Trichoptera Research Articles

The Trichoptera Fauna of Ulupınar Stream and Its Relationship with Water Quality

In this study it was aimed to determine the Trichoptera fauna and water quality of Ulupınar Stream which is an important tourism destination of Antalya, based on physicochemical parameters. In recent years, this stream was adversely affected by intensive agriculture, farming and domestic wastes and was exposed to various pollutants. Seasonal analyses of physicochemical parameters and sampling of organisms belonging to the order Trichoptera were carried out from six stations selected between November 2015 and June 2016. 6 families, 10 genera and 21 species belonging to order Trichoptera were identified. Similarities between the sampling points were clustered by using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean. As a result of the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean. analysis, the 4th and 6th sampling point (85%) were the most similar to each other. The Principal Component Analysis was used to determine the factors caused the pollution. The Principal Component Analysis was applied to only physicochemical data sets resulted in three principal components accounting for a cumulative variance of 80.9% of for Ulupınar Stream.

Зообентос лососевых рек национального парка «Анюйский» (Хабаровский край, Россия)

The fauna of bottom invertebrates in watercourses of the Anyuysky National Park belongs to the rhytron type and is characterised by a large variety of its composition (20 groups in total), of which amphibiotic insects of the lithoreophilous complex make up 80% of the total benthos density and 75% of its total biomass. This is typical of salmon rivers in the south of the Russian Far East. The second largest group is amphipods which play an important role in aquatic ecosystems in the processing of leaf litter and dead bodies of salmon fishes after their spawning. The density of benthic organisms in the watercourses of the Anyuy River basin and Gassi Lake varied from 5 to 18 256 ind./m2, biomass from ˂0.1 to 32.0 g/m2 (on average 622 ± 52 ind./m2 and 1.2 ± 0.1 g/m2). Mayflies and chironomids dominated in density, while amphipods, stoneflies, and caddisflies dominated in biomass. The occurrence of organisms was as follows: chironomids and mayflies (100% each), caddis flies (99%), stoneflies (88%), amphipods and oligochaetes (87% each), other Diptera (82%). Sialidae, Hirudinea, Asellidae, and Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae) were rare (<10 %). Interesting and rare finds include chironomids Kaluginia lebeteformis lebetiformis Makarchenko and beetles from the family Psephenidae Lacordaire, which live only in rivers with clean and transparent water, fast currents, high oxygen concentrations, low water temperatures, gravel-pebble and stony soils. According to the state of benthic communities, the water quality of the foothill and mountain rivers and streams in the protected area was assessed in the range from class 1 to 3. Changes in the structural characteristics of the zoobenthos in the Bira channel of the Anyuy River caused by anthropogenic impact were revealed.

Первые находки верховки Leucaspius delineatus (Cyprinidae) в бассейне оз. Байкал

Since the early 1960s, the sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel, 1843), along with carp acclimatized from European Russia, regularly entered the siberian carp ponds, first in the Ob’ basin, and then in the Yenisei and Angara basins. In the last decade, we have discovered the sunbleak in two water bodies of the Baikal basin: in May 2013 - in the water intake and discharge canals of the Gusinoozersk regional power plant situated on the large lake Gusinoe in the Selenga River basin (Republic of Buryatia), and in November 2016, the sunbleak was registered in the diet of pike inhabiting the reservoirs of the Talaya-Pokhabikha lake-bog complex in the immediate vicinity of the Baikal coastline at the southern end of the lake in Irkutsk Region. The age series in the samples of the sunbleak in the water intake canal of the power plant was represented by five age groups from 1+ (SL 34.2 mm and 0.59 g of weight) to 5+ (SL 73.9 mm and 6.73 g, respectively) with a predominance of individuals aged 1+ and 2+. In the discharge canal only group 1+ (SL 35.5 mm and 0.69 g) was noted. The sex ratio in catches at the age of 1+ was 1:1.2 with a predominance of males; by the age of 3+, the proportion of males increased significantly (1:8.6). Sexual maturity of the sunbleak from Lake Gusinoe occurs at the age of 3+. Spawning is portioned, the first portion is layed down not earlier than the second half of July. The total fecundity of the seven studied females at the age of 3–5 + varies from 632 to 1539 eggs, averaging 1312 eggs. The sunbleaks from Lake Gusinoe are predominantly benthophagous. In the first half of May 2013, near the water intake canal, the main food components were the nymphs of the Corixidae water bugs and larvae of Phryganea caddis flies, planktonic crustaceans and imago of aerial insects were also consumed. In July 2014, in the discharge channel, the main food item was the chironomid larvae. In the lake Sludyanskoye, three specimens were identified from the stomachs of the pike living there. All fish were partially digested, and therefore it was not possible to analyse it.

