow apparatus, the solubility of tridodecylamine (TDA) in supercritical CO2 (scCO2) has been measured at temperatures of (308.1, 318.1, and 328.1) K in the pressure range of (8.0 to 40.0) MPa and a flow rate of (150 ± 10) mL·min−1. At (308.1 and 318.1) K, the solubility increases with pressure up to 15.0 MPa where it reaches a plateau. At 328.1 K, the solubility increases with pressure up to 35.0 MPa, and then a plateau is observed. The solubility data were correlated using the Bartle equation and the Mendez−Santiago and Teja model. The Mendez−Santiago and Teja model correlated the solubility data better than the Bartle equation. TDA may be considered as a highly soluble compound in scCO2.

Kinetic studies for sorption of some metal ions from aqueous acid solutions onto TDA impregnated resin

Kinetic studies for sorption of uranium, thorium and cobalt ions from hydrochloric acid solutions using tri-dodecyl amine (TDA) loaded on Amberlite XAD4 (polystyrene resin supplied by Rohm and Haas) using the batch technique, have been evaluated and assessed. Analysis of the respective data in accordance with three kinetic models revealed that the particle diffusion mechanism is the rate determining step, and the sorption for each metal ion on the impregnated sorbent follows the first order reversible kinetics. Values of the first order rate constants, rate constants of intraparticle transport, and the particle diffusion coefficients for the studied ions were determined. Sorption isotherms, which have been evaluated from the distribution coefficients for these ions, were found in good fit with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.

Site-Selective Adsorption of Benzoic Acid Using an Assembly of Tridodecylamine as the Molecular Template

A well-ordered assembly of tridodecylamine (TDA) molecules at the liquid−solid interface has been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). A significant effect of the applied tunneling bias voltage on the contrast of the amino group was observed in the STM images. In addition, benzoic acid molecules were found exclusively adsorbed onto the TDA assembly at the sites of the amino groups. The observation reveals the feasibility of template-directed adsorption of functional organic molecules with the aid of molecular assemblies.

Characterization of All Solid State Hydrogen Ion Selective Electrode Based on PVC-SR Hybrid Membranes

Hydrogen ion selective membranes formulated with 3140 RTV silicone rubber (SR) in PVC were studied to extend the life time of solid state ion sensors through improved membrane adhesion. All solid state hydrogen ion selective electrodes were prepared by incorporation of tridodecyl amine (TDDA) as an ionophore, potassium tetrakis[3.5-bis(p-chlorophenyl)borate (KTpClPB) as a lipophilic additive, bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DOA) as a plasticizer. Their linear dynamic range was pH 2.0-11.0 and showed the near Nernstian slope of 55.1±0.2 mV/pH (r=0.999). The ifluences from alkali and alkaline earth metal ions were studied for the response of the final ISE membrane composition. Impedance spectroscopic data showed that the resistance was increased by increasing SR content in PVC. Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM) image showed clear differences according to the SR compositions in PVC. Life time of the all solid state membrane electrode was extended to about 2 months by preparing the membrane with PVC and SR. The standard reference material from NIST (2181 HEPES Free acid and 2182 NaHEPESate) was tested for the ISE and it gave good result.

High Molecular Weight Amines as Synergistic Agents in the Solvent Extraction of Lanthanides with Thenoyltrifluoroacetone

The synergistic solvent extraction of Pr, Gd, and Yb with mixtures of thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA) and chlorides and perchlorates of methyldioctylamine (MDOA), trioctylamine (TOA), and tridodecylamine (TDDA) in C6H6 was studied. The composition of the extracted species was determined as Ln(TTA)3BHA (B=MDOA, TOA, TDDA; A=Cl−, ClO4−). The values of the equilibrium constants and the separation factors were calculated. The effect of the ammonium salts on the extraction process and the separation of the lanthanides is discussed.

EXTRACTION OF SHIKIMIC AND QUINIC ACIDS

Solvent extraction using an extractant/diluent system was evaluated for the recovery of shikimic and quinic acids. Tridodecylamine (TDA) was used as the extractant, and 1-heptanol as the diluent. TDA complexes with the acid resulting in an acid-amine complex, which is solvated by the alcohol diluent. In back extraction, oleic acid was added to the organic phase as a displacer. Oleic acid competitively displaces the carboxylic acid in the acid-amine complex, thus forming a displacer-amine complex. The distribution coefficient for back extraction by competitive displacement increased by at least an order of magnitude depending on the mole to mole ratio of oleic acid to TDA Based on results from batch extraction experiments, a mass-action analysis was introduced for modeling forward and back extraction. The mass-action analysis served as a tool for understanding the mechanism of the extraction process.

