Trends In Lung Cancer Incidence Research Articles

Trends in lung cancer incidence in Sri Lanka from 2005-2019

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Trends in age- and sex-specific lung cancer mortality in Europe and Northern America: Analysis of vital registration data from the WHO Mortality Database between 2000 and 2017

BackgroundIn the context of new targeted therapies and immunotherapy as well as screening modalities for lung cancer patients, detailed mortality trends in Europe and Northern America are unknown. MethodsTime-trend analysis using vital registration data of Northern America and Europe from the WHO Mortality Database (years 2000/2017). To assess improvements in lung cancer mortality, we performed a population-averaged Poisson autoregressive analysis. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was used as a summary measure of overall and country-specific trends in mortality. Second, we studied time trends of lung cancer incidence and smoking prevalence rates. FindingsIn the total population of 872·5 million people between 2015 and 2017, the average annual age-standardised mortality from lung cancer was 54·6 deaths per 100 000, with substantial differences across countries. Lung cancer was reported as the primary cause of death in 5·4 cases per 100 deaths. The age-standardised mortality rate decreased constantly (AAPC –1·5%) between 2000 and 2017. While mortality in men dropped annually by an average of −2·3%, mortality in women decreased by an average of −0·3%. This slight decline was driven exclusively by the USA. In contrast, 21 out of 31 countries registered a significant increase in female lung cancer mortality between 2000 and 2017, with Spain (AAPC 4·1%) and France (AAPC 3·6%) leading the list. InterpretationDespite overall decreases in lung cancer mortality trends, female mortality remained unchanged or increased significantly in all countries except the USA. National mortality outcomes reflect variabilities in tobacco control, screening, therapeutic advances, and access to health care.

Trends in lung cancer incidence by gender, histological type and stage at diagnosis in Japan, 1993 to 2015: A multiple imputation approach.

Continued decrease in smoking prevalence and increasing use of sensitive diagnostic procedures necessitate updated monitoring of trends in lung cancer incidence in Japan. We analyzed histology‐ and stage‐specific trends in 1993 to 2015 using data from 62 870 diagnosed cases from the Monitoring of Cancer Incidence in Japan project. After applying a multiple imputation approach to impute missing/unknown values of stage and histology, we estimated age‐standardized incidence rates and applied joinpoint regression analyses. We observed long‐term growth trends in adenocarcinoma (ADC) and localized cancer among both genders, long‐term declining trends among men and leveling‐off trends among women in small‐cell carcinoma (SMC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SQC). Stratifying by gender, we observed an increase in localized ADC with average annual percentage changes (AAPC) of 4.5 (95% confidence interval: 3.9 to 5.0) and 5.7 (5.0 to 6.4), a decrease in regional ADC with AAPC of −1.5 (−2.5 to −0.6) and −2.3 (−4.6 to 0.0), but an increase in distant ADC with AAPC of 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) and 1.6 (0.9 to 2.3) among males and females, respectively. Additionally, increasing trends in female‐to‐male incidence rate ratios were observed in localized ADC with significantly above one in the most recent diagnosis period. Our results revealed evidence for a partial shift from advanced to early cancer stage, which may suggest the modest effectiveness of nationwide organized screening programs. The observed increasing localized and distant ADC may be linked to improved diagnostic procedures, especially for metastasis detection. Further investigation is needed for more accurate quantification of these factors.

Socioeconomic status and risk of lung cancer by histological subtype in the Nordic countries.

BackgroundWhile the excess in lung cancer risk among lower socioeconomic status individuals has been widely described, the magnitude of this association across lung cancer subtypes, as well as histotype‐related long‐term incidence trends, are inconclusively reported.AimsWe explored the variation in the incidence of the three main lung cancer histotypes (i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma) by socioeconomic status (SES, i.e. upper and lower white collar, upper and lower blue collar, and farming/forestry/fishing) in the adult population of four Nordic countries (i.e. Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark).Materials & MethodsWe have used data from the Nordic Occupational Cancer Study (NOCCA), computing age‐standardized incidence rates per 100,000 person‐years truncated at ages 50–69 years, by sex, histotype, country and SES, for the period 1971–2005. We estimated relative risks and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals through Poisson regression models, including terms for SES, age, sex and country, as indicated.ResultsA clear socioeconomic gradient, with a progressive increase in lung cancer risk as SES level decreases, was observed in all subtypes and in both sexes. Favourable lung cancer incidence trends were seen among men for squamous cell and small cell carcinomas, although for adenocarcinomas rates were increasing everywhere except for Finland. Among women, upward temporal trends were seen in all SES groups and for all subtypes, although rates increased to a greater extent for low, compared to high, SES, especially in Denmark and Norway. Farmers showed comparatively lower risks compared to other SES categories.DiscussionThis prospective cohort study shows that substantial socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of the most important lung cancer histotypes exist in the Nordic Countries, and that these inequalities are on the rise, especially among women.ConclusionSmoking habits are likely to largely explain the observed social gradient for lung cancer histotypes in both sexes.