Aquatic insect communities in headwater streams of Ciliwung River watershed, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Wakhid, Rauf A, Krisanti M, Sumertajaya IM, Maryana N. 2021. Aquatic insect communities in headwater streams of Ciliwung River watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 30-41. Ciliwung is one of the major rivers flowing from Cisarua (Bogor) to Jakarta. This study was conducted to assess and compare aquatic insect biodiversity and community structure in various headwater streams with respect to different land-use types. Ten stream reaches of the first and second orders representing three different land-use types in the surrounding area (forest, tea plantation, village) were selected. At each stream reach, the aquatic insects were collected using a D-net (0.4 mm mesh). Physico-chemical properties of water were directly measured in the field. Samples were collected every two months from April until December 2018. A total of 26531 aquatic insect specimens belonging to 75 species/morphospecies, 46 families, and 10 orders were recorded. The order Trichoptera was the most abundant comprising 51.28% of the total collected insects, followed by Diptera (30.5%), Ephemeroptera (7.52%), and Plecoptera (6.25%). The highest proportion of functional feeding group was filtering-collectors (61.34%), followed by shredders (16.29%), gathering-collectors (15.32%), and predators (6.94%). Abundance of Diptera and Plecoptera was significantly higher in forest streams, while Ephemeroptera in plantation streams, and Trichoptera in village streams. The peak population of Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera occurred in June (dry period), while Plecoptera in December (wet period). The forest streams exhibited the highest species richness and diversity. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) showed a low dissimilarity among streams of the three land uses (Global R=0.217; P<0.001). The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that forest streams somewhat separated from plantation and village streams. The study provided important information on aquatic insect biodiversity, and indicated the need for forest area preservation in the headwater streams of Ciliwung River watershed.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON SPECIES COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC INSECTS IN DAI DINH TOWN, TAM DAO DISTRICT, VINH PHUC PROVINCE

In this study, specimens were collected at 5 different sites. The aquatic insects were collected both quantitatively by Surber net (size 50 cm × 50 cm, mesh size 0.2 mm) and qualitatively by hand net and pond net. A field survey was conducted in December 2019 (dry season) and in June 2020 (rainy season). The study aims to show the preliminary data on faunas and communities of aquatic insects in Dai Dinh town, Tam Dao district, Vinh Phuc province. As a result, a total of 91 aquatic insect species belonging to 76 genera, 44 families, and 9 orders were recognized. Among these, the order Ephemeroptera had the highest species number with 32 species; followed by order Trichoptera with 18 species; order Odonata with 16 species; order Coleoptera with 8 species; order Hemiptera and Diptera with 6 species, each; order Plecoptera with 3 species. Order Lepidoptera and Megaloptera had the lowest of species number, represented by 1 species for each order. Besides, the quantitative analysis results and the functional feeding groups were provided in this study.

Taxonomic Catalog of the Brazilian Fauna: order Trichoptera (Insecta), diversity and distribution

