Tribal People Research Articles

World Heritage and human rights

This paper describes the protracted nomination to the UNESCO World Heritage (WH) List of the Keang Krachan Forest Complex, Thailand and the issues it exposed. The complex was inscribed in 2021, seven years after it was first nominated, despite ongoing conflict with indigenous Karen hunter-gatherer communities. The nomination was referred back to the state party by the WH Committee in 2015, 2016 and 2019 for reasons related to inconclusive and out-of-date ecological information, and human rights issues associated with the forced resettlement of Karen hill tribe people living within its proposed boundaries. In 2020 the nomination was resubmitted during the 4th mandate of the Thai state party on the WH Committee, and the property was inscribed contrary to a formal recommendation to defer the nomination, and despite repeated communications from the Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights to the WH Centre, the Thai government and the WH Committee seeking resolution of community and human rights issues prior to inscription. Decisions that run contrary to the advice of the WH Committee’s three advisory bodies have become an abiding and troubling aspect of the Committee’s decision-making, reflecting a trend in the politicisation of Committee sessions that has increased over more than 20 years, to a point where it now threatens the integrity of the World Heritage system. This paper examines how the state party pursued its WH ambitions and the impacts this had on particular indigenous Karen communities during national designation and nomination to the WH List. It demonstrates the issues that arise due to legacy nature conservation approaches to the management of extensive natural protected areas.

Has Indonesia Safeguarded Traditional Cultural Expressions?

The Government of the Republic of Indonesia recognized the importance of intellectual property in folklore since the 1982 Copyright Law was enacted (Article 10 of Law No. 6/1982). The study seeks to understand what obstacles Indonesia faces in protecting tribal peoples' communal rights over traditional cultural expressions, also called expressions of folklore in the digital age, and how other nations are resolving them. What is Indonesia's plan for developing and safeguarding traditional cultural manifestations in the digital age, as seen from other nations? The study employs a case-based, normative legal research methodology. The findings, an urgent need for specific institutions that control access benefit sharing from usage by foreign parties, as well as a special anti-theft task force for communal intellectual property rights in the digital era that takes the form of a support organization for tribal peoples. To increase cooperation in the inventorying and documentation of Tribal peoples who own collective intellectual property, optimization also calls for coordination of involvement between the federal government, local governments, and autonomous bodies operating under them, such as the Ministry of Tourism, the Creative Economy Agency, and Tribal peoples' organizations.

Anti-inflammatory potential of aconitine produced by endophytic fungus Acremonium alternatum.

Argemone mexicana belonging to family Papaveraceae is a traditional medicinal plant widely utilized by tribal people in India for treating various ailments like skin infections, wounds and inflammation. This plant is very rich in alkaloidal content, which has a great potential in the treatment of anti-inflammatory disorders. Therapeutically promising bioactive molecules are often produced by endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plants. In this investigation, endophytic fungi were isolated from various parts of A. mexicana and screened for alkaloidal content. Among these, one of the fungal isolate, Acremonium alternatum AMEF-5 producing maximum alkaloids showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. Fractionation of this crude fungal extract through column chromatography yielded eight fractions, which were further screened for anti-inflammatory activities. Fraction 3 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity by the inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme (IC50 15.2 ± 0.09µg/ml), scavenging of the nitric oxide radicals (IC50 11.38 ± 0.35µg/ml), protein denaturation (IC50 14.93 ± 0.4µg/ml), trypsin inhibition (IC50 12.06 ± 0.64µg/ml) and HRBC stabilization (IC50 11.9 ± 0.22µg/ml). The bioactive alkaloid in fraction 3 was identified as aconitine which was confirmed by UV, FTIR, HPLC, HRMS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR analysis. This study demonstrates that endophytic fungi serve a potential source for sustainable production of therapeutically important alkaloids.

From ban to brand—Changing scenario of Mahua (Madhuca longifolia, Madhuca indica) in India and become the fulcrum for tribal communities

<p>Mahua is undergoing a rebranding, but India needs legislation to safeguard tribal rights. Mahua is entwined with the tribal world, yet incorrect colonial ideas about it as a toxic, lowly beverage still plague it. Mahua has a close relationship with Gond, Santhal, Baiga, Munda, Ho, Orao, and all other communities dispersed across at least 12 states. For instance, the social rites of Tonda (birth), Manda (marriage), and Konda (death) for a Gondi Adivasi would end in the absence of mahua. Mahua brewing was merely one more duty in an indigenous family’s home until the late 1800s. The British Raj considered this to be an unexplored source of income. With a series of laws, including the Bombay Abkari Act of 1878, the Mhowra Act of 1878, 1892, the Madhya Pradesh Excise Act of 1915, the Bihar and Orissa Excise Act of 1915, and the Government of India Act of 1935, they outlawed not only the production of mahua but also the gathering and storing of mahua flowers. They considered it a low-quality toxicant and labelled it as a threat to public health and morality. As a result, they could regulate the production of regional spirits and made money from the importation of alcohol from Germany and Britain. Following India’s independence, regulations changed but not entirely. Mahua and tribal people were affected by laws such as the Bombay Mahua Flower Rules of 1950, the Bihar Prohibition and Excise Act of 2016, the PESA of 1996, the Forest Right Act of 2006, and total prohibition, which included mahua distillation, which was enforced in Gujarat and Wardha in 1960. The average family in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand will make 10.5 K, 16.4 K, and 15.75 K ₹ annually. Mahua is included in the minimum Support Price by the Indian government. Mahua has an estimated potential production of 1.5 lakh MTs, valued at 122 ₹ Cr, in India; however, only 1.0 lakh MTs, valued at 81 ₹ Cr, are expected to be collected annually. Though there is a 1.63 lakh job potential, just 28.6 K, or 17.5%, of Indians are employed. Mahua appears to be gradually reclaiming its space after going extinct for decades. The British Raj previously outlawed mahua; today, it is one of India’s most prestigious brands, sold all over the world.</p>

The Significance of a Feminist Geopolitical Analysis in Mahasweta Devi’s The Hunt and Douloti the Bountiful

In the inspiration of bringing alternatives to Critical Geopolitics and Subaltern Geopolitics, Feminist Geopolitics has been employed in this paper. Feminist geopolitics traverses upon the discriminated, marginalized community’s lives and events as well as it connects their exploitation with power production. This feminist geopolitics’ analytical approach demonstrates connections of geopolitics power production with everyday life of Indian tribal people. While reading Indian Tribal community as a subaltern in the works of Mahasweta Devi, through feminist geopolitics we have analyzed violence, displacement, and resistance of tribal women. In geographical imaginaries, the land of tribal protects and strengthens women; simultaneously the tribal land displaces and destroys. The article investigates two questions, 1. What is the role of land in the lives of tribal women? 2. What is the need of mother land for tribal women? It also focuses on two women, whom the dominant geopolitics had marginalized once, but then, the research gap states, how one (woman) could survive through epitomic influence on geography and another could not survive due to displacement. Moreover, the gap insists on how the power relation operates inside and outside the tribal border as well as the interest, knowledge and power of elite’s invades the tribal community after the independence. The qualitative method (textual analysis) is used for research analysis, and Arya (2020) defines that “textual analysis is a type of qualitative analysis that focuses on the underlying ideological and cultural assumptions of a text” (Arya, 2020, p. 173). Hence, this method utilizes the theoretical approaches of the feminist geopolitics theory for the study of the two short stories of Mahasweta Devi. In this article, Imaginary Maps (1995) a collection of short stories by Mahasweta Devi, translated by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak from which The Hunt (1995) and Douloti the Bountiful (1995) (two stories) have been analyzed for discussion.

Review on the ethnomedicinal and nutritional value of some wild edible plants used by the tribal of Koraput District of Odisha, India

Due to its abundance of plant genetic resources, Odisha is often called a genetic refuge. However, the south Odisha tribal regions, despite their abundance of natural resources, have received scant ethnobotanical research. Human cultural diversity in Koraput is well-known, and the area is also a biodiversity hotspot for several food crops and forest species. The purpose of this study is to consolidate all available information on the ethnomedical uses of wild plants by indigenous peoples in the Koraput district. The reviewed nutritional analysis studies show that numerous species have high nutrient content, some of which are superior to some domesticated varieties. Wild edible plants are used as indigenous food and remarkably improve the nutritional security of several tribal people of Koraput. However, systematic study on the nutritional potential of these wild edible plants is meager. The present study evaluated the Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein, and Fiber content in selected wild edible plants of Koraput. Research shows that several species of tubers are in danger of extinction and hence included on the IUCN Red List of Threatened and Endangered Species. For this reason, the optimal use of this biodiversity is to meet the inhabitant's present and future food. The medicinal needs depend on extensive phytochemical inquiry, safe conservation, and sustainable use of wild tuber, all require strong community participation, which also fulfills the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2 and 3, i.e., zero hunger and good health and well-being.

Ethnobotanical Survey And Traditional Use Of Indigenous Plants By Shepherd, Gujjar And Bakerwal Communities From Narwav Forest Ranges Of District Baramulla, Jammu And Kashmir, India

Purpose: To explore the medicinal uses of traditional plants of narwav forests with an assessment to preserve the ethnobotanical knowledge related with this area. Methods: The survey of field was conducted during a period of one year. Data were composed through a semi-structuredquestionnaire and discussions with native tribal people and traditional health practitioners inhibited in the side villages and in the study area.

A Case Study on Different Foxtail Millet Based Food Recipes in Arunachal Pradesh, India

The foxtail millet is a major crop grown in state of Arunachal Pradesh, India. This crop falls under millet; which is now treating as most important grain for human health. Different studies have proven that foxtail millet has good amount of antioxidants which is beneficial for human health. The team of Farm Science Centre, district- Tirap, Arunachal Pradesh, India caried out a research programme during July- August, 2023 in six villages. Ten person per village were interviewed (who were involved in cooking of foxtail millet recipes) and a total sixty persons were interviewed during the course of study. The local name of foxtail millet, different names of recipes made by its and their ingredients (local herbs, spices, vegetables) method of preparation of recipes were asked in detail with selected farmers. Team founded that total 12 recipes are prominently consumed by tribal peoples in the selected area.

THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SHIFTING CULTIVATION IN NORTH-EASTERN STATES OF INDIA

The paper discussed the historical perspectives of shifting cultivation in north-eastern states of India. It has been found that north-eastern region of India has long history of shifting cultivation. Shifting cultivation is a primitive method of agricultural cultivation in the region. Ethnic tribal people are more involve in such cultivation. Large portion land in the region are still under such cultivation. Culture, rituals and customs of the tribal people are connected with shifting cultivation. Area under shifting cultivation are declined in the region due to many reasons. Low production of crops, lack of rainfall, and government restrictions are the prominent factors. But large portion of land in Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh, are still under the shifting cultivation. Poor tribal people are more involved in shifting cultivation because of less use of capital, inputs, machines etc. It is a labour-intensive method of cultivation. There are negative ecological implications of shifting cultivation on nature. The Government of many states in the region has already prohibited such cultivation considering its environmental consequences and encouraging them for transforming in agro-forestry.

Socio-Economic Status of Scheduled Tribes: A Study of Tamilnadu State

Background: Scheduled Tribe are the oldest inhabitants of their native place. Economically and technologically they are still backward. Their language, culture, beliefs and customs are different. In India there are 427 main tribal communities living and Tamilnadu accounts for 36(Rao, 1993). In Tamilnadu, majority of the tribes were illiteracy, ignorance. There is no proper awareness about the government welfare schemes. They are dominated, exploited and controlled by their mainstream in the living area and occupational area. In this context this paper addresses the “Socio-Economic Status of Scheduled Tribes: A Study of Tamilnadu State”. Data and Method: The paper uses the secondary data from the Census India 2001 & 2011 and Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India, 2013and other research studies and carries out the cross classification analysis to realise its objectives. Conclusion: Majority of the tribal people live in below poverty line in Tamil Nadu. The result of the study shows that the educational, employment and economic conditions of the tribal people of Tamil Nadu are very poor in the present situation. Therefore, the state of Tamil Nadu needs to pay special attention to the problems of the indigenous people and improve their education, employment and economic status. Already, Aboriginal people have been given special reservations in education and employment. This is very low compared to the growing tribal population. Hence, it is the duty of the state to secure social and economic justice for the tribal people.

Evaluation of antiulcer potential of tambulin and ombuin isolated from Zanthoxylum armatum

ObjectivesZanthoxulym armatum fruit is traditionally used as carminative, anthelmintic, stomachic, and to relieve gastritis. It is commonly found in Nepal, Uttarakhand, and the Himalayan region of India. Tribal peoples used this fruit for various purposes and also as a spice ingredient. The present study aims to investigate the antiulcer potential of the fruit extract, and its isolated compounds. Materials and methodsFruits were extracted with successive extraction methods with hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol. All the fractions were evaluated for phytochemical investigations. Further, the ethyl acetate fraction, tambulin, and ombuin were tested for antiulcer activity induced by ethanol and pylorus ligation-induced methods. The IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 cytokines were also studied followed by histopathology. ResultsIt has been demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction possesses a major class of secondary metabolites. No acute toxicity was observed, as all the organs (heart, kidney, lung, stomach, and liver) were found in normal range and no significant weight variation was found. The antiulcer activity was performed at two different doses of all samples. Tambulin possesses the most significant activity at the dose of 50 mg/kg. Ulcer index and percent ulcer inhibition of tambulin were found to be 2.8 ± 0.6 mm2 and 69.5 ± 0.18 % in pylorus –ligated model whereas 5.2 ± 0.7 mm2 and 70.2 ± 0.15 in the ethanol-induced model. Histopathology results also support the above-mentioned data. ConclusionTambulin, a flavonoidal compound isolated from fruits of Z. armatum was found to be useful in the management of ulcers. Ethylacetate extract and ombuin also possess dose-dependent activity.

A Study of Caste and Tribal System in Kumaon and Garhwal Reasons in Uttarakhand

The Jaunsari, Tharu, Raji, Buksa, and Bhotiya tribes are the five primary groups that make up Uttarakhand's tribe population. The Jaunsari tribe is the largest tribal group in the state in terms of numbers. The ethnic groups living in the state of Uttarakhand are represented by the tribes. In all of Uttarakhand's districts, the proportion of tribal people is roughly moderate. The majority of tribal people in the state of Uttarakhand live in rural areas. According to available data, approximately 94.50% of all tribal members live in rural areas, with the remaining portion residing in urban areas. It is stated that about five tribes call Uttarakhand officially home. The Indian Constitution has designated a schedule for these tribes from Uttarakhand. According to historical accounts, the earliest people to settle in this part of North India were the tribes of Uttarakhand. Their primary populations used to be restricted to isolated, steep, and wooded regions. The ancient customs of the tribes in Uttarakhand have not changed. They stand for the unique way of life and characteristics of a prehistoric society. Their ethnicity is determined by their sociocultural practices and traditional customs. Up to five tribes that are officially located in Uttarakhand are listed as scheduled in the Indian Constitution, which was drafted more than 40 years ago, in 1967.

Birhor Society and Culture: A Study on Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups of Jharkhand, India

A significant portion of the Indian population consists of tribal communities. The world's highest concentration of tribal people with diverse cultures is found exclusively in India. Tribal people are those who inhabit a specific region, have uniform cultural characteristics, and use basic technology. Tribes are recognized for their unique ethnic and cultural characteristics, but they are losing their unique identities as a result of massive and rapid urbanization and industrialization. Since the beginning of ethnographic research on Indian tribes, scientists have been interested in the unique livelihood practices of the Birhor, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (primitive tribal group) in Jharkhand. They have historically lived in forests and had a nomadic hunting and gathering lifestyle. Large-scale deforestation brought about by urbanization and industrialization has an impact on the entire culture and civilization. Their language and unique socio-cultural structure are undergoing rapid changes as a result of their increased exposure to modern culture through different government initiatives for tribal development, the modern educational system, etc. It is therefore necessary to investigate the evolving sociocultural patterns of the vulnerable "Birhor" tribe and to put appropriate strategies and programmes in place for the self-initiated preservation of indigenous tribal culture and identity. Keywords: Oral tradition, Social life, Economic life, Birhor, Jharkhand.

Valorization of Wild Edible Plants as a Potential Source of Alternative Nutrition among the Tribal Communities of West Bengal, India

Being very close to nature, tribal people extensively use non-cultivated naturally found plants for their alternative source of nutrition. The present study conducted for documenting the available wild edible plants used by tribal people located in the districts of Purulia, West Midnapur and Bankura. Using wild edible plant is economical, nutrient rich and promotes sustainable utilization. The ethnobotanical study surveyed the knowledgeable informants of the tribal population and found 27 plants that are majorly used for alternative source of nutrition. Different parts like leaves, stem, flower, fruit, tuber etc. are used as food sources. Apart from food source, the tribal people also earn their livelihood by selling these plants in the local market. However, the present generation of the tribal population is not very interested in acquiring the knowledge of these non-cultivated plants therefore documentation of the use of these plants becoming very important for future.

CITRUS FRUITS IN HEALTH CARE WITH A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USES OF TRIBAL PEOPLE OF TRIPURA

Aim: Method validation is a step to ensure that the method used is in accordance with the desired goals. The Category I validation method determines the content of the main ingredient in the drug substance. Galactomannan is a watersoluble polysaccharide composed of D-galactose and D-mannose and is the main component in guar gum. Materials and Methods: To determine galactomannan content, concentrated phenol-sulfuric acid was used using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. Hydrolysis of guar gum is required to react with phenolic reagents to form colored compounds. Results and Discussion: Optimization of the formation of colored derivative compounds was carried out by hydrolysis of guar gum with the addition of 1.0 mL of sulfuric acid, 30 min time, 100°C temperature, and color stability at 180 min. Method validation was successfully carried out by testing several parameters, including selectivity with the selected wavelength 492 nm. Linear regression equation y = 0.0255 × + 0.0420 (r: 0.9998) and Vxo = 0.76%. The precision expressed in the Coefficient of Variation (C.V) is 1.06%. Accuracy was obtained 100.35 ± 0.56 (%; w/w). Conclusion: In determining the galactomannan content in guar gum powder, it was 70.00 ± 0.24 (%; w/w).

NAVIGATING THE NUANCES OF TACIT KNOWLEDGE REVISITED: COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN MANAGEMENT THEORY APPLIED TO INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE IN GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

This article reviews previous studies and provides a rationale for the inclusion of the concept of tacit knowledge in Indigenous Knowledge as an economic resource for stakeholders. It conducts a historical and revisited comparative analysis of tacit knowledge in the management theory of oral knowledge in Indigenous Knowledge within the realm of scientific investigation. The main argument is focused on the recognition of tacit knowledge accumulated and often lacking scientific validation in its continuous existence perpetuated by local communities, tribal and Indigenous Peoples on our planet. Tacit knowledge, often shared in goodwill and good faith among stakeholders, particularly non-Indigenous Peoples, implies a moral and legal obligation of benefit-sharing for all parties involved. The case studies presented in this article illustrate the role of tacit knowledge in Indigenous Knowledge and its past uses in traditional medicine utilised in patents, having deep implications for benefit-sharing on drug profits. In reviewing past findings in the native botany drugs discovery market, this article illustrates the developments in the integration of traditional medicine into national systems of health, which often fail to express tacit knowledge value independently of the verification of Western science as a justification for its efficacy.

Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable Practices: Indigenous Tribal People's Cognizance of Climate Change

This abstract highlights the traditional knowledge of indigenous tribal communities regarding climate change and their sustainable practices. Indigenous peoples possess rich ecological wisdom accumulated over generations, rooted in deep connections with their environments. This knowledge encompasses diverse understandings of weather patterns, ecological indicators, and sustainable resource management practices [Smith, J., "Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Climate Change Adaptation," Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, 2018, pp. 45-63.]. As climate change accelerates, this traditional knowledge becomes increasingly relevant for informing adaptive strategies [Doe, A., "Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples: Adaptation Strategies," Environmental Science Review, vol. 14, no. 3, 2019, pp. 112-128.]. Indigenous communities often exhibit remarkable resilience in the face of environmental challenges, drawing upon centuries-old practices such as agroforestry, rotational farming, and water conservation techniques [Garcia, M., "Indigenous Agricultural Practices and Climate Change Resilience," Sustainable Development Journal, vol. 8, no. 4, 2020, pp. 231-245.]. These sustainable practices not only mitigate environmental degradation but also contribute to community resilience and well-being [Jones, R., "Sustainability and Indigenous Communities: Lessons Learned," Indigenous Studies Quarterly, vol. 6, no. 1, 2017, pp. 75-89.]. Furthermore, indigenous knowledge systems emphasise holistic approaches that integrate social, cultural, and ecological dimensions of sustainability [Brown, K., "Holistic Approaches to Sustainability in Indigenous Communities," Sustainability Science Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, 2021, pp. 55-68.]. This abstract underscores the importance of recognizing and respecting indigenous knowledge systems in climate change discourse and policy formulation [Diaz, S., et al., "Integrating Indigenous Knowledge into Climate Policy," Nature Climate Change, vol. 5, no. 6, 2016, pp. 328-335.]. By incorporating traditional wisdom into mainstream climate initiatives, we can foster more effective and culturally sensitive approaches to environmental stewardship [Adams, L., "Cultural Sensitivity in Climate Policy: Lessons from Indigenous Communities," Climate Policy Review, vol. 9, no. 4, 2018, pp. 201-215.]. Additionally, collaboration with indigenous communities can facilitate mutual learning and the co-creation of innovative solutions for building a more sustainable future [Lee, T., "Collaborative Approaches to Climate Action: Insights from Indigenous Partnerships," Climate Change Research, vol. 18, no. 3, 2022, pp. 145-162.]

Diversity and Conservation of Medicinal Plant of Seshachalam Hill Range of Andhra Pradesh, India

The Seshachalam hill range of South Eastern Ghats which is one among the Hot Spots of endemic flora of India. The environment is very much suitable for growth and development of this region important wood/timber yielding and medicinal plants. Nearly 900 plant species are medicinally important including 5 endemic medicinal plants viz., Shorea tumbaggaiae, Terminalia pallida, Boswellia ovalifoliolata, Pterocarpus santalinus and Syzygium alternifolium and one gymnosperm Cycas beddomei to this area. The tribal people Nakkala, Sugali, Lambadi and local herbal healers (Natuvidhyulu) have been using these plants to cure different ailments. Due to interference of various biotic factors a number of plants became endangered and some are on the verge of extinction. Keeping this in view, conservation measures have been taken for some of the medicinal plants to protect the germplasm. Standardization of protocols for In Vitro propagation of some medicinal plants from different explants selected from elite (mother) plants : Study of morphological and anatomical changes occured during morphogenesis : Testing of clonal purity by isolation of some isozymes like peroxidase, catalase etc., and its banding pattern. Replantation of saplings developed by micropropagation in their natural habitats to sustain the ecological balance and environmental stability.

Role of NGOs in Protecting the Rights of Indigenous Under ILO

The indigenous and people suffer serious abuses of their human rights throughout the world. They experience heavy pressure on their lands from being logged, mining, roads, conservation, construction of dams, agribusiness etc. Many countries have worked towards protecting their rights and preventing its abuse. The laws meant for protecting their human rights are often violated and sometimes they are found to be inadequate to prevent the abuse of rights of tribes. Many countries laws are inconsistent with the international human rights law too. The International Labour Organization has developed agreements and mechanisms to address the core problems of these people. These agreements are binding on the states which ratify them. The issues of tribes and indigenous people addressed by the ILO have resulted in jurisprudence recognizing their rights. This also include the rights of indigenous and tribes on par with protection of their lands, territories, resources traditionally occupied and right to a healthy environment; protection of cultural sites of religious significance; protection of cultural and physical integrity; participation in decisions that affect them and use their own cultural, social and political institutions; to be free from discrimination and to equal protection of the law. In implementing any of such laws for protection of human rights of indigenous and tribal people the international institutions like ILO and United Nation rely on the information given by NGOs and groups. They work for protecting of their human rights and fundamental freedoms. This paper analyses the role of ILO in protecting the rights of indigenous and tribes. It summarizes the role of NGOs in international standard setting which is a prerequisite for protecting the rights of indigenous and tribes.

An Effective Deep Learning Approach For Handwritten Ol-Chiki Character Recognition

In this paper, we propose a deep convolution neural network approach to recognize Ol-Chiki handwritten characters. Here we describe recognition of handwritten basic characters of Ol-Chiki script, used by more than 10 million tribal people in India mostly from Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Jharkhand. There are 30 basic characters and 10 numeral digits in Ol-Chiki. We have used a dataset of 10000 handwritten isolated character samples written by 100 persons. Convolution Neural Network (CNN) architecture has been used for the recognition of handwritten isolated Ol-Chiki characters. Our system has been tested on Ol-Chiki isolated dataset and we have achieved 92% accuracy on almost on all Ol-Chiki characters.