Tribological Behavior Of Composites Research Articles

A comparative study on thermo‐oxidative aging and tribological properties of perfluoroelastomer composites reinforced by different carbon nanomaterials at elevated temperatures: Molecular dynamics simulations

AbstractMolecular dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to assess the effects of diverse carbon nanomaterials on the thermo‐oxidative aging properties and tribological behavior of perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) in high‐temperature environments. In this study, carbon nanofillers such as graphene nanosheets (GNS), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), hydroxyl‐functionalized graphene (OH‐GNS), and hydroxyl‐functionalized carbon nanotubes (OH‐CNTs) are examined. The aging properties of composite systems are characterized by parameters like cohesive energy density and mean square displacement. The constant strain method is utilized to estimate the shear modulus and bulk modulus. Three‐layer friction structures are established to analyze the mechanism of fillers on the tribological behavior of composites by applying shear loads. According to the MD simulation results, the addition of carbon nanofillers enhances FFKM's thermo‐oxidative aging performance at 533 K, increases its bulk and shear moduli, and reduces the coefficient of friction and abrasion rate of each composite at high temperatures. Among the four nanofillers, OH‐CNTs is the most effective in terms of improving FFKM performance. Stronger dipoledipole interactions and hydrogen bonding are introduced into the system by OH‐CNTs, which improves the stability of the filler‐matrix interface and produces stronger interfacial interactions. This work offers theoretical predictions for the design and optimization of carbon nanomaterial and FFKM polymer composites.

Friction and wear characteristics of Furcraea foetida fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites

AbstractIn the current study, the friction and wear properties of Furcraea foetida fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites were investigated. This study evaluated the effect of Furcraea foetida fiber content on the tribological behavior of composites. A water‐retting method was employed to extract the fibers, and resin transfer molding was used to fabricate the composites. The frictional force, coefficient of friction (COF), and wear rate were measured under dry test conditions and various applied loads (80, 100, 120, and 140 N). Microstructural analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy to investigate the surface morphology and wear mechanisms of the composites. The results revealed that the composite with 50 vol% of fibers exhibits the lowest frictional force and COF in both normal and parallel orientations with overall average COF of 0.43 in normal orientation and 0.42 in parallel orientation. Moreover, the composite with 60 vol% demonstrates the best wear resistance with an overall average specific wear rate of 2.1982 × in normal orientation and 4.3478 × () in parallel orientation. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the tribological behavior of Furcraea foetida fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites and identifies the optimal volume fractions for improved friction and wear performance.Highlights Higher vol% yields denser composites with minimized voids. Normal fiber orientation shows maximum SWR of 10.0614 × () . Optimal frictional force and COF in 50 vol% composite. Enhanced wear resistance observed in 60 vol% composite. Higher vol% increases interfacial bonding and wear resistance in composites.

High-temperature wear and friction behavior of Co matrix composites reinforced by MoSi2 over a wide temperature range

Co matrix composites reinforced by MoSi2 (3.0, 7.0 and 11.0 wt%) were sintered by P/M so as to avoid the component failure induced by high-temperature wear damage. The effect of MoSi2 on microstructure and tribological behavior of Co matrix composites was analyzed. The composites possessed dense structure. Part of MoSi2 improved the wettability of the reinforcement and matrix. The mechanical properties and tribological behavior of composites were reinforced due to the addition of MoSi2. In particular, compared with unreinforced composite, the Co matrix composites containing 7 wt% MoSi2 exhibited superior tribological behavior from room temperature to 1000 °C owing to the high mechanical properties, and wettability of MoSi2 as well as oxide lubricating film.

Tribological behavior of NiCrW-based self-lubricating composites against IC10 alloy under high temperature and extremely slow sliding speed

NiCrW-Al2O3-SrCO3-Ag cermet composites were prepared, and the sintering properties, microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of the composites were investigated. The results show that the composite with 5 wt% SrCO3 and 5 wt% Ag has the best friction and wear properties in a wide temperature range, which is attributed to the synergistic lubrication and antiwear role of the newly generated phases such as Sr2CrO4, NiO and WO2 caused by the chemical reactions and the inherent phases, e.g. Ag, NiCr2O4, Al2O3 and Cr2O3. The grain refinement, deformation and stress absorption of the wear track subsurface structure increase gradually under the coupling action of temperature and friction shear force, making high and low temperatures exhibit different wear mechanisms.

Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Fiber Reinforcements on the Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Hybrid Mg-AZ91D Nanocomposites.

Magnesium matrix composites are extensively used in automotive and structural applications due to their low density, high strength, and wear-resistant properties. To reach the scope of industry needs, research is carried out regarding enhancing the mechanical and tribological behavior of the magnesium composites by reinforcing the nano-sized reinforcements. In the present work, research has been carried out to enhance the properties of the magnesium AZ91D hybrid composite by reinforcing carbon fibers (CFs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with varying weight percentages (AZ91D + 0.5% CF’s + 0.5% MWCNT and AZ91D + 0.75% CF’s + 0.75% MWCNT, respectively). The experimental tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical and tribological behavior of the composites. The test results showed that the addition of CF and MWCNT reinforcements improved the hybrid Mg composite’s hardness, tensile strength, and impact strength compared to the base Mg matrix. The AZ91D + 0.75% CF’s + 0.75% MWCNT hybrid composite showed a 19%, 35%, and 66% increased hardness, tensile strength, and impact strength, respectively, compared to the base Mg AZ91D. The wear test results also showed the improved wear resistance of the Mg composite compared to the base matrix. The enhanced wear resistance of the composite is due to the addition of hard MWCNT and CF reinforcements. The wear rate of the AZ91D + 0.75%CF’s + 0.75% MWCNT composite for a load of 30 N at a sliding distance of 1500 m is lower as compared to the base matrix. The SEM micrographs of the worn surfaces revealed the existence of abrasive wear. The improved mechanical and tribological behavior of the magnesium composite is also due to the homogeneous distribution of the hard reinforcement particles along the grain boundaries.

Mechanical and wear behaviour of flyash reinforced epoxy composites

In this research, a flyash/epoxy composite was fabricated using conventional hand layup method. The mechanical and tribological behaviour of composite was investigated by changing the volume of flyash to 5, 10 and 15% vol. The mechanical properties such as compression strength, hardness, impact strength and tensile strengths were determined as per ASTM standards. Results reveal that the mechanical properties, such as density, tensile strength and the compression strength increased as the amount of flyash increased up to a critical point, decreased with further increment in percentage of flyash. Tribological results reveal that, when the percentage of flyash is increased there is a significant decrease in wear volume loss. The minimum wear loss is observed at the optimum values for loads 15N, speed 300rpm and distance is 300m.

Multi-objective optimisation of tribological parameters of AMCs (356/fly ash)

Today's industries are looking for materials that are less expensive and have a higher strength-to-weight ratio. Researchers have been driven to produce materials with superior mechanical and tribological properties as part of the global quest for sustainable development. In terms of wear resistance, AMCs beat their monolithic counterparts that are not reinforced. Stir casting was used to create Aluminium Matrix Composites made of 356 aluminium alloy with particulate fly ash reinforcements weighing 3 percent, 6 percent, and 9 percent. A pin-on-disc machine was used to conduct the wear test, which followed ASTM Standard G99-05 guidelines. The goal of this study is to explore the effects of sliding speed, load, sliding distance, and reinforcing weight percentage on coefficient of friction and specific wear rate using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and ANOVA. By using GRA, the tribological behaviour of composites has been predicted successfully.

Influence of bioceramic reinforcement on tribological behaviour of aluminium alloy metal matrix composites: experimental study and analysis

Composite materials have become inevitable in many current day engineering applications. Aluminium alloy based composites were used in numerous fields of engineering and technology owing to their enormous advantages including low processing cost and broader scope of application. Developing a sustainable bio composite has become the order of the day to mitigate associated environmental issues. In line with this, current experimental work aims to develop a seashell powder reinforced aluminium alloy 2219 composites and determine their mechanical and tribological behaviour. Composites were fabricated using conventional casting with 1, 2 and 3% by weight of seashell powder in aluminium alloy matrix. Chemical constituents present in seashell powder were determined by using X-ray Diffraction studies. Cast composites were subjected to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to witness the formation of any secondary elements. Influence of seashell powder content over hardness and tribological behaviour of aluminium alloy 2219 composites were analysed by conducting appropriate experiments. Hardness was found to be maximum for the composite containing 3% of seashell powder. Tribological behaviour of the composites were optimized using response surface methodology. Wear and frictional resistance of the composites increased with the content of seashell powders and it was the most influential factor according to optimization results. Surface morphology was examined through scanning electron microscopic technique to know the influence of seashell powder on the wear behaviour of the composites and the type of wear occurred.