Caddisflies are a highly diverse group of aquatic insects, particularly in the Neotropical region where there is a high number of endemic taxa. Based on taxonomic contributions published until August 2019, a total of 796 caddisfly species have been recorded from Brazil. Taxonomic data about Brazilian caddisflies are currently open access at the “Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil” website (CTFB), an on-line database with taxonomic information on the animal species occurring in Brazil. The order Trichoptera at CTFB includes a catalog of species recorded for the country, with synonymic lists, distribution throughout six biomes, 12 hydrographic regions, and 27 political states (including Federal District) from Brazil. The database is constantly updated to include newly published data. In this study, we reviewed the taxonomic effort on Brazilian caddisflies based on data currently in CTFB database. The accumulation curve of species described or recorded from the country, by year, shows a strong upward trend in last 25 years, indicating that it is possible that there are many more species to be described. Based on presence/absence of caddisfly species at three geographic levels (biomes, hydrographic regions, and states), second order Jackknife estimated at least 1,586 species occurring in Brazil (with hydrographic regions as unities), indicating we currently know about 50% of the Brazilian caddisfly fauna. Species distribution by Brazilian biomes reveals that the Atlantic Forest is the most diverse, with 490 species (298 endemic), followed by the Amazon Forest, with 255 species (101 endemic). Even though these numbers may be biased because there has been more intense collecting in these two biomes, the percentage of endemic caddisfly species in the Atlantic Forest is remarkable. Considering the distribution throughout hydrographic regions, clustering analyses (UPGMA) based on incidence data reveals two groups: northwestern basins and southeastern. Although these groups have weak bootstrap support and low similarity in species composition, this division of Brazilian caddisfly fauna could be related to Amazon-Atlantic Forest disjunction, with the South American dry diagonal acting as a potential barrier throughout evolutionary time.

Preliminary evaluation of the nocturnal flight of caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) in a temperate forest in Oaxaca, Mexico

This study examined the flight activity of adult caddisflies (order Trichoptera) in a pine-oak forest in México. Specimens were collected near the locality of Puente de los Trabajos, Sierra de Juárez, Oaxaca State using blacklight traps during four nights between 28 October and 13 November 2015. A total of 1117 specimens were collected, belonging to 10 families, 18 genera, and 28 species. Limnephilus tulatus Denning, 1962, Polycentropus casicus Denning and Sykora, 1966 and the genus Mayatrichia Mosely, 1937 are recorded for the first time from Oaxaca State. Activity and species diversity peaked between 18:00 and 19:30 h. More than 90% of all species observed had been recorded by 00:30 h, and 100% by 05:30 h. Abundance and species richness were significantly correlated with temperature and relative humidity. We found that the seasonal activity of Ochrotrichia yavesia Bueno-Soria and Holzenthal, 2004, increases in late October. Environmental variables as precipitation, wind speed and direction should also be considered, and additional sampling in different seasons of the year in other localities with different environmental conditions is also recommended.

Fine structure of the silk spinning system in the caddisworm, Hydatophylax nigrovittatus (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)

Silk is produced by a variety of insects, but only silk made by terrestrial arthropods has been examined in detail. To fill the gap, this study was designed to understand the silk spinning system of aquatic insect. The larvae of caddis flies, Hydatophylax nigrovittatus produce silk through a pair of labial silk glands and use raw silk to protect themselves in the aquatic environment. The result of this study clearly shows that although silk fibers are made under aquatic conditions, the cellular silk production system is quite similar to that of terrestrial arthropods. Typically, silk production in caddisworm has been achieved by two independent processes in the silk glands. This includes the synthesis of silk fibroin in the posterior region, the production of adhesive glycoproteins in the anterior region, which are ultimately accumulated into functional silk dope and converted to a silk ribbon coated with gluey substances. At the cellular level, each substance of fibroin and glycoprotein is specifically synthesized at different locations, and then transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus as transport vesicles, respectively. Thereafter, the secretory vesicles gradually increase in size by vesicular fusion, forming larger secretory granules containing specific proteins. It was found that these granules eventually migrate to the apical membrane and are exocytosed into the lumen by a mechanism of merocrine secretion.

PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME LAKES OF THE KOSH-AGACH DISTRICT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALTAI

The Republic of Altai has a large length of watercourses and significant areas of lakes of fishery importance. The collection of materials was carried out in the field season of 2018 on the lakes: Uch-Kol (Three Lakes), Kamyshevoye and Lake without a name, located within the borders of Kosh-Agach district of the Altai Republic. Research has covered the entire water area. In the course of the research it was noted that Lake Uch-Kol consists of three successive basins with a total area of 7.9 hectares. The upper lake basin has an area of 5.5 hectares. The average lake basin has an area of 1.8 hectares. The lower lake basin has an area of 0.6 ha. Higher aquatic vegetation in the pond is missing. Lake zooplankton is represented by one species of Cladocera and two species of Copepoda. Lake Zoobenthos Uch-Kol is represented by a representative of the r. Gammarus. The area of Kamyshevoye Lake is 7.4 ha. The pond has a slightly elongated shape from west to east. In the zooplankton of the reservoir of mass development, branchy and rotifers reach. Chironomid larvae and caddisfruits dominate in the structure of zoobenthos. The area of the lake without a name is 29.4 hectares. The reservoir has a form elongated from the northeast to the southwest. In terms of numbers and biomass, Copepoda copepads are the dominant group in zooplankton. The dominant position in the zoobenthos composition is occupied by caddis flies and gammarids. All studied water bodies have low biological productivity. Phytoplankton is represented mainly by diatoms and green algae. The ichthyological fauna of Lake Uch-Kol and Lake Kamyshevoye is represented by an oligoid type of ichthyocenosis. The ichthyological fauna in the Lake without a name is missing.

Assessment of Water Quality Using Benthic Macroinvertebrate Along Sumber Maron River, District of Gondanglegi Kulon, East Java-Malang, Indonesia

Human activities such as agriculture, swimming, livestock, public washing, and the use of latrines around the river are considered as major causes of damage to the river ecosystem, affecting the growth of Macroinvertebrate, and thus assessing the condition of the river. This study aimed to study the composition of Macroinvertebrate and the quality of water health in Sumber Maron River, in the village of Gondanglegi. This research was conducted from March to April 2018. The method used in this research was the quantitative method using primary data. Research stations were identified by considering land-use in nine regions. The sampling technique of total macroinvertebrates was the kicking technique using the manual mesh with a 500 µm applied to the submerged solid substrates. The data were analyzed using a BMWP Index and interpreted by calculating the Average Scores Per Taxon (ASPT). The result of this research represented that there were 20 taxa of macroinvertebrates, which consisted of It belongs to 8 orders (Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Tricladida, Decapoda, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera) and four class (Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Crustacea). Generally, the lowest taxa groups found in the station A1 (3 taxa), which were the agriculture and toilet (recreation area). Meanwhile, the highest taxa groups were found in station B3, which was the recreation area, by a total of 14 taxa. Macroinvertebrate with the lowest abundance was Gerridae at station A3, which respectively had the number of 1 ind.5m-2. Macroinvertebrate with the highest abundance was Baetidae at the station B3, which is the recreation area, by the number of 549 ind.5m-2. The result of modified BMWP – ASPT analysis showed a value of 3.3 – 5.75, which indicated that the condition of Sumber Maron River was ranging from bad to excellent category. The bad water condition was found in the agriculture and toilet (recreation area), whereas the excellent water condition was found in the swimming pool (recreation area). Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed that environmental variables were significant for an explanation of the variance in the family.

First record of the larvae Byrsopteryx Flint, 1981 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in Colombia

Hydroptilidae is one of the most diverse families of the order Trichoptera in the world. Neotropical fauna has 36 genera. In Colombia, 14 have been reported in the larval stage and 11 in the adultstage. In the present study, a Byrsopteryx larva is registered for the first time in Colombia. The larvawas found in the Orotoy River (919 MASL), a stream from the foothills of the eastern flank of the country’s Eastern Cordillera (Orinoquia) characterized as waterfall current with riffle on rocks and pebbles, preserved riparian vegetation with open canopy, and clay-loam soil. The water temperature was 19.7 ºC, pH 5.8, conductivity 15.6 uS/cm, and dissolved oxygen 9.1-9.7 mg/lO2. Given the high diversity of aquatic ecosystems and the limited knowledge of Hydroptilidae genera in Colombia, we hope to open the way for new research and discovery of more species in the country.

Salinisation effects on leaf litter decomposition in fresh waters: Does the ionic composition of salt matter?

