Global Warming Trend Research Articles

Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière (Pyralidae, Phycitinae): An Emerging Grapevine Pest in Greece

The honeydew moth, Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is native to the Mediterranean Basin. However, it has recently been reported as an emerging grapevine pest in southern European Union countries and in the Middle East, North Africa, and South America. This may be attributed to the global warming trends. In this brief communication, we present the first documented cases of honeydew moth infestation of grapevine in Greece, specifically in two organic vineyards in the Regional Unit of Drama in Northeastern Greece in 2024. Notably, the infestations were limited to the late-ripening grape cultivar ‘Xinomavro’, harvested in October, while other cultivars such as ‘Assyrtiko’, ‘Malagousia’, ‘Cabernet sauvignon’, ‘Sauvignon blanc’, ‘Limniona’, ‘Chardonnay’, and ‘Agiorgitiko’, harvested in late August and early September, showed no signs of infestation. This suggests that the actual impact of C. gnidiella in Greece may be underestimated, as previous late summer infestations of lepidopteran larvae in vineyards were likely misattributed to L. botrana. We discuss the potential implications and concerns regarding the occurrence and management of this pest in Greece.

Critical Role of Area Weighting on Estimated Long-Term Global Warming and Heat Wave Trends

Regular longitude-latitude grids are commonly used in reanalysis and climate prediction model datasets. However, this approach can disproportionately represent high-latitude regions if simple averaging is applied, leading to overestimation of their contribution. To explore the impact of Earth’s curvature on global warming and heat wave frequency, this study analyzed 450 years of surface temperature data (1850–2300) from a climate prediction model. When area weighting was applied, the global average temperature for the 1850–2300 period was found to be 8.2 °C warmer than in the unweighted case, due to the reduced influence of colder temperatures in high latitudes. Conversely, the global warming trend for the weighted case was 0.276 °C per decade, compared to 0.330 °C per decade for the unweighted case, reflecting a moderation of the polar amplification trend. While unweighted models projected a 317% increase in the frequency of global heat waves above 35 °C by 2300 compared to 1850, the weighted models suggested this frequency might be overestimated by up to 5.4%, particularly due to reduced weighting for subtropical deserts relative to tropical regions. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for Earth’s curvature in climate models to enhance the accuracy of climate change projections.

Mixed matrix membrane formation with porous metal–organic nanomaterials for CO2 capture and separation: A critical review

Due to the increasingly severe global warming trend, the reduction of CO2 emission and carbon capture have attracted growing interest. The separation of CO2 from gas mixtures, especially from point source and the atmosphere, is considered as one of the most important strategies for mitigating climate change. Porous metal–organic nanomaterials (PNMs), including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) have been extensively investigated in the fields of carbon capture, catalysts, sensors, biomedical imaging and gas storage. Their inherent pores, diverse surface function groups and potential modification possiblities make them competitive carbon capture materials. This review will introduce detailed scientific and technological advancements in PNMs and explain their fitness for carbon capture and separation, followed by the fabrication and application of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with PNMs. The current challenges appreared and solutions to improve the MMMs’ CO2 separation performance will also be stressed.

Wildfire smoke and health impacts: a narrative review.

Air pollution emission associated with wildfires is a global concern, contributing to air quality deterioration and severely impacting public health. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of wildfire smoke (WFS) characteristics and associated impacts on adults' and children's health. Literature review based on a bibliographic survey in PubMed (National Library of Medicine, United States), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and Google Scholar databases. Observational, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and review studies were considered, prioritizing peer-reviewed articles published in the last 10 years (2014-2024). Wildfire smoke (WFS) contributes to the deterioration of air quality, resulting in increased exposure to air pollution especially in wildland-urban interfaces. WFS contains particulate matter (PM) in a range of sizes and chemical compositions, as well as multiple toxic gasses. The health impacts of WFS are systemic, affecting the respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. Exposure to WFS is associated with inflammatory and oxidative stress, DNA damage, epigenetic modulations, and stress-disorders in adults and children. Children may be at an increased risk of WFS respiratory impacts, due to their smaller airways and developing lungs. Wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity, resulting in thousands of premature deaths and hospitalizations worldwide, each year. Preventive measures against wildfire spread must be reinforced, considering the increasing trends of global warming and extreme weather events. Adaptation strategies should be undertaken especially in wildland-urban interface regions, including the improvement of early warning systems, improvement of health care facilities and household preparedness and promotion of risk communication campaigns.