Automatic potentiometric titration in monosegmented flow system exploiting binary search

An automatic monosegmented flow system (MSFA) based on the binary search concept to perform potentiometric titration is proposed. A tubular hydrogen ion-selective electrode without inner reference solution, consisting of a conducting epoxy cylinder machined with an axial hole coated with tridodecylamine (TDDA) was employed as a sensor. The titration procedure was implemented by exploiting the binary search approach, after each analytical cycle data were evaluated to decide the variation of the titrant volumetric fraction to be inserted for the next cycle. The flow network comprised three-way solenoid valves controlled by a microcomputer running software in QUICKBASIC 4.5. Combination of binary search and MSFA resulted in an automatic system providing possibilities to perform flow titrations without any operator assistance. The main features of the proposed system were verified by titrating hydrochloric and acetic acid solutions and the feasibility of the approach was ascertained by analyzing vinegar, coke, lemon soda, isotonic, industrial and natural orange juice samples. Results were in agreement with those obtained with a conventional potentiometric titration, and no significant difference at 95% confidence level was observed. A 1% standard deviation ( n=9) in results was also observed.

Influence of plasticizer configurational changes on the dielectric characteristics of highly plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)

Three citrate-related compounds [Citroflex A-4 (CFA4), Citroflex A-6 (CFA6), and Citroflex B-6 (CFB6)] and six sebacate-related compounds [dimethyl sebacate (DMS), diethyl sebacate (DES), dibutyl sebacate (DBS), dioctyl sebacate (DOS), dioctyl azelate (DOZ), and dioctyl adipate (DOA)] were used to evaluate the effects of configurational changes in plasticizer on the dielectric properties of ion-selective poly(vinyl chloride) membranes. Tridodecylamine (TDDA) and potassium tetrakis-4-chlorophenyl borate (KTpCIPB) were used as neutral charge carriers and negative sites, respectively. Using parallel plate sensors, the dielectric properties [ionic conductivity (σ) and tan δ] of the plasticized PVC membranes were determined at temperatures from − 100 to + 100°C and seven log frequencies (− 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 Hz). Generally, increasing the amount of plasticizer in the membrane improved the σ and lowered the temperature of the tan δ peak. A positive linear correlation existed between the log σ and the log phr ratio for a given temperature and frequency, when no data was included for membranes below the melting temperature of the plasticizer. When plotted versus temperature, the slopes of all these lines passed through a maximum between 0 and 60°C. The intercepts of all these lines increased monotonically with increasing temperature. These intercepts were highly dependent on the frequency at low temperatures, becoming less frequency dependent as the temperature increased. Having established that configurational changes of the plasticizers had no effect above the melting point of each plasticizer, global nomograms were only required for the citrate- and sebacate-related plasticizers, respectively. Using the appropriate nomogram for a selected plasticizer, the σ could be predicted at a given phr ratio, temperature, and frequency.

Construção e avaliação de um eletrodo tubular sensível ao íon hidrogênio como detector em sistemas de análise em fluxo

The construction of a tubular hydrogen ion-selective potentiometric electrode without inner reference solution, based on the tridodecylamine (TDDA) ionophore, and its evaluation in a flow system are described. TDDA was dissolved in 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether, dispersed in a PVC membrane and applied directly to a conducting support which consisted of an epoxy resin and graphite mixture. The electrode was designed with a tubular geometry to effort facilities to be coupled as part of a flow injection network. The main working characteristics such as response time, linear pH range, selectivity and life time were evaluated and compared with those obtained which a conventionally shaped electrode based on the same sensor. The electrode showed a slope of 51-52 mV dec-1 within a linear pH range from 4.0 up to 12.0.

The Effect of Temperature on Forward/Back Extraction Using an Amine Extractant for the Recovery of Cyclic Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids

ABSTRACT Forward extraction of shikimic and quinic acids with tridodecylamine (TDA)/1-heptanol is favored at low temperature. In back extraction, higher temperatures and the addition of oleic acid as a competitive displacer provided 80% recovery for shikimic acid and 70% recovery for quinic acid. Higher recoveries are possible since these valuesare limited by the forward extraction step. The effect of temperature swing on carboxylic acid extraction by amines is primarily due to the change in amine basicity with temperature. The addition of a displacer lowers the energy cost by lowering the temperature required in back extraction.

Studies on the extraction behavior of Zr(IV), Ce(III), Th(IV) and U(VI) from aqueous solutions of Arsenazo-I with HDEHP, HTTA, TDA and TCMA

The extraction behavior of Zr(IV), Ce(III), Th(IV) and U(VI) from aqueous solutions containing Arsenazo-I with the organic solvents tridodecylamine (TDA), 1-[thenoyl-(2)]-3-3-3-trifluoroacetone (HTTA), di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) and tricaprylmethylammonium chloride (TCMA) in xylene has been investigated. Effect of hydrogen ion concentration in the aqueous phase, Arsenazo-I concentration, as well as the effect of solvent concentration on the extraction was studied. Some alternatives for separation of the elements studied were recommended enabling the spectrophotometric determination of these elements using Arsenazo-I without interference.