Abstract Salinisation (i.e. increased ion concentrations) in fresh waters is a growing threat worldwide that impacts freshwater communities. However, less is known about how increased salt concentrations affect key ecosystem processes such as leaf decomposition. We designed a laboratory experiment to assess the effects of a concentration gradient (1, 3, and 6 g/L) of three different salts (NaCl, CaCl2 and CH3CO2K), on leaf litter decomposition mediated by microbial decomposers and the larvae of a cased caddis fly (Schizopelex festiva, Trichoptera). Leaf discs of Quercus robur inoculated with microbial decomposers (a mixture of 5 fungal species) were incubated in microcosms under every possible salt × concentration combination and without salt addition (control), with a single individual of the cased caddis fly. Half of the leaf disks were not available for consumption by the trichopteran and represent a microbial only treatment when leaf mass loss was measured. Leaf decomposition driven by microbial decomposers was not affected by salinity despite the fact that all salt treatments depressed fungal biomass and microbial respiration compared to the control. However, the caddis flies were strongly affected by the high salt concentrations and consumed less leaf material at 6 g/L salt concentrations compared to control microcosms. The feeding activity of the trichopteran further depended on the salt type: CaCl2 had the most deleterious effects. Salinisation of fresh waters depresses leaf litter decomposition, mainly through deleterious effects on detritivores, the magnitude of the response being dependent on the ionic composition. Our results reiterate the need to reduce terrestrial run‐off of salts into fresh waters because salinisation (especially increased levels of CaCl2) affects invertebrates and the key ecosystem processes they drive.

Change in environmental water quality of Neman and Viliya rivers under the influence of city wastewater

The analysis of the biotic component in determining of the quality of surface water is becoming increasingly important. The aim of the work was to assess the ecological quality of the river ecosystems from the influence of wastewater discharges of the Grodno, Stolbtsy and Vileyka cities on the Neman and Viliya rivers based on the macrozoobenthos community.The rare and protected species of hydrobionts from number of European countries live in the studied rivers. Among them are mollusks, coleoptera, caddis flies, and crustaceans. The stoneflies – highest priority indicator group of hydrobionts is missing in the Neman river. Mayflies and caddis flies are also poorly represented (2nd and 3rd indicator groups). The all three main indicator groups of aquatic organisms are presented in the Viliya river. The biotic indices are determined and the class of water purity of the studied rivers was calculated. In accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive, the cleanliness class has good and high value. It is concluded that the negative impact of wastewater from the cities of Grodno, Stolbtsy and Vileyka is of very local importance and weakly affects the biota and ecological quality of the water of the Neman and Viliya rivers.

On the Trichoptera of the Caucasus with western and eastern relatives

This caddisfly study is based mostly on the material collected in the framework of the International Visegrad Fundreseach project on the aquatic insects of Georgia and Azerbaijan. Applying the principles and procedures of fine phenomics we have delineated and characterised several Trichoptera species complexes; reinstated the species status of Hydropsyche derek Oláh & Kiss, 2015 stat. rest., Badukiella subnigra Oláh, 1985 stat. rest., Rhyacophila aliena Martynov, 1916 stat. rest., Stenophylax caspicus (Schmid, 1959) stat. rest., Stenophylax lasarea(Oláh, 1985) stat rest.; raised the subspecies status to species rank of Halesus caucasicus Oláh, 1985 stat. nov. andPotamophylax armeniacus Mey, 1979 stat. nov.; described the Sakalagen. nov in the Limnephilini tribe; and furthermore 70 species new to science: Wormaldia davidi Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., W. elvesta Oláh sp. nov., W. harma Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., W. holaga Oláh & Manko sp. nov., W. hoska Oláh sp. nov., W. kimera Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., W. kitera Oláh sp. nov., W. obola Oláh sp. nov., W. sakaorum Oláh sp. nov., W. tomora Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., Diplectrona albanica Oláh sp. nov., D. georgica Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., D. serbica Oláh sp. nov., Hydronema turkestanica Oláh sp. nov., Hydropsyche harmada Oláh sp. nov., H. rovnaka Oláh sp. nov., H. togana Oláh & Kerimova sp. nov., H. pupka Oláh sp. nov., H. sukula Oláh sp. nov., H. ejsaka Oláh sp. nov., Agapetus gouriensis Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., Rhyacophila kveda Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., R. nakra Oláh & Vinçon, R. zekara Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., R. gouria Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., R. mtirala Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., R. ordua Oláh sp. nov., R. rizea Oláh sp. nov., R. sacokia Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., R. trabzona Oláh sp. nov., R. iranica Oláh sp. nov., R. kora Oláh sp. nov., R. pakistanica Oláh sp. nov., R. kimara Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., Apataniana bacurianica Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., A. goderdza Oláh & Kovács sp. nov., A. kintrisha Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., Drusus erdes Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., D. sukul Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., D. teslenkoae Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., D. alapos Oláh sp. nov., D. chechensis Oláh sp. nov., D. csupasz Oláh sp. nov., D. johansoni Oláh sp. nov., D. megnot Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., D. mankoi Oláh sp. nov., D. janjulae Oláh sp. nov., Sakala adjarica Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., Badukiella kinula Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., B. kurta Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., Chaetopteryx vinconi Oláh & Kovács sp. nov., Kelgena adjarica Oláh & Kovács sp. nov., K. bakurianica Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., K. bunka Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., K. imeretica Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., K. meyiOláh sp. nov., K. parhuza Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., K. svanetica Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., K. tolaka Oláh & Kovács sp. nov., K. topora Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., Rizeiella bayae Vinçon & Oláh sp. nov., R. ereda Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., R. odva Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., R. oldala Oláh & Kovács sp. nov., R. tavola Oláh & Vinçon sp. nov., Halesus kampos Oláh sp. nov., H. karmos Oláh sp. nov., Stenophylax vallas Oláh & Kovács sp. nov., S. ujjas Oláh & Kovács sp. nov., Ernodes ordubadensis Oláh & Kerimova sp. nov.