Влияние климатических условий на вспышечную заболеваемость лихорадки Западного Нила на территории Российской Федерации в аспекте неспецифической профилактики заболевания

According to Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring forecast, climatic conditions in Russia will stick to global warming trend which will contribute to further spread of WNV onto the northern areas. The ongoing changes of climatic conditions towards warming predetermine high probability of further WNV circulation in the environment and emergence of infection cases. Comparison of atmospheric air temperatures and abundance of precipitation with the incidence of West Nile virus (WNV) in Russia showed a direct correlation between them: the more precipitation and the higher spring-summer air temperatures, the higher the risk of WNV infection among the population. According to the data obtained from the Reference Centre for monitoring over WNV pathogen, WNV markers were detected in the territory of 61 constituent entities of the Russian Federation throughout the period of observation in 1999–2023 which testified to the existence of potential risk of human exposure during epidemic season in most of the parts of country. The climatic factor determines the probability of an outbreak developing in a certain area during a specific period of time. Disinsection treatments in the foci of LZN should be carried out every 2–3 weeks with adjustments for reliable and operational weather forecasts of Roshydromet in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Keywords: West Nile fever, West Nile virus, epidemic situation, non-specific prevention.

Studying the Impact of LULC Correspondence Between Landsat 8 and Spot 7 Data on Land Surface Temperature Estimation

Information about land surface temperature (LST) plays a crucial role in environmental studies, as it provides essential data for understanding climate patterns, assessing ecosystem health, and predicting environmental changes. Understanding the relationship between land cover types and LST is crucial across all disciplines that deal with LST data. It helps researchers identify trends in global warming, heatwaves, and cooling effects, which can influence biodiversity, agriculture, and water resources. The accuracy of LST calculations heavily depends on the quality of the data used. However, most satellite thermal data used for LST estimations are in coarse spatial resolution. This study aims to explore the complex interaction between land cover types, considering factors such as proportion and neighboring effects, and LST recalculation by integrating the estimated LST from Landsat thermal band and Spot imagery classification. A machine learning model was employed to quantify the contribution of each Spot pixel to the LST estimated from TIRS data, classifying it as either heating or cooling. The Al Morjan and Al Hamra districts in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, were used as case studies. The results showed that Spot images achieved a classification accuracy of over 95%, whereas Landsat images did not exceed 77%. The average heating and cooling factors from neighboring pixels were 1.06 and 0.96, respectively. The study demonstrates the improved spatial distribution of LST, with overall temperature increases across all land cover classes. The findings of this study could aid in identifying environmental imbalances and developing effective solutions.

Analysis of Unbearable Pressures on The Great Barrier Reef Ecosystem

Under the trend of global warming, coral reef ecosystems are under stress beyond the scope of the system to repair itself. The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) ecosystem, as the most representative coral reef ecosystem, is facing difficulties such as coral bleaching and reduced coral abundance due to excessive stressors. Based on the existing scientific research results and relevant experimental data, the existing stressors and their consequent impacts in the GBR ecosystem were reviewed. At present, the coral reef ecosystem in the GBR can be surveyed and clearly affected by three human-induced stressors: water quality, overfishing, and climate change. Water pollution from agriculture, industry and tourism surrounding the GBR ecosystem has led to a decrease in the ecosystem's energy supply and an increase in the prevalence of Marine life. Overfishing has resulted in the removal of vital roles that maintain the GBR ecosystem from the GBR ecosystem, limiting the productivity of the reef ecosystem. Climate change is hitting calcium-dependent Marine life in the GBR ecosystem and reducing the reproductive success of Marine life. The better understanding of the stressors coral reef ecosystems is facing can help us in our efforts to protect coral reef ecosystems in the future and help the organisms in the coral reef ecosystems adapting environmental changes brought by global warming, while bring down the influence of human activities on the ecosystem through policies.

