Trends In Tobacco Consumption Research Articles

Diferencias de género en la evolución del tabaquismo adolescente en España (1986-2002)

This work pursues two objectives: 1) to analyse time trends in tobacco consumption among Spanish schoolchildren aged 11, 13, 15 and 17 for the period 1986-2002; and 2) to study the evolution of gender differences regarding tobacco consumption in each of these age groups throughout this period. On the basis of a research with a sequential cross-sectional design, data were collected in four nation-wide studies (in 1986, 1990, 1994 and 2002), using representative samples of Spanish schoolchildren. The sub-samples used for this paper add up 14,570 subjects (51.2% girls and 48.8% boys). The analysis of temporal trends has been performed separately for each gender, within each age group. Among 11-year-olds, a growing homogeneity between genders concerning tobacco consumption has been proved, with a general trend to a decrease in the problem. Among 13-year-olds, time trends are very similar to 11-year-olds, except for the period 1994-2002, where there has been an increase in the prevalence of smoking among girls. As for the 15 and 17-year-olds, a growing differentiation between genders has been proved, with a marked rising tendency among girls in all aspects studied. Regarding boys of those ages, the situation is relatively stable since 1990. The spreading of this problem among girls will probably strengthen in the future the current trend toward an increase in tobacco consumption among Spanish adult women.

Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption among Australian Police Officers: 1989 to 2005

Lifestyle factors represent a significant occupational health issue for law enforcement personnel around the world. Despite this fact, longitudinal investigations of alcohol and tobacco consumption trends among them are rarely undertaken, particularly on a national basis. The aim of the current study therefore, was to examine the changing nature of high-risk alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking habits among a nationally representative sample of Australian police officers, for what appears to be the first time. Data pertaining to law enforcement personnel were extracted from four National Health Surveys conducted in Australia between 1989 and 2005. A referent group was also formulated for the same time periods. Results from this investigation suggest that the proportion of Australian police who consume alcohol at high rates is slowly declining in recent years. On the other hand, tobacco consumption among them has remained relatively stable, with around one-fifth of Australian police still smoking in 2004–05. Law enforcement is clearly a high-stress occupation when compared with other jobs, and the impact of workplace issues continues to influence lifestyle factors beyond the work environment. This unique facet ensures that alcohol and tobacco consumption will remain an important occupational health issue for police management in future years. As the retention of healthy, experienced law enforcement personnel is essential for the smooth functioning of any police force, additional research and management efforts should focus on the continued reduction of these detrimental lifestyle factors.

Longitudinal trends of alcohol and tobacco consumption among Australian physicians and nurses, 1989–2005

Aim: This study examined alcohol and tobacco consumption trends among a national sample of Australian health care workers between 1989 and 2005.Method: Alcohol and tobacco smoking data specific for physicians and nurses was obtained during four national health surveys. Data were analysed by alcohol consumption level, tobacco smoking status, job category and year of study. The relative risk of substance use between physicians, nurses and the general Australian population was also evaluated.Results: The proportion of Australian physicians and nurses with risky alcohol consumption habits appears to have fluctuated over time, particularly among nurses. Although tobacco smoking among Australian nurses has declined in recent years, the relatively low proportion of physician smokers remained fairly stable over the same time period. Both professional groups were considerably less likely to use tobacco when compared with the general population.Conclusion: This study provides one of the first clear insights into longitudinal substance use trends among Australian health care workers during the past 17 years. A sustained reduction in alcohol and tobacco use must continue in future, so that they remain exemplars at the forefront of anti‐substance abuse programmes in the community.

Annual per Capita Apparent Consumption of Tobacco Products in the United States: 1900–1990

Background. Analyses of secular trends in tobacco consumption can provide evidence of potential tobacco-disease relationships and have utility in terms of public health projections and policy. The purpose of this project was to provide a unique set of continuous apparent tobacco product consumption estimates for the United States over the period spanning 1900 through 1990.Methods. Two U.S. Department of Agriculture data sources provide information on long-term apparent tobacco consumption in the United States; however, differences exist between these data sets. The consumption estimates in these reports were adjusted to a common population base. A 9-year overlap of the data sets was then used to calibrate one data series to the other using inverse regression. Predicted tobacco consumption estimates for the years 1900 through 1944 were then combined with the adjusted 1945–1990 data.Results. Inverse regression showed a strong linear relationship between the two U.S. Department of Agriculture summaries for each tobacco product during the 9-year overlap period. A continuous set of annual per capita tobacco consumption estimates is reported by product for the United States.Conclusions. The two U.S. Department of Agriculture reports can be combined to provide a history of tobacco product consumption in the United States over the period 1900–1990.

Trends in tobacco consumption in Tunisia

Because tobacco-related diseases are a growing health problem, we assessed tobacco smoking in Tunisia since 1970 using different sources. The average consumption of tobacco calculated over the period of 10 years (1981-90) was 1493 g per person and per year; equivalent of 75 packets of cigarettes. Cigarettes are the most popular form of tobacco smoking. Cigarette smoking increased from 1981 to 1993 but since has decreased slightly. According to a national study of respiratory diseases conducted in 1996, the current prevalence of tobacco smoking is 30.4% for both sexes: around 52% for males and 6% for females. Average consumption is 17.7 cigarettes/day, irrespective of sex. For young people, the prevalence is 29.21%: 50% for males and 3.9% for females. Young people who attend school smoke less than those who do not (18.1% versus 38.4%). Most started smoking between 14 years and 18 years.

Projected mortality from lung cancer in South Korea, 1980-2004.