The study of the zoobenthos of the Tsraudon river basin (the Terek river basin)

The paper presents data on the species composition and distribution of zoobenthos in the Tsraudon river basin, obtained during the 2017-2019 research. In total, 4 classes of invertebrates (Gastropoda, Crustacea, Hydracarina, Insecta) are found in the benthic structure. The class Insecta has the greatest species diversity. All types of insects in our collections are represented by lithophilic, oligosaprobic fauna. Significant differences in the composition of the fauna of the Tsraudon river creeks and tributary streams have been identified. 7 families of the order Trichoptera are registered in streams, and 4 families in the river. It is established that the streamlets of the family Hydroptilidae do not occur in streams, the distribution boundary of the streamlets of Hydropsyche angustipennis (Hydropsychidae) is concentrated in the mountain-forest zone. The hydrological features of the studied watercourses are also revealed.

Biodiversidad de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos asociados al Río Fragua Chorroso y su papel como bioindicador de calidad de agua

Durante los meses de octubre y diciembre del año 2016, en el municipio de San José del Fragua (Caquetá-Colombia); se realizó un estudio sobre la identificación de la biodiversidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos y su papel como bioindicadores de calidad del agua. Se establecieron 3 estaciones de monitoreo, con un total de 13 puntos de muestreo. Las variables físicas (temperatura, conductividad) y químicas (pH, STD, %OD) se evaluaron con un multiparámetros (Hanna), las muestras biológicas se recolectaron con redes surber (área muestreada 0,36 m2; ojo de malla 500 µm), redes de pantalla (área muestreada 1,6 m2; ojo de malla 350 µm) y redes D (área muestreada 0,9 m2; ojo de malla 500 µm), encontrándose 1357 individuos distribuidos en 13 órdenes y 36 familias, siendo el orden Trichoptera el más diverso con 9 familias (Glossossomatidae, Leptoceridae, Hydropsychidae, Odontoceridae, Calamoceratidae, Helicopsychidae, Philopotamidae e Hydroptilidae). La calidad biológica del agua se determinó implementando el índice BMWP/Col que arrojo resultados de aguas de buena calidad (Clase I). Concluyendo que el estado del agua del río Fragua Chorroso presenta buena calidad, con excelente capacidad de auto-depuración y apta para ser preservada y utilizada como un recurso para la conservación de la flora y fauna de la zona así como fuente abastecedora para el consumo human.

Annotated Draft Genomes of Two Caddisfly Species Plectrocnemia conspersa CURTIS and Hydropsyche tenuis NAVAS (Insecta: Trichoptera).

Members of the speciose insect order Trichoptera (caddisflies) provide important ecosystem services, for example, nutrient cycling through breaking down of organic matter. They are also of industrial interest due to their larval silk secretions. These form the basis for their diverse case-making behavior that allows them to exploit a wide range of ecological niches. Only five genomes of this order have been published thus far, with variable qualities regarding contiguity and completeness. A low-cost sequencing strategy, that is, using a single Oxford Nanopore flow cell per individual along with Illumina sequence reads was successfully used to generate high-quality genomes of two Trichoptera species, Plectrocnemia conspersa and Hydropsyche tenuis. Of the de novo assembly methods compared, assembly of low coverage Nanopore reads (∼18×) and subsequent polishing with long reads followed by Illumina short reads (∼80–170× coverage) yielded the highest genome quality both in terms of contiguity and BUSCO completeness. The presented genomes are the shortest to date and extend our knowledge of genome size across caddisfly families. The genomic region that encodes for light (L)-chain fibroin, a protein component of larval caddisfly silk was identified and compared with existing L-fibroin gene clusters. The new genomic resources presented in this paper are among the highest quality Trichoptera genomes and will increase the knowledge of this important insect order by serving as the basis for phylogenomic and comparative genomic studies.

New species and geographical distribution of trichomycetes (gut fungi) in a novel host, caddisfly (Trichoptera)

Trichomycetes are fungi and protists living in the guts of arthropods. Herbivorous insects in freshwater habitats commonly house these microbes, and there are over 300 species described. One very common group of aquatic insects occurring in most freshwater systems is caddisflies, belonging to the Order Trichoptera. Although these are potentially good hosts for trichomycetes, there has been little published on trichomycetes in this host and none have been described from caddisflies. We collected and dissected caddisfly larvae from multiple sites in Canada from 2001 to 2018 and describe five new species of trichomycetes from trichopteran larvae. Data are presented on the prevalence and seasonal variation of trichomycetes in caddisfly larvae at one site in Nova Scotia where multi-year collections were made.

Dietary analysis of three migratory bats in eastern Pennsylvania

Abstract This article compares the stomach contents of 16 eastern red, 18 hoary, and 11 silver-haired bats from eastern Pennsylvania. Eastern red bats contained six insect orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, and Trichoptera), with lepidopterans as 82.01% of average percentage volume. Hoary bats contained three insect orders (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Neuroptera), with lepidopterans as 88.14% of average percentage volume. Silver-haired bats contained eight insect orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera), with dipterans as 46.89% of average percentage volume. Silver-haired bats showed the greatest dietary breadth (Levins’s Bˆ = 3.13), and eastern red and hoary bats showed the greatest dietary overlap (Schoener’s D = 0.916). A nonparametric multivariate analysis found that silver-haired bats were significantly different (p < .001) from both eastern red and hoary bats, but eastern red bats were not significantly different from hoary bats, and there was no significant difference between male and female eastern red (p = .858) or hoary bats (p = .369).

Diversity of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Bulgaria

Conservation of freshwater environments and assessment of their ecosystem services as a function of biodiversity are key research objectives with global importance. Additionally, the taxonomic composition of aquatic communities, including benthic macroinvertebrates, is crucial for the evaluation of the ecological status of the water bodies they inhabit. Numerous biotic indices and metrics have been developed based on freshwater benthic invertebrates. This contribution focuses on the order Trichoptera, as it includes diverse sensitive taxa with specific requirements to their environment. The aim was to summarise the current knowledge on morpho-taxonomy of adult and larval stages of Bulgarian caddisflies based on published and original data. The only checklist of Bulgarian caddisflies was published in the 1980s by Kumanski 1981 and included 218 species from 76 genera. This checklist was mostly based on adult Trichoptera. It was followed by two monographs (Kumanski 1985, Kumanski 1988) and numerous scientific papers (mostly by the same author, e.g. Kumanski 1993, Kumanski 2007) that by 2007 increased the number of known caddisflies from Bulgaria to 258 species. Based on the literature and on original data, the number of valid species of Trichoptera in Bulgaria is estimated to 255. They are from 78 genera, belonging to 20 families. Worldwide, adult forms are better studied, while not all of the larval stages of caddisflies are currently known or described. More than 100 of the Bulgarian caddisflies (almost 40%) lack larval description. This is likely owing to their limited geographical distribution and insufficient studies on the aquatic stages of Bulgarian Trichoptera over the last decades. Additionally, some of the representatives of the order are endemic for the Balkan Peninsula or Bulgaria.