Assessing the environmental footprint of microalgae biofuel production: A comparative analysis of cultivation and harvesting scenarios

This study investigated the impact of fixed combinations of three flocculants and four buoy-beads under two cultivation systems on the harvesting efficiency, as well as the environmental performance in different scenarios. Results showed that the harvesting efficiency exhibited a tendency of initially increasing and then decreasing with rising concentrations of buoy-beads and flocculants, with an optimal harvesting efficiency of 98.03 %. Life cycle assessment (LCA) compared the environmental performance of five scenarios. Ecotoxicity Soil Chronic (ESC) and Aquatic Eutrophication EP(P) (AEP(P)) were major environmental impacts. The scenario employing re-frying oil emulsion (RFOE) and aluminum sulfate flocculation (R+A) contributed significantly to Human Toxicity Water (HTW) and Aquatic Eutrophication EP(N) (AEP(N)) with normalized values of 0.0137 and 0.0147, respectively. In the assessment of Global Warming Potential (GWP), R+A was responsible for a high amount of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions (2.826 kg CO2 eq/100 g of dry algal biomass in photobioreactor (PBR) and 2.917 kg CO2 eq/ 100 g of dry algal biomass in open raceway ponds (ORP)). Notably, sodium alginate microspheres (SAMs) and aluminum sulfate flocculation (S+A) was considered a more environmentally favorable option, 0.773 kg CO2 eq and 0.864 kg CO2 eq GHG emissions of PBR and ORP, respectively. Furthermore, the less GHG emissions of PBR than ORP, making it a more effective solution for reducing emissions and mitigating global warming trends.

Spatial benefit assessment and marine climate response of coastal zone in Fujian Province under cross-system influence.

To gain a scientific understanding of the cross-system impact of coastal zones and promote the sustainable development and protection of coastal areas, we constructed a spatial benefit evaluation system that encompassed both terrestrial and marine systems, focusing on the ecological, economic, and social dimensions. We employed the entropy method, moving average method, and Mann-Kendall trend test to quantitatively characterize the spatial benefits of the coastal zone in Fujian Province, China, and the evolution of the marine climate from 2005 to 2020. Building on this, the grey relational analysis method was applied to investigate the correlation between spatial benefits and marine climate and to explore the trends and magnitude of the impact of marine climate on spatial benefits. During the study period, the spatial benefits of the coastal zone in Fujian Province exhibited a fluctuating pattern of an initial increase followed by a decrease, with spatial benefits varying among cities. The role of the economic system in enhancing spatial benefits was not considerable. Changes in the marine climate aligned with the global warming trend, with the most considerable changes observed in sea level and tropical cyclone frequency and intensity, which are sensitive to human activities. There was a high degree of correlation between coastal zone spatial benefits and marine climate, with seawater salinity being most closely related to spatial benefits, while tropical cyclones showed the weakest correlation. The results of this study support sustainable development efforts in coastal zones.

Exploring Cool Pavement Technologies: A Lab-Based Experimental Analysis of Temperature and Reflectivity

Urban heat islands (UHI) have become an increasingly pressing issue owing to the global warming trend and a steady growth of urban areas. Revegetation, shading, or the reduction of sealed surfaces is not always possible in cities. Therefore, one way to fight UHIs is through adapting currently used pavements. This study assesses the thermal behavior of 12 different pavement materials in a custom-made test stand. The materials include mastic asphalt ( MA 8, MA 8 white), porous asphalt ( PA 4, PA 4 abraded, PA 4 white, PA 8, PA 8 abraded, PA 8 white), asphalt concrete ( AC 11 transparent, AC 8 yellow), and semi-flexible pavements ( SFP 8, SFP 8 zeolite). The albedo was assessed using pyranometer. Sensors and thermal imaging were used to measure temperatures during two simulated heat cycles. Both the temperatures underneath the test specimens and at the surface were considered, as well as the cooling times of the materials. The results showed high maximum temperatures for PA and MA, as well as low maxima for the white painted materials, with differences in maxima of up to 15°C. Porous asphalt, like PA 8, cools faster than MA 8 from roughly 47°C to 28°C, taking 3.7 h compared with MA 8’s 5.1 h. This highlights the importance of considering cooling times and regional solar phases in experimental setups. Through the wide range of tested materials, a significant linear correlation between the measured albedo and surface temperature was proven. Ultimately, a foundation for thermal comparability between these materials was established.