Effect of hygrothermal aging on the tribological behavior of HDPE composites for bio-implant application

High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a material which was known for its biocompatibility and its application for artificial joints. However, the wear resistance of a HDPE can be enhanced with addition of reinforcements. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), cuttlebone (CB) and red coral (RC) are auspicious reinforcements of HDPE. The wear resistance of the elaborated composite materials in physiological environment has been carried out. To simulate their wear behavior in natural aging, accelerated hygrothermal aging is required. In the present work, the tribological response of hygrothermal aging composite materials was experimentally performed via a reciprocating pin-on-disk tribometer. Water intake and diffusion coefficient were assessed before sliding. The results showed an improvement in the friction and wear responses of the aging unfilled HDPE in distilled water and in Ringer's solution. The tribological behavior of the composites was affected by the aging conditions particularly with Ringer's solution, due to the corrosion phenomenon.

Tribological behavior and energy dissipation of hybrid nanoparticle-reinforced HPMC composites during sliding wear

In recent years, nanoparticle additives have been frequently used to enhance the tribological properties of polymers, especially in the biopolymer system. In this study, we analyzed the tribological behavior and energy dissipation properties of MoS2 and nano-copper-reinforced biopolymer hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) composites. The tribological behavior of the composite was evaluated at low load using a ball-on-disk cycle tester. The addition of MoS2 and nano-copper additives improved the wear resistance and reduced the friction coefficient of the HPMC composites. The addition of both MoS2 and copper additives had a synergistic effect on enhancing the tribology behavior. The dissipation energy results indicated a linear correlation between wear and energy consumed. This study suggests that the wear mechanism varies with the type and quantity of additive, regardless of the normal load applied.

Tribological behaviors of vacuum hot-pressed ceramic composites with enhanced cyclic oxidation and corrosion resistance

Wear failure is a bottleneck restricting applications and developments of Ti3SiC2 ceramic. Particles reinforced composites provide an effective strategy to resist wear. In this work, Ti(C,N) particles are used as reinforcements, and Ti3SiC2/Ti(C,N) composite is fabricated by vacuum hot-pressing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffract meter (XRD) are used to investigate composite morphologies, compositions and phases before and after hot-pressing. Meanwhile, high-temperature cyclic oxidations and tribological behaviors of composites under various loads, speeds and Ti(C,N) contents are characterized. Results show that as-prepared composite is relatively dense, and Ti(C,N) addition plays an important role in particle reinforcement of Ti3SiC2. Meanwhile, its hardness, wear resistance, cyclic oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance are significantly improved. In addition, wear characteristics and mechanisms of composites under different loads and speeds are analyzed in details. This work shows great potentials in developing engineering applications of ceramics, especially in high-temperature, oxidizing, frictional and corrosive environments.

Recent developments on characterization of needle-punched nonwoven fabric reinforced polymer composites – A review

Needle-punched nonwoven fabrics are having ample advantages for using as reinforcement in polymer composites, such as good z-directional strength which reduces delamination problems significantly. In addition, the nonwoven fabrics absorb resin easily because of the high void volume content of the fabric and thick parts can be produced in a cost-effective way. The compressibility nature of these fabrics also gains the advantage of giving different shapes easily. Engineering application and research activity in the field of composite nonwovens is therefore expected to grow to a large extent. In this paper, current research in the composite manufacturing and characterization of needle-punched nonwoven fabric-based composites is reviewed introducing with an overview of various fabrics and scope. It then discusses the physical, mechanical, thermal and tribological behaviour of composites with different resins and with various weight percentages. This review also covers the hybridization of fabric-based composites with different particulate fillers and the simulation of composite structures with different techniques. Finally, the review states the future scope of needle-punched nonwoven based composite materials.

Microstructure and High-Temperature Wear Performance of FeCr Matrix Self-Lubricating Composites from Room Temperature to 800 °C.

FeCr matrix high-temperature self-lubricating composites reinforced by Mo, Ag, and CuO were fabricated by the powder metallurgy technique. The tribological behaviors of composites were studied at temperatures up to 800 °C. The CuO content was optimized according to the tribological results. Mo showed an obvious lubricating effect when it converted into MoO3. The bimetallic oxide system formed high-temperature solid lubricants with low shear strength. CuO reacted with MoO3 and formed CuMoO4 and Cu3Mo2O9. The composites showed an increase in the friction coefficient with the increase of CuO. However, the wear rates decreased with the increase of CuO. The critical threshold at which there was a transition of friction coefficients and wear rates from room temperature (RT) to 800 °C was 10 wt.% CuO. The Fe(Cr)-14% Mo-10.5% Ag-10% CuO composite showed the most reasonable high-temperature tribological behaviors. This was ascribed to the synergistic effects of silver, Mo, in situ formed solid lubricants (metal oxides and salt compounds), and the stable oxide film on the worn surfaces. At elevated temperatures, the dominant wear mechanism was oxidation wear.

Microstructural and mechano-tribological behavior of Al reinforced SiC-TiC hybrid metal matrix composite

Abstract At present time aluminum matrix composites are widely used in automobile sectors, aerospace, and other engineering applications. The aim of this present study is to develop aluminum reinforced SiC-TiC hybrid metal matrix composites by liquid stir casting process. It also investigates the effect of hybrid ceramic reinforcements on the microstructural, mechanical and tribological behavior of composites. In present study, for composites SiC content is fixed as 1 wt% and TiC content is varied as (1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 wt%). It is found that increase in the reinforcement content of SiC-TiC particles increases the hardness and decreases the density of composites. Improvement in wear resistance is also seen at higher reinforcement content. It is expected that this composite is beneficial in the development of lightweight composites for aerospace applications.

Effect of CNT and TiC hybrid reinforcement on the micro-mechano-tribo behaviour of aluminium matrix composites

In the present study Aluminium-3003 alloy metal matrix reinforced with single walled CNTs and TiC were fabricated with stir casting process. Aluminium matrix composites found many applications in aerospace and structural engineering. In this study wt.% of CNT is fixed as 0.5 wt.% and TiC content is varied from (0.5 wt.%–2 wt.%) at an interval of 0.5 wt.% Microstructural, Mechanical and Tribological behaviour of composites were investigated. It is found that with increase in reinforcement content uniform dispersion of particles is found. Density of composites is decreased due to volatile nature of reinforcement particles. Hardness of composites is increased with increase in reinforcement content. Wear rate of composites is lower at lower loads and also at higher reinforcement contents.

High temperature tribological behaviors and wear mechanisms of NiAl–NbC–Ag composites formed by in-situ decomposition of AgNbO3

Abstract NiAl–NbC–Ag composites were successfully prepared by vacuum-hot-pressing sintering with directly addition of AgNbO3 powders, where AgNbO3 were synthesized using a solid state reaction method. The tribological behaviors of composites were evaluated from 25 °C to 800 °C. The consequences reveal AgNbO3 are completely decomposed during sintering process and in-situ formed NiAl–NbC–Ag composites, which hold excellent high temperature tribologicial properties. At mid-low temperature, NAB20 (NiAl-20 wt%AgNbO3) has a relative lower friction coefficient compared to NiAl, which was attributed to the existence of Ag. While the lowered friction coefficients at 600 °C and 800 °C were attributed to the lubricating glaze layers formed by tribo-chemical reaction on the worn surfaces, which were consisted of typical layered structure Ag2Nb4O11, perovskite AgNbO3 with a highly flexible crystal structure and AgNb3O8.

Effect of Titanium Dioxide Particles on the Morphology, Mechanical, and Wear Properties of the Aluminum Alloy 3003-Based Composites

The application of metal matrix composite is growing in many fields as it possesses the advantage of lightweight. An attempt has been made to form aluminum-based metal matrix composite comprising aluminum (Al 3003) as matrix and titanium dioxide (TiO2) as reinforcement particle. Friction stir process was successfully applied as the stirring process to synthesize the formation of aluminum metal composite. An effort was made to review the effect of a different combination of reinforcement particle concerning weight % ratio with the matrix. Accordingly, five specimens were prepared by addition of TiO2 with wt% ratio as 0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6.0%. Microstructure analysis on the characteristics behavior of composite using various techniques like field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy was conducted and compared with the base alloy. Mechanical and tribological characteristics on nugget zone were evaluated by performing tests for impact strength, bending strength, and wear resistance. Mechanical and tribological behavior of composite is found to be beneficial as compared with the base alloy due to deformation followed by grain growth and grain refinement at elevated temperature as the result of continuous dynamic recrystallization in the plastic zone during stirring.

Comparative tribological behavior of friction composites containing natural graphite and expanded graphite

In this study, expanded graphite and natural graphite were introduced into resin-based friction materials, and the tribological behavior of the composites was investigated. The tribo-performance of the two friction composites was evaluated using a constant speed friction tester. The results showed that the expanded graphite composite (EGC) displayed better lubricity in both the fading and the recovery processes. The wear rate of the EGC decreased by 22.43% more than that of the natural graphite composite (NGC). In the fading process, and the EGC enhanced the stability of the coefficient of friction. The recovery maintenance rate of the NGC was 4.66% higher than that of the EGC. It can be concluded that expanded graphite plays an important role in the formation of a stable contact plateau and can effectively reduce the wear.

Effects of β-Si3N4 whiskers addition on mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of Al matrix composites

β-Si3N4 whiskers reinforced Al matrix composites were prepared by hot pressing. The effect of β-Si3N4 whiskers addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of composites were investigated. The dry sliding wear test was conducted with a sliding speed of 0.5 m/s, at different applied load of 10, 20 and 40 N, respectively. The Vickers hardness, ultimate compression strength (UCS) and the wear resistance of Al matrix were enhanced significantly with the addition of whiskers. As the increase in whisker content, there was a clear transfer of wear mechanism from the combination of serious delamination wear and abrasive wear to the mild abrasive wear at the 20 N applied load condition. The composites reinforced with 15 vol% whiskers exhibited the best wear resistance under higher applied load. The mechanically mixed layer (MML) formed during sliding had a protective effect on the worn surface. Higher mechanical properties of composites and lower applied load helped to keep the MML stable. The slighter the wear degree of composites is, the lower the coefficient of friction is.

Development of Wear Mechanism Maps for Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Hybrid Composites Reinforced With Nano Zirconia and PTFE Under Dry Sliding Condition

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer is cost-effective and also possesses high toughness and resistance to corrosive chemicals. However, pure ABS does not show significant wear resistance and also it has a high friction coefficient. Incorporation of a solid lubricant and nanofiller in a polymer matrix improves its tribological properties significantly. The addition of solid lubricant makes it suitable for application where self-lubrication is desirable (sliding bearings, gears). This paper deals with the study of tribological behavior of ABS hybrid composites reinforced with nano zirconia and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). ABS hybrid composites with varying proportions of nano zirconia and PTFE were prepared using melt blending. Dispersion of reinforcement in the polymer matrix has been studied with the help of transmission electron micrographs. Influence of reinforcements on the mechanical behavior is studied by tensile testing according to the ASTM standard. The tribological behavior of composites was determined in a pin-on-disk tribometer according to the ASTM G99 standard. Worn surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to identify the different types of wear and various wear mechanisms. Transfer film formation was studied by analyzing the counterbody surface. A wear mechanism map has been developed, which helps in identifying various wear mechanisms involved under given loading conditions. The results reveal that the addition of PTFE reduces the wear rate and coefficient of friction (COF) significantly. Nano zirconia effectively transfers the load, thereby improving wear resistance, and the addition of PTFE results in continuous transfer film formation thereby reducing the COF. Also from the wear map, it has been identified that abrasion, adhesion, plowing, plastic deformation, melting, and delamination are the dominant wear mechanisms involved.