Trend analysis of lung cancer incidence and mortality in Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2000 to 2016.

To analyses lung cancer incidence and mortality trends to gender and age group in Grande Cuiabá between 2000 to 2016. Study of times series applying incidence data from the Population-Based Cancer Registry of Cuiabá, and mortality data from Mortality Information System. Annual Percentage Change and the Average Annual Percentage Change were calculated in the incidence and mortality rate through the Joinpoint regression. It was observed between men a decrease of -2,2% in the overall incidence of lung cancer during the term of 2000-2016 and by age range: 40 to 49 years (-4,2%), 60 to 69 years (-2,0%) and 70 to 79 years (-9,4%), in this last age group it was between 2000-2009. The general mortality was stable on historical series, nonetheless, a decline between men of 50 to 59 years (-3,5%) among 2006 to 2016 and of 70 to 79 years among 2002-20011 (-6,3%) were observed. The incidence trends among female individuals maintained stable whereas the overall mortality trends had an increase of 7,2% between 2000-2012 and decrease of -34,1% between 2012-2016. Amid women from 50 to 79 years, there was a raise, ranging from 3,5% to 3,9% between 2000-2016. There is an evident disparity between the trends analysis of incidence and mortality of lung cancer among men and women, that can be explained by changes in smoking over time, for example, the adherence or not of the smoking withdraw program besides social, cultural, economics differences and even biological.

Lung cancer incidence and mortality trends in the Republic of Belarus (1990–2019)

Аннотация:
 
 Relevance: Lung cancer is one of the most frequent and unfavorable malignant diseases globally. The Republic of Belarus ranks third (8.2%) in cancer incidence and first (21.5%) in cancer mortality.
 The object of the study was the lung cancer incidence and mortality trends in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1990-2019.
 Results: In the study period, the standardized incidence rate decreased from 27.5 to 25.6 per 100 000 population (- 7.1%, p<0.01). In males, it decreased from 62.1 to 54.6 per 100 000 males (- 12.1%, p<0.001); in females, it increased from 5.3 to 6.4 per 100 000 females (+20.7%, p<0.05). The standardized lung cancer mortality rate has decreased over the study period from 23.0 to 18.3 per 100 000 population (- 20.4%, p<0.001). In males, it went down from 53.6 to 40.7 (- 24.1%, p<0.001), and in women it changed slightly from 3.6 to 3.7 (+ 2.8%, p>0.05) per 100 000 of the relevant sex. The average annual increase in standardized mortality decreased eight times
 faster than the growth in standardized incidence.
 Conclusion: In the Republic of Belarus, lung cancer incidence is increasing in males and decreasing in females. At that, lung cancer mortality is decreasing. Quality specialized cancer care creates conditions for quicker negative growth of lung cancer standardized mortality vs. incidence

Trends in lung cancer incidence by age, sex and histology from 2012 to 2025 in Catalonia (Spain)

Lung cancer remains one the most common cancers in Europe and ranks first in terms of cancer mortality in both sexes. Incidence rates vary by region and depend above all on the prevalence of tobacco consumption. In this study we describe recent trends in lung cancer incidence by sex, age and histological type in Catalonia and project changes according to histology by 2025. Bayesian age-period-cohort models were used to predict trends in lung cancer incidence according to histological type from 2012 to 2025, using data from the population-based Catalan cancer registries. Data suggest a decrease in the absolute number of new cases in men under the age of 70 years and an increase in women aged 60 years or older. Adenocarcinoma was the most common type in both sexes, while squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma were decreasing significantly among men. In both sexes, the incident cases increased by 16% for patients over 70 years. Increases in adenocarcinoma and rising incidence in elderly patients suggest the need to prioritize strategies based on multidisciplinary teams, which should include geriatric specialists.

Clustering Trend Changes of Lung Cancer Incidence in Europe via the Growth Mixture Model during 1990–2016

Background Lung cancer accounts for half of all deaths from cancer in Europe and has the highest incidence in Southern Europe. The current study aimed to cluster trend changes of lung cancer incidence in Europe via the growth mixture model. Methods The dataset included incidence rates of female and male lung cancer per 100,000 for 42 European countries during 1990–2016 compiled from the Gapminder database. The growth mixture model was implemented to recognize different longitudinal patterns and estimate the linear trend of each pattern in Mplus 7.4 software. Results The observed overall trend of incidence for female and male lung cancer was raising and falling, respectively, and Iceland was the only country with higher incidence of female versus male lung cancer in 2016. The growth mixture model suggests 3 main patterns for the trend of lung cancer incidence both for males and females. In male lung cancer, a sharp decreasing pattern was detected for 6 countries including Belarus, Estonia, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom; also, a moderately decreasing pattern was observed among the other countries. In female lung cancer, a moderate increasing trend was observed for 8 countries including the United Kingdom, Denmark, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Montenegro, Netherlands, and Norway; the other patterns were categorized into two clusters with slow increasing trends. Conclusion Given the raising patterns in the incidence of lung cancer among European females, especially in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Montenegro, Netherlands, and Norway, urgent effective measures are recommended to be taken.

OA10.05 Global Patterns and Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence: A Population-Based Study

OA10.05 Global Patterns and Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence: A Population-Based Study

Global Patterns and Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence: A Population-Based Study

IntroductionLung cancer (LC) has been the most common cancer worldwide for several decades. This study comprehensively examines recent geographic patterns and temporal trends in LC incidence from 1978 to 2012 in 43 countries and evaluates the effects of birth cohort and period on temporal trends. MethodsData were retrieved from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents database. Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort models were applied. ResultsThe age-standardized rate was highest in Turkey (69.3 per 100,000 person-years) for men and in Denmark (36.7) for women in the period 2008 to 2012. Sex disparities were noted in most countries. From 1978 to 2012, a total of 19 countries had significantly declining trends among men, whereas 26 countries had significantly increasing trends among women (all p < 0.05). Quasi-reversed V-shaped and U-shaped incidence rate ratio trends indicating birth cohort effects were detected in 26 countries for men, with the highest risks mainly occurring in the 1930 to 1950 birth cohorts. However, the risks among recent generations have moderately increased in the People’s Republic of China and Japan for men and sharply increased in Lithuania, Belarus, and Republic of Korea for women. Incidence rate ratio increases were steep among earlier birth cohorts and gradual among the post-1930s cohorts in 15 countries for women. Period effects were more evident than birth cohort effects in five countries for both sexes. ConclusionsDisparities in LC incidence and carcinogenic risk persist worldwide. Our findings identified high-risk target populations for primary prevention to reduce the LC incidence and highlighted the urgent need for etiologic studies to identify the reasons for pronounced cohort-specific risk increases in certain countries.

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Lung Cancer in Shenzhen, 2008-2018.

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in China. The incidence trend and geographical distribution of lung cancer in southern China have not been reported. The present study explored the temporal trend and spatial distribution of lung cancer incidence in Shenzhen from 2008 to 2018. The lung cancer incidence data were obtained from the registered population in the Shenzhen Cancer Registry System between 2008 and 2018. The standardized incidence rates of lung cancer were analyzed by using the joinpoint regression model. The Moran’s I method was used for spatial autocorrelation analysis and to further draw a spatial cluster map in Shenzhen. From 2008 to 2018, the average crude incidence rate of lung cancer was 27.1 (1/100,000), with an annual percentage change of 2.7% (p < 0.05). The largest average proportion of histological type of lung cancer was determined as adenocarcinoma (69.1%), and an increasing trend was observed in females, with an average annual percentage change of 14.7%. The spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated some sites in Shenzhen as a high incidence rate spatial clustering area. Understanding the incidence patterns of lung cancer is useful for monitoring and prevention.

The incidence and patterns of lung cancers in Sri Lanka from 2001 to 2010: Analysis of national cancer registry data.

Epidemiological studies carried out on lung cancer have shown varying incidence patterns in Asia. We aimed to examine the trends in lung cancer incidence and patterns in Sri Lanka. All newly diagnosed lung cancer patients in Sri Lanka during 2001-2010 included in the National Cancer Registry were analysed. Trends in incidence were analysed using the Joinpoint regression software. A total of 8482 lung cancer patients (males=6831, 80.5%, mean age: 60.2years) were analysed. The WHO age-standardised incidence rate (ASR) has increased from 3.77 per 100,000 in 2001 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 3.47-4.07) to 5.74 per 100,000 in 2010 (95% CI: 5.38-6.09; a 1.52-fold increase (p<0.05 for trend), with an estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of 5.4 (95% CI: 3.9-7.0). The proportional increase in incidence was higher for females [ASR: 1.2 to 2.3, EAPC=6.8(95% CI: 4.0-9.7)] than males [ASR: 6.6 to 9.55, EAPC=5.2(95% CI: 3.8-6.6)] and with similar patterns. In Sri Lanka, the incidence of lung cancer has shown as increasing trend with a greater proportional rise in females. Although the observed trends could be partly due to better reporting, the greater increase in females who are generally non-smokers is intriguing. Further studies are required to identify reasons for observed incidence trends in lung cancer in Sri Lanka.

Abstract 1191: Divergent trends in lung cancer incidence by histologic subtype in Philippines, 2003-2012: A population-based study

Abstract Introduction. Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer incidence among men and third most frequent case in women in the Philippines. LC incidence rates, overall and by histologic subtype, vary substantially by sex and smoking prevalence. The study aimed to analyze time trends in LC incidence in the Philippines over the 10-year period. There is no published report regarding trends of LC incidence by histologic subtype in the Philippines. Herein, we provide model-based estimates of limited time LC cases by histologic subtype from year 2003-2012. Methodology. Data for calculating LC incidence rates in 2003-2012 were obtained from the nationwide population-based Department of Health- Rizal Cancer Registry. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze trends and estimate annual percentage change (APC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) on LC incidence by histologic subtype, time- period, sex, and geographical location, calculated incidence counts, rates per 100,000 person-years. 2000 - 2015 population used in calculating ASR of LC incidence where taken from Philippines Statistics Authority (PSA), and each annual population from 2003 - 2012 where estimated using exponential function by extrapolation. Results. LC incidence shows increasing average annual rates in the past 10 years, observed rate overall (19.5), male (27.0) and female (12.1). Among LC specified histologic subtype, adenocarcinoma (ADC) contributes highest rate, in men (9.8) and women (5.5), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC), in men (3.6) and women (0.6). Incidence trend declines to both sexes in 2007, and increases thereafter, in men (APC: 13.7, 95% CI: -8.5; 41.3) and women (APC: 14.8, 95% CI: -10.0; 47.4). The highest increase in average annual percentage change (AAPC) among specified LC histologic subtype were observe to ADC, in men (APC: 6.5, 95% CI: -2.2; 16.1) and women (APC: 8.5, 95% CI: -1.4; 19.5). Along with SQCC to women's cohort were also remark high AAPC (APC: 6.7, 95% CI: -4.4; 19.0). From cohort 2003- 2007 carcinoma not otherwise specified which has the foremost number of cases among non-specified histologic subtype eventually decreased by half folds from cohort 2008-2012. In contrast, malignant neoplasm increase doubled in rate from each mentioned year-cohorts. Conclusion. The study revealed divergent LC trends by gender and histologic subtype, which were generally consistent from 2003-2012. Among LC histological subtypes, large increase in incidence was observed for ADC, which both genders showed an increasing trend for 10-year period. LC will always remain a serious public health issue in the Philippines such implementation of National Tobacco Control Policy should be prioritized in preventing smoking initiation and promoting smoking cessation, particularly among men. Citation Format: Jansen Marcos Cambia, Jin Kyoung Oh, Jayson Cagadas Pasaol. Divergent trends in lung cancer incidence by histologic subtype in Philippines, 2003-2012: A population-based study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1191.

Abstract 5761: Trends and regional distribution pattern of female lung cancer in China from 1992 to 2016

Abstract Background: The risk factors of female lung cancer in China are still unclear. The growing trend of lung cancer in Chinese women has become a global concern of public health. This study aims to explore the secular trends and regional distribution of female lung cancer in China. Method: The results of global burden of disease (GBD 2016) and the world standard population database (WHO 2000-2025) were used to extract age- sex- and province-specific incidence, mortality, and years of life lost due to premature death (YLL) for this report. The Joinpoint regression analysis was applied to fit the secular female lung cancer trends of age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and YLL rate for China and its 33 provincial administrative regions in 1992-2016. Result: From 1992 to 2016, the secular trend of female lung cancer incidence in China rose upward and the trend of mortality or rate of YLL fell down. The average annual percent change (AAPC) of the ASIR, ASMR, and YLL rate were 0.7 (95%CI: 0.6,0.8%), -0.3% (95%CI: -0.5, -0.2%), and -0.7 (95%CI: -0.8, -0.6%) respectively. However, the secular trends among 33 provincial units are inconsistent. There were 5 regional patterns of joint trends in ASIR, ASMR, and YLL rate among 33 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities. Conclusion: The regional pattern of the trends of female lung cancer in China suggested that the prevention and control of female lung cancer should be taken with targeted regional interventions. Citation Format: Xue Ni, Bei Zhang, Ning Xu, Xinying Zeng, Qiang Wang. Trends and regional distribution pattern of female lung cancer in China from 1992 to 2016 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5761.

Distinctive lung cancer incidence trends among men and women attributable to the period effect in Shanghai: An analysis spanning 42years.

BackgroundMany previous studies reported secular trend of lung cancer incidence and mortality, but little is known about the possible reasons for these trends.MethodsData were obtained from Shanghai Cancer Registry. Age‐standardized rates were calculated and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) were evaluated by Joinpoint regression. Age, period, and birth cohort effects were assessed by age‐period‐cohort models.ResultsFrom 1973 to 2010, compared with long‐time slowly increasing trend in women, male lung cancer incidence had significantly decreased between 2001 and 2009. After that lung cancer incidence rising sharply in women (AAPC = 14.13%, 95%CI: 2.68%‐26.86%, P = .016) and similar rising trends without statistical significance in men (AAPC = 2.96, 95%CI: −2.47%‐8.69%, P = .281) between 2010 and 2014. Age‐period cohort model showed the different patterns of period effects for lung cancer incidence between men and women. The period effects for lung cancer incidence showed rising effect for women, whereas there was decline effect for lung cancer incidence for men. On the other hand, the model showed a significant period effect in both genders with a similar fashion in mortality, yielding steady falling trends during the entire study period.ConclusionsThe distinctive patterns of lung cancer incidence between men and women may be attributable to significant period effects, which reflected the changes in public health policies or diagnostic practices and highlighted the urgent of continued monitoring of gender‐specific risk factors for lung cancer incidence.

Trends in lung cancer incidence within the last 10 years: An Eastern Anatolian single center experience

Aim: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among men and women, and mortality and morbidity rates vary according to different histological groups. Therefore, histological type determination is extremely important. The purpose of the study is to investigate the histological subtypes of lung cancer cases within the last 10 years in one of the biggest centers of the Eastern Anatolian Region, considering the changes made in the 2015 updates in lung tumors by World Health Organization (WHO), and investigate the relationship between these histological sub-types and distribution according to year, gender and age. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients who were referred for lung biopsy between January 2010 and December 2019 and diagnosed with lung carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Our study shows that the frequency of lung cancer, along with histological subtypes, has increased throughout the years. The most common lung cancer type, regardless of gender, is Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), followed by Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC) and Adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma and SHC were the most common subtypes among females and males, respectively. A significant relationship was observed between gender and histological type (P&lt;0.001).Conclusion: The data from our study suggest that the incidence of lung cancer increased throughout the years, similar to the data from our country and other developing countries around the world. In terms of subtypes, among developing countries, Adenocarcinoma rate increased while SCC rate decreased. In our study, the most common histological types increased at a similar rate. Adenocarcinoma was the most common lung cancer among females, similar to other developing countries. The most common lung cancer overall remained the same: SCC. This was considered an indication of the unchanged smoking habits of males.

Lung Cancer Incidence in Nonmetropolitan and Metropolitan Counties - United States, 2007-2016.

Lung and bronchus (lung) cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States (1). In 2016, 148,869 lung cancer deaths were reported.* Most lung cancers can be attributed to modifiable exposures, such as tobacco use, secondhand smoke, radon, and asbestos (1). Exposure to lung cancer risk factors vary over time and by characteristics such as sex, age, and nonmetropolitan or metropolitan residence that might affect lung cancer rates (1,2). A recent report found that lung cancer incidence rates were higher and decreased more slowly in nonmetropolitan counties than in metropolitan counties (3). To examine whether lung cancer incidence trends among nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties differed by age and sex, CDC analyzed data from U.S. Cancer Statistics during 2007-2016, the most recent years for which data are available. During the 10-year study period, lung cancer incidence rates were stable among females aged <35, 45-64, and ≥75 years in nonmetropolitan counties, were stable among females aged <35 years in metropolitan counties, and decreased in all other groups. Overall, among males, lung cancer incidence rates decreased from 99 to 82 per 100,000 in nonmetropolitan areas and from 83 to 63 in metropolitan areas; among females, lung cancer incidence rates decreased from 61 to 58 in nonmetropolitan areas and from 57 to 50 in metropolitan areas. A comprehensive approach to lung cancer prevention and control includes such population-based strategies as screening for tobacco dependence, promoting tobacco cessation, implementing comprehensive smoke-free laws, testing all homes for radon and using proven methods to lower high radon levels, and reducing exposure to lung carcinogens such as asbestos (1). Increasing the implementation of these strategies, particularly among persons living in nonmetropolitan counties, might help to reduce disparities in the decline of lung cancer incidence.

Are U.S. lung cancer mortality rates converging?

This study considers whether lung cancer death rates are converging in the United States. Using annual data for the contiguous U.S. states during 1968–2016, the findings indicate the occurrence of β -convergence in lung cancer deaths among various demographic groups. The convergence is more prevalent in the Midwest, non-Black Belt region, and non-coastal states. Given the declining trends in lung cancer incidence and death rates, such a convergence implies an improvement in lung cancer prevention strategies of the states that were not doing quite well in the past. The findings have important policy implications regarding the dissemination of lung cancer prevention strategies across specific groups and regions.

Incidence, mortality and associated costs of lung cancer in the Mexican Institute of Social Security.

To describe temporal trends in lung cancer incidence, mortality and associated health care costs in the Mexican Institute of Social Security. . Incident cases were estimated from hospital discharges in 276 IMSS hospitals between 2006 and 2016. Crude and adjusted mortality rates were calculated. The costs of outpatient and inpatient treatment were calculated based on the medical-technical costs of reference o standard cost. Both incidence and mortality had a decreased time trend. The cost of medical care for the 2 539 patients in 2017 was 42 million US dollars, with an average cost per patient of 16 537 US dollars. The cost per annum of disability pensions is 97.2 million pesos. It is likely that the reduction of the risk of getting sick and dying from lung cancer in IMSS affiliates is due to the control measures of tobacco smoke. It is still necessary to establish strategies to diagnose and treat patients in early stages.

Correlation of Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality with Internet Search Data in US States: 2004 to 2018

Background: Internet search data reflect population's concern on health topics in near-real time and can serve as an supplementary metric of disease characteristics. We present a detailed analysis of the association among Google relative search volumes (RSV), lung cancer incidence and mortality rates in the United State. We forecast the trends of lung cancer on this basis. Methods: We obtained RSV of lung cancer from Google Trends. We collected incidence and mortality rates from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We further created a smoothed time series of RSV so as to eliminate the effects of irregular changes and obtain the long-term trend. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of original Google RSV data and disease metrics at the national and state level. We also performed a analysis of the decomposed RSV and disease metrics. Findings: Trend of lung cancer related internet searches is consistent with the trend of lung cancer incidence nationally. Ohio had the highest RSV. At the state level, the RSV is statistically significantly correlated with lung cancer incidence in 42 regions, with correlation ranging from 0.578 to 0.943. RSV is also statistically significantly correlated with mortality in 47 regions. Both the lung cancer incidence and mortality were correlated with decomposed RSV in 50 regions, except Vermont. Interpretation: Internet searches indeed reflect public awareness of cancer. Research on internet search behaviors could offer an innovative and timely approach to monitoring and estimating lung cancer incidence and mortality. Funding Statement: This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (#91746205). Declaration of Interests: The authors state: None declared. Ethics Approval Statement: Not required.