East Asian monsoon and Pacific basin dynamics jointly regulate boreal winter marine cold spells in the Taiwan Strait

Marine cold spells (MCSs), characterized by pronounced seawater temperature declines, are representative marine responses to atmospheric and climatic extremes. Notably, during the boreal winter, MCSs in the Taiwan Strait (TS) have caused substantial economic losses due to the concurrence of juvenile development stages in mariculture and labor shortages during China’s New Year vacation. Understanding the spatio-temporal features of MCSs and the underlying mechanisms is imperative for mitigating the associated economic detriments. This study, for the first time, delineates two MCS hotspots in the northeastern and western TS, based on various sea surface temperature datasets. Our findings reveal a notable frequency and intensity of MCSs in the 1980s, followed by a period of suppressed phase, reaching a historic low point in 2002. However, contrary to expectations of the overall trend of global warming, MCSs have experienced a resurgence since 2002, with a pronounced focus on the western coast of the TS. Diagnostic analyses suggest that the Winter East Asian Monsoon-driven cold current and the Pacific basin scale dynamic-forced warm current jointly regulated the spatio-temporal features of the MCSs. This study contributes a novel perspective on the impacts of climate change on extreme marine events along subtropical coastal areas.

Research on comprehensive assessment of coastal erosion intensity based on multi index method

The intensity of coastal erosion is a measure of the strength of erosion processes affecting coastal areas. Traditionally, assessments of coastal erosion intensity have relied on singular indices, such as the rate of shoreline retreat or erosion, often prioritizing higher rates over lower ones. This approach, however, lacks comprehensive consideration and scientific rigor. In this study, we adopt a more holistic approach by examining the Qionghai-Wanning coast on the eastern side of Hainan Island. We selected four indices that reflect local conditions and influence coastal erosion strength: Annual rate of shoreline change (T1), Beach annual down-cutting rate (T2), Beach slope (T3), Average particle size of the beach (T4). These indices were used to comprehensively evaluate the erosion intensity of the Qionghai-Wanning coast. The evaluation results categorized the study area into six grades: serious erosion (3.45%), strong erosion (6.90%), erosion (20.69%), micro erosion (44.38%), stabilization (20.69%), and accretion (3.45%). The findings indicate that, under the broader environmental trends of global warming and rising sea levels, most sandy coasts exhibit micro-erosion intensity. Areas experiencing strong and serious erosion are predominantly influenced by human activities, such as those occurring in promenade bays, artificial islands, and harbors. To further understand the relationship between these factors and erosion intensity, we employed the Spearman correlation coefficient method. The analysis revealed that the T1 and the T2 are the primary factors influencing coastal erosion intensity, with the T4 serving as a secondary factor. These factors collectively impact the force and energy absorption of the coast through wave and tidal actions, ultimately determining the intensity of coastal erosion. The multi-index assessment method for coastal erosion intensity demonstrated an accuracy of 82.75%, providing a scientific basis for the management, protection, and restoration of coastal areas.

The Israeli Water Policy and Its Challenges During Times of Emergency

In a time of growing climate crisis, and despite the global warming trend, Israeli citizens routinely enjoy a regular constant supply of clean fresh water thanks to local desalination plants. Establishment of the desalination plants has become a model of water management for many countries in an era of growing climate crisis. At the same time, Israel’s water sector is faced with challenges and threats related to earthquakes, various states of warfare, and security confrontations. In such times of emergency, Israel’s water sector is particularly vulnerable to disruptions of the water infrastructure and its adequate operation by both contamination of the water sources and damage to the desalination plants. This study examines the challenges of the Israeli water sector that require it to contend with these emergency situations in an era of reliance on desalination plants. The research findings lead to the conclusion that public policy on managing the water sector, manifested in the development and establishment of water desalination plants, has resolved Israel’s water crisis, put an end to its dependency on the amount of precipitation and on natural water sources, and allowed for an increase in water production to match the rise in consumption. Nonetheless, as successful as this public policy may be, it does not consider the possibility of extreme scenarios and does not develop the entire range of steps necessary to confront them, and thus it undermines the ability of the Israeli water sector to provide its citizens with water in times of emergency.

Dengue Dynamics: Modelling Spread and Environmental Interactions

The objective of this study is to analyze the behavior of dengue fever in the city of La Plata during one year, considering temperature as an environmental factor, its influence on the mosquito population and the transmission of the DENV virus (which causes dengue fever, also known as dengue fever). To become aware of the magnitude of the problem in the future, and using the temperature estimated by the global warming trend, we sought to project an increase in average annual temperatures for the coming years, and thus estimate the impact on the spread of dengue fever. The Netlogo simulation tool was used to model the behavior of a mosquito population and the spread of the dengue virus through contact with the human population. Using official data from the National Meteorological Service, a scenario of spread was simulated for the period November 2022-November 2023, and the increase in temperature due to climate change was projected to simulate how it affects the spread of the virus and the mosquito population, maintaining the same trend for 2024, 2025 and 2030. It was concluded that climate change may generate an expansion in both the size of mosquito populations and their annual activity, leading to the appearance of dengue outbreaks outside the identified warmer seasons.

Dynamic behavior and transfer characteristics of CO2-enriched bubbles within Spirulina sp. suspension under various aeration conditions using the high-speed imaging technique

The biological CO2 fixation method through microalgae photosynthesis has received considerable attention to alleviate the trend of global warming. CO2-enriched gas is generally aerated into the microalgae suspension in the form of bubbles through the gas distributors. Dynamic behavior and transfer characteristics of CO2-enriched bubbles are crucial to microalgae cells growth and CO2 bio-fixation. A visual experimental system based on the high-speed camera was constructed in this work to obtain the dynamic behavior and transfer characteristics of CO2-enriched bubbles within Spirulina sp. suspension. CO2-enriched bubbles movement and dissolution characteristics were comprehensively investigated under various CO2 concentrations, gas distributor aperture size, aeration rates, and Spirulina sp. biomass densities. Experimental results indicate that the optimal CO2 dissolution mass transfer and absorption rate were attained under the CO2 concentration of 5 %, gas distributor aperture diameter of 10 μm, and aeration rate of 0.1–0.3 vvm. Moreover, as Spirulina sp. biomass density increased, the bubble average diameter decreased, and rising velocity slowed while the volumetric mass transfer coefficient and CO2 absorption rate elevated. To summarize, this work may guide future efforts to enhance the photobioreactors (PBRs) performance from the perspective of aeration conditions optimization.

Comparative Physiological, Biochemical, and Leaf Proteome Responses of Contrasting Wheat Varieties to Drought Stress.

Drought stress severely affects crop productivity and threatens food security. As current trends of global warming are predicted to exacerbate droughts, developing drought-resilient crops becomes urgent. Here, we used the drought-tolerant (BW35695) and drought-sensitive (BW4074) wheat varieties to investigate the physiological, biochemical, and leaf proteome responses underpinning drought tolerance. In response to drought, the tolerant variety had higher osmolyte accumulation and maintained higher leaf water content than the sensitive variety. BW35695 also had an enhanced antioxidant enzyme capacity and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in diminished membrane lipid damage, as reflected by malondialdehyde content. Proteomic analysis revealed that drought-induced differential expression of proteins involved in diverse biological processes in both wheat varieties, including primary and secondary metabolism, protein synthesis/folding/degradation, defense/ROS detoxification, energy, transcription, and cell structure. Notably, photosynthesis emerged as the most enriched biochemical process targeted for suppression in the drought-tolerant BW35695 wheat, but not in drought-sensitive BW4074, possibly as a survival strategy for averting cell damage inflicted by photosynthesis-derived ROS. Additionally, protein synthesis-related proteins were highly upregulated in BW35695, presumably to drive cell-wide stress-adaptive responses. The protein network identified here will be useful in further studies to understand the molecular basis for divergent drought response phenotypes in crops.

A climate change signal in the tropical Pacific emerges from decadal variability.

The eastern tropical Pacific has defied the global warming trend. There has been a debate about whether this observed trend is forced or natural (i.e., the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation; IPO) and this study shows that there are two patterns, one that oscillates along with the IPO, and one that is emerging since the mid-1950s, herein called the Pacific Climate Change (PCC) pattern. Here we show these have distinctive and distinguishable atmosphere-ocean signatures. While the IPO features a meridionally broad wedge-shaped SST pattern, the PCC pattern is marked by a narrow equatorial cooling band. These different SST patterns are related to distinct wind-driven ocean dynamical processes. We further show that the recent trends during the satellite era are a combination of IPO and PCC. Our findings set a path to distinguish climate change signals from internal variability through the underlying dynamics of each.

Emergent constraints on future Amazon climate change-induced carbon loss using past global warming trends

Reducing uncertainty in the response of the Amazon rainforest, a vital component of the Earth system, to future climate change is crucial for refining climate projections. Here we demonstrate an emergent constraint (EC) on the future response of the Amazon carbon cycle to climate change across CMIP6 Earth system models. Models that overestimate past global warming trends, tend to estimate hotter and drier future Amazon conditions, driven by northward shifts of the intertropical convergence zone over the Atlantic Ocean, causing greater Amazon carbon loss. The proposed EC changes the mean CMIP6 Amazon climate-induced carbon loss estimate (excluding CO2 fertilisation and land-use change impacts) from −0.27 (−0.59–0.05) to −0.16 (−0.42–0.10) GtC year−1 at 4.4 °C warming level, reducing the variance by 34%. This study implies that climate-induced carbon loss in the Amazon rainforest by 2100 is less than thought and that past global temperature trends can be used to refine regional carbon cycle projections.

Spatiotemporal changes and background atmospheric factors associated with forest fires in Turkiye.

In this study, spatiotemporal analysis of forest fires in Turkiye was undertaken, with a specific focus on the large-scale atmospheric systems responsible for causing these fires. For this purpose, long-term variations in forest fires were classified based on the occurrence types (i.e. natural/lightning, negligence/inattention, arson, accident, unknown). The role of large-scale atmospheric circulations causing natural originated forest fires was investigated using NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis sea level pressure, and surface wind products for the selected episodes. According to the main results, Mediterranean (MeR), Aegean (AR), and Marmara (MR) regions of Turkiye are highly susceptible to forest fires. Statistically significant number of forest fires in the MeR and MR regions are associated with global warming trend of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin. In monthly distribution, forest fires frequently occur in the MeR part of Turkiye during September, August, and June months, respectively, and heat waves are responsible for forest fires in 2021. As a consequence of the extending summer Asiatic monsoon to the inner parts of Turkiye and the location of Azores surface high over Balkan Peninsula result in atmospheric blocking and associated calm weather conditions in the MeR (e.g. Mugla and Antalya provinces). When this blocking continues for a long time, southerly winds on the back slopes of the Taurus Mountains create a foehn effect, calm weather conditions and lack of moisture in the soil of Antalya and Mugla settlements trigger the formation of forest fires.

Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development: The Global and Indian Perspective

The paper aims to discuss about the historic trend of global warming and greenhouse gas emission since the late 18th century due to widespread use of fossil fuels and industrial processes. This paper provides an overview of rise of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), and other gases and their contribution in warming the global temperature in the prior and later period of industrial revolution. Highlighting the relationship between greenhouse gas emission and human activities that has resulted in significant challenges to the global ecosystems that includes severe and frequent heatwaves, altered precipitation patterns, melting of glaciers, rising of sea level, along with the backward economies facing disproportionate risks and challenges in water resources, food scarcity due to draughts and high temperature as well as health issues due to low productivity and slow development. Hence, considering the problems faced by the societies worldwide, it is essential to have cooperative strategies with local, national and international agencies to implement effective mitigation measures and adaptation schemes so that the societies could foster resilience, mitigate risks and work towards a sustainable future.