In recent years, mortality from lung cancer has increased rapidly in Korea, a South East Asian country with a high prevalence of smoking. The objectives of this study are to examine how age, period, and birth cohort effects contributed to trends in lung cancer mortality in Korea 1980-1994, and to predict lung cancer mortality rates for 1995-2004. Age- and sex-specific lung cancer mortality rates were obtained from annual reports of the National Office of Statistics in Korea. Poisson regression models were used to estimate age, period and cohort effects. Among men, age-adjusted annual mortality rates from lung cancer (per 100000) increased from 3.7 in 1980 to 17.8 in 1994; corresponding rates for women were 1.4 and 7.0. As age increased, mortality rates from lung cancer increased more rapidly in men than in women. Within the same age group, the mortality of younger cohorts was higher than older cohorts. The average annual number of lung cancer deaths projected for the years 2000-2004 among men and women will be 15441 and 3572 respectively, while the average annual age-adjusted mortality rates from lung cancer (per 100000) will be 65.4 for men and 15.1 for women. These rates correspond to 17.7- and 10.7-fold increases over the 1980 mortality rates in men and women, respectively. These results, in conjunction with trends in tobacco consumption, indicate that mortality from lung cancer in both men and women will increase substantially through the early part of the 21st century in Korea.

Environmental factors can confound identification of a major gene effect: results from a segregation analysis of a simulated population of lung cancer families.

Proper control of environmental factors can be crucial to the identification of genes that influence susceptibility to a complex trait, especially for a trait such as lung cancer, for which the environmental factor (smoking) accounts for a significant etiologic fraction of the disease. An earlier segregation analysis of 337 Louisiana families, which incorporated direct measure of tobacco consumption, provided evidence for autosomal codominant inheritance of a major gene that influenced age at onset of lung cancer. Subsequent analyses were performed in which the families were stratified into two subsets based on birth cohort of the proband; results suggested the presence of heterogeneity that were postulated to reflect the influence of cohort trends in tobacco consumption. To evaluate this hypothesis further, we simulated a population of three-generation pedigrees in which an autosomal dominant mode of susceptibility to lung cancer was transmitted, but tobacco use varied across generations corresponding to published trends in smoking. A total of 200,000 individuals in families of various sizes, ages, and cigarette smoking habits were simulated from 1900 to 1980. From this population, 324 families (2,405 individuals) with 380 cases of lung cancer were ascertained through 328 lung cancer probands. Complex segregation analysis was performed using the REGTL program of S.A.G.E. in which pack-years of tobacco exposure were incorporated directly into the likelihood calculations. Although the no major gene, environmental, and Mendelian recessive hypotheses were rejected, both dominant and codominant transmission provided a good fit to the data. Thus in a population of simulated families with autosomal dominant susceptibility to lung cancer, intergenerational differences in tobacco consumption led to the detection of autosomal codominant transmission as an acceptable hypothesis. These results underscore the potential danger of segregation analysis of complex traits in which exposure to known environmental influences may differ across generations.

Cancer of the lung and urinary bladder in Denmark, 1943?87: a cohort analysis

National data from 1943 to 1987 on the two most frequent tobacco-related cancers in Denmark, lung and bladder cancer, were analyzed with multiplicative Poisson models. The temporal trends in the cohort-specific risks for both sites and sexes were similar: the risks increased in the beginning of the period covered by the analysis, but then levelled off; and there was no increase among cohorts born after circa 1930. Women experienced a smaller increase during the period covered by the analysis in the cohort-specific risk for bladder cancer than men (3.7 cf 6.1 times), whereas the overall increase in lung-cancer cohort-specific risk was the same for both sexes. The difference could not be explained by trends in tobacco consumption, types of tobacco consumed, or occupational exposures. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that women may be less susceptible than men to developing bladder cancer from tobacco smoking.

Time trends of tobacco smoking, air pollution, and lung cancer in Athens

Athens is a city with a serious air pollution problem which has existed for more than 20 years. To evaluate whether air pollution has affected lung cancer incidence (and hence, mortality) in the population of Athens we have compared standardized lung mortality between Athens and the rest of Greece taking into account the tobacco consumption trends in the respective populations and varying the postulated latency between 0 and 20 years. There is no evidence for an independent or interactive (with tobacco smoking) effect of air pollution on lung cancer mortality; the tobacco-adjusted mortality appears, if anything, lower in Athens than in the rest of Greece and the slopes of lung cancer mortality on tobacco consumption are almost identical in Athens and in the rest of Greece. By contrast, the same data are compatible with a strong effect of tobacco smoking on lung cancer mortality, an effect which appears to involve not only the early carcinogenic stages but also some of the later ones. The results of the present analysis do not support the hypothesis that air pollution, at least in Athens until 1980, has increased the incidence of lung cancer to an extent large enough to be detectable in ecological correlation analyses. Nevertheless the inherent limitations of these methods indicate that their results should be interpreted with caution and only as a step toward the gradual understanding of a complex issue.

Leads from the MMWR. Recent trends in tobacco consumption--Canada and other countries

Leads from the MMWR. Recent trends in tobacco consumption--Canada and other countries

Trends in tobacco consumption and incidences of associated neoplasms in Papua New Guinea

Trends in tobacco consumption and incidences of associated neoplasms in Papua New Guinea

Correction: Trends in tobacco consumption and incidence of associated neoplasms in Papua New Guinea

Correction: Trends in tobacco consumption and incidence of associated neoplasms in Papua New Guinea

Trends in tobacco consumption and incidences of associated neoplasms in Papua New Guinea.

From 1960 to 1979 total annual consumption of tobacco in Papua New Guinea increased from 573 to 1800 metric tonnes. The annual consumption of tobacco per head increased