Tribal Development Research Articles

The Strategy of Tribal Development in Odisha

The Strategy of Tribal Development in Odisha

Constructing the Model of Aboriginal Tribal Social Enterprises from the Concept of Social Economic Enterprises

Taiwan's aboriginal tribes have long been affected by political forces and market economy model, and the aboriginal people living in remote mountainous areas with lack of information have met with a lot of economic and social problems and challenges such as loss of land and traditional culture, aging population and stagnation of tribal industry development. Therefore, the original self-sufficient tribes began to prone to “poverty”, and this is one of the most critical social issues for Taiwan to cope with. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of "social economy" in the aboriginal tribes, to develop and restore the sharing economic cooperation model, to increase collective interests and to set up tribal social enterprises, so as to address the crucial social issues.This study will adopt the method and experience of socio-economic analysis to study the action plan of Seediq, a division of Taiwanese aboriginals, and their experience of social and economic organization and operation, and reflection on the social enterprise system. The main research is to explore the social economy in the Meixi tribe, the status quo and future development, and how to employ social innovation to promote the tribal social enterprise planning and business model.

Assessment of load factors affecting women farmers in maize production operations

Women in agriculture play a vital role in wide range of activities, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural development. To achieve inclusive agricultural growth, empowering women by having comprehensive understanding about work participation, gender issues, drudgery and health and nutritional status is necessary. The study was conducted in tribal development block of Udaipur district namely Kherwara. Data were collected from 60 tribal farm families by a pre-designed interview schedule. Different socio-personal characteristics revealed that all of the tribal women were in 20 to 50 years age group, belonged to nuclear and not heading the family, illiterate and engaged in all type of agricultural activities and rearing small hesrd of livestock. Based on the study it was seen that there were six load factors which affected women’s work efficiency in maize production operation. The data explained that average MSD Load factor was highest (3.37/5) followed by Repetitive Strain Load (3.04/5), Physical Load (2.70/5), Time Load (2.18/5), Posture Load (1.92/5) and Physiological Load (1.80/5).

Tribal development through horticultural plantations under WADI

Tribal development through horticultural plantations under WADI

Adaptation trajectories and challenges in the Western Ghats: A case study of Attappady, south India

Climate change adaptation has become an important aspect of research and policy agendas at different scales – globally, nationally and locally. One stream of thought relates to the thematic area of barriers or challenges that adaptation faces. This article explores local adaptation trajectories and challenges in a tribal development block in south India. Through the lens of key livelihood strategies pursued in the block – namely income from development interventions, migration and on-farm strategies – it explores the challenges and factors that contribute or have contributed, to impeding successful adaptation outcomes in Attappady. The article argues that development interventions (i.e planned adaptations) have not succeeded in addressing structural causes of vulnerability; they have, however, provided an important coping mechanism. Migration is a socially and culturally differentiated phenomenon and is not a viable diversification option for the most vulnerable population segments in Attappady. Finally, it is found that recent on-farm adaptation strategies present a case of maladaptation that promote marginalisation and are ill-suited to the local ecological and cultural landscape.

Catalysts but Not Magicians: Role of NGOs in the Tribal Development

The territories inhabited by the tribal communities of India often attract a wide variety of external agents and agencies for variety of reasons. One very important segment of such agencies often cites development and transformation of tribal communities as the prime objective. The “official” category is the agency of planned change, and its responsibility is to work in accordance with the profile of the job or institution. Besides this, there is another important category, “social worker,” whose presence is voluntary, at least in theory. The dominant section of the later is popular as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). In recent years, efforts are made to bring together the activities of government and NGOs to maximize the benefit to tribal communities and to speed up the process of social and economic transformation. The idea of government organization and nongovernmental organization (GO-NGO) partnership gained momentum. The results of these partnerships proved positive when compared with the programs implemented by the government organization alone. Several NGOs are successful because they train local youth as resource persons according to the needs of development initiatives. However, it is not necessary that every development activity implemented by them would be successful. In this context, the article examines the role of NGOs in the process of tribal development by analyzing their activities and the results.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT: A NEW ROLE FOR VOLUNTARY AGENCIES

Everett Hagen, a twentieth century American Economist, in his theory of ‘transition to economic growth’ has discussed why certain societies are economically backward compared to others. He has also examined the forces which play an important role in their economic upliftment. According to him, primitive societies like tribal societies are backward because of the traits like ‘high need affiliation’ and ‘high need dependency’. When the modern technologically progressive society blocks the progress of these backward groups, exploits them beyond a limit and treats them as a subordinate group, the later feels a strong desire to uplift its economic stature. This motivation eventually leads to entrepreneurship and their development. The current paper tries to empirically test the Hagen’s theory in the context of tribal society of Valsad district in Gujarat. The paper investigates why despite the presence of preconditions for development; tribal societies have not developed as suggested by Hagen’s theory. It also examines the role which the NGOs can play in tribal development. The paper is divided into four parts. The first section introduces the theme and objectives of the paper. The second section discusses the Hagen’s theory in detail. The third section investigates whether the findings of the theory apply to the tribal societies of the selected region or not. The fifth section suggests measures for the development of the tribal regions with special emphasis on the role of Non-Governmental Organizations.

Mainstreaming tribals through financial literacy – a review of literature

PurposeThe present paper is an attempt to understand the various concepts related to financial literacy. For the development of this paper, secondary data have been considered by visiting various sources of information. The reviews are made on four parameters, which include social exclusion among tribes, government initiatives for tribal development, socio-economic condition of tribes and impact of financial literacy on the lives of tribes. The purpose of this paper is to identify the variables and to undertake an empirical research on this topic. It is found that excluded from income-generating activities, formal education, political system are not getting adequate exposure for maintaining the standard of living. Mostly, the changing economic scenario of consumers, discrimination of wage and employment, lack of capital and financial literacy leads to the mismanagement of money. The financial products are the various causes of financial exclusion and need to be addressed through adequate financial literacy. Moreover, the study attempts to understand the various reasons of financial exclusion and to comprehend the empirical research on the topic as well.Design/methodology/approachThe present paper is based on the secondary data. In this regard, various sources of information have been visited to collect the data.FindingsThe study finds that owing to exclusion from income-generating activities, lack of formal education, absence of patronage political in adequate means for maintaining an acceptable standard of living, caste discriminations, poverty and migration, exploitation in the hands of money lenders, marginal increase in income, absence of infrastructure, unemployment, lack of financial literacy and its resultant mismanagement of money among the tribal community has pushed them to the utter stage of poverty universally.Originality/valueThe paper can help administrators and the policymakers of different regions across the world to take appropriate measures to focus on educating the people on different financial products and to increase the accessibility. Moreover, the paper can help research scholars to build platform of their research banking upon the data presented in this study.

Decentralised Governance and Tribal Development in Scheduled Areas of Northeast India: A Case Study of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council

Decentralised governance has been conceived as an instrument in promoting development. In realising the rights of the tribals, the Constitution of India has provided special provisions by delineating special administrative structures for tribal development with enacting the Fifth and the Sixth Schedules. The Sixth Schedule is applicable to four states of northeast India, namely, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, and the Fifth Schedule is in operation in other regions of the country where tribes form a majority in a district or districts. The Sixth Schedule provides for autonomous district councils, thus offering space for tribal self-governance. The autonomous district councils are both administrative as well as legislative entity. In Tripura, due to the movement launched by the tribal people for the protection of their rights, the State Legislative Assembly has passed an Act, Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Act, 1979, under which the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) was established. Subsequently, in 1984, the special provisions of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution were extended to the tribal areas in the state of Tripura. Since then, a new political process has been started in the state of Tripura by establishing TTAADC for the realisation of the rights of the tribals (Das, 2001, p. 208). It is in this context, that this article provides an overview of the decentralised governance and tribal development in the Sixth Schedule areas of northeast India with special reference to Tripura. It discusses the organisational and functional aspects the TTAADC. In this connection, the article reviews the various Acts, rules, regulations and amendments relating to TTAADC. It also examines its role and impact in tribal development in the state of Tripura. Further, an attempt has been made in the article to relate the deficiencies in the functioning of the TTAADC, recommending suitable changes.

Locating Optimal Countryside Settlement Sites for Nomads in Northern Khorasan

Locating Optimal Countryside Settlement Sites for Nomads in Northern Khorasan

Post-Settlement Governance Entities, at the interface of Indigenous development in New Zealand

This paper presents two cases of tribal development based on Treaty of Waitangi settlements between Māori tribes and government in New Zealand. Breaches of the Treaty, resulting from government act...

Legislative Framework of Governance and Tribal Development: Status of Forest Land Allotment for STs and TFDs under the Forest Rights Act

Democratic decentralization in the recent advancement dialogue emerged as a key instrument of administrative control with emphasizing people’s involvement in the decision-making processes, thus ensuring accountability and transparency in the execution of the development programmes. This article attempts to study the decentralization process, its elements, its conceptual and theoretical understanding under legislative frameworks of governance (i.e., evolution of Panchayati Raj Institutions under 73rd Constitutional Amendment and extension through the Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas Act). It is also based on the assumption that legislative frameworks of governance which delegate powers from top–bottom have widened the scope of local self-governance relating to the establishment, powers, functions and responsibilities of Panchayati Raj Institution. Hence, it is transferred from central to local government as a way to promote broader values of pluralistic participatory democracy, but towards forest resources allotment and tribal development, legislative frameworks of governance leave a lot of scope for reforms. As the gaps prevail, they have weakened the implementation process of forest resources/lands among Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Tradition Forest Dwellers (TFDs) addressed under the Forest Rights Act. The article also aspires to look into the process towards forest land allotment for STs and TFDs and their linkages with governance institutions which have not been able to sufficiently create/address/promote the well-being and sustainable livelihood. It also looks into the distinctive nature of the Forest Rights Act as force of State and role of non-government organizations leading towards collective interests and norms that shape the quality and quantity of life among STs and other TFDs within society through social capital. Lastly, it discusses the employed methodological considerations, objectives, findings and conclusion.

The Trajectory of Tribal Development Practice: The Case of Muthuvan Community in Kerala

Tribal development in Kerala has now reached a perplexing situation due to the failure of the state in ensuring the inclusive well-being of the members of tribal communities. This is also true with regard to sustaining their age-old ways of life and living circumstances. A comprehensive analysis of the tribal living conditions in the state is essential to get a clear idea of the ‘developmental issues and concerns’ and to arrive at clear ways of resolving them. Several tribal communities or a majority of their hamlets have already shifted or are in the process of shifting to the new living circumstances. Not being a smooth shift, involves serious struggles for survival with drastic shifts being demanded in the modes livelihood, patterns of living, belief systems etc. This has brought the traditional ways of tribal existence in the state under serious challenge with old models of coexistence and environment-based living nearly put to an end. Amidst this state of affairs, it is truly a fascinating scene to watch that in a few hamlets of certain tribal communities, such as Muthuvans in Idukki district and its adjoining areas in Kerala, the elements of traditional life still survive despite their intermixture with the mainstream population. The paper draws from field observations and attempts to understand the trajectory of tribal existences in Kerala State. The move from tradition to the present day modernity is closely analysed here, with or without the academic rigour, in order to present the reader with some dairy notes that could be useful to comprehend the magnitude of the change and the ensuing struggles.

Role of shg in tribal development by NGO

International organizations have a history dating back to at least 1839 it has been estimated that by 1914, there were 1083 NGOs. International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women's suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference. However, the phrase non-governmental only came into popular use with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor member States—see Consultative Status. Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problems could not be solved within a nation. NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable development. Interims of environmental issues and sustainable development, the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992was the first to show the power of international NGOs, when about 2, 400 representatives of NGOs came to play a central role in deliberations. Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor. The role of NGOs in the SHG programmers is to support women to encourage and launch groups, provide training and aid in the group's effort, both its inner operations and its interaction with banks and other organizations. Its infrastructure and team capability tolerate it to endow with strong and steady sustain in reaction to the needs of the SHGs, which vary according to neighborhood issues and stages of enlargement. This research study is to assess the impact of NGO's in tribal areas through promoting education to children & women and their participating through SHGs with special reference. From the above analysis it is concluded that SHGs are developed as a tool for poverty alleviation in different countries of the world. Basically SHGs are developed as a micro finance unit and they gradually move on to more complex income and employment generation activity.

Changing Lives of Birhors in Purulia: A Socio-economic Observation in Twenty-first Century

Purulia is a habitat of various tribal communities of West Bengal as well as the vast tribal families of Indian sub-continent. The tribes are normally portrayed as discrete categories, having little linkages with the happenings of the mainstream civilization. Having very little population in West Bengal, the Birhors mainly reside in the area under Baghmundi, Jhaldah and Balarampur police stations of Purulia district which forms an extension of Hazaribagh plateau. One of the earliest nomadic tribes of our country, the Birhors settled down, giving up their wanderer characteristic feature, over time. This article highlights their past as well as quite colourful present to show the difference made by government initiatives under tribal development programmes. The article also depicts the socio-economic, educational and cultural condition of the Birhors in the fast-moving world of twenty-first century.

Forest Resources – An Ideal Alternative for Tribal Development and Health Care

<div><p><em>The Indian sub-continent is inhabited by 53 million tribal populations belonging to over 550 tribal communities that come under 227 linguistic groups. They inhibit varied geographic and climatic Zones of the country. Their vocation ranges from hunting, gathering, cave dwelling nomadics to societies with settled culture living in complete harmony with nature. Forests have been their dear home and totally submitted themselves to forest settings. Their relationship with the forest was symbolic in nature. They have been utilizing the resources without disturbing the delicate balance of the eco-system. Tribals thus mostly remained as stable societies and were unaffected by the social, cultural, material and economic evolutions that were taking place with the so called civilized societies. But this peaceful co-existence of the tribals has been disturbed in recent years by the interference in their habitats. Traditional communities living close to nature have, over the years acquired unique knowledge about the use of living biological resources. Modernisation, especially industrialization and urbanisation has endangered the rich heritage of knowledge and expertise of age old wisdom of the traditional communities. A study on the utilization of local tribals revealed that they hold precious knowledge on the specific use of a large number of agents of wild plant and animal origins, the use of many are hitherto unknown to the outside world. The tribal people are the real custodians of the medicinal plants and thus by using their talents they can be developed as real custodian of Health Care in Indigenous field. </em></p><p><em>The present paper explains how medicinal the knowledge of medicinal plants can prove to be an ideal alternative for tribal development especially in the area of Health Care.</em></p></div>

Social Policies and Programmes for Tribal Development in Theni District.

Social Policies and Programmes for Tribal Development in Theni District.

The Concept of Tribe and Their Major Problems in India

Anthropological studies on culture of tribes give rich ethnographic details about their cultural practices, perception and behavioral aspects. Most of these studies are at micro level, focusing on a single tribe or tribes in a state. These studies have their own strength to understand the problem in a particular time and space. However, very few anthropological studies move out of the behavioral and cultural contexts. They fail to link the larger issues of socio-economic, political, and ecological factors with the accessibility, affordability and availability of health service. While there are tribes which have been coming into the fold of the Hindu cultural pattern, there are those which are moving in the opposite direction. The movement from the tribal to the peasant has not been a unidirectional one. With such diversities, attempts to evolve a general scheme of tribal development, having universal application to all tribes in India, are bound to be abortive. Tribal development, because of the diverse situations, has to be area-specific. Another superficial approach to the problem of tribal development emanates from equating tribal areas with any other economically backward area and recommending identical packages of measures for their uplift. Tribals, as a class, are viewed as poor; they are described as constituting the matrix of Indian poverty.

The Efficacy of Public Education as a Means of Social Mobility for the Indigenous Tribal Populations of Rural India

India is home to a diverse number of indigenous tribal groups collectively known as the ‘adivasis’. As part of a tribal development strategy, the Indian government extended the public school system to serve rural tribal areas. This qualitative study explores the efficacy of the rural school system as a means of promoting social mobility among the Santal, Birhor, Kharia, and Lodha tribes located in the state of West Bengal, India. The findings indicate that rural schools have poor facilities, lack resources, and offer environments that are not conducive to academic success by the majority of tribal students. The research also reveals how the challenges faced by tribal children in rural schools are exacerbated because of a lack of cultural competency on the part of education professionals who design and deliver the curriculum. Thus the schools largely fail in preparing tribal students for even the bottom rungs of the Indian labour market.

Value Orientation among Tribal Future Teachers of B.Ed. Programme: Need for Curricular Interventions

Schools play a vital role in inculcation of values and development of values. It has become, of late, the central concern of teacher education. Teacher education programmes are the effective modes of transmission of values having a direct impact on the school education. A College of Teacher Education was established at Badrachalam exclusively for tribal population in the State of Telangana under Integral Tribal Development Authority (ITDA). In this institution only tribes of different communities are given the opportunity of pursuing B.Ed. Programme. Tribal habitat, culture and living styles are different because they live in deep forest in hamlets away from the mainstream of the society and their value system needs attention for their emancipation in social development. In this article, the value system and value preferences of tribal future teachers of the B. Ed. Programme are discussed to provide guidelines for curricular interventions for quality tribal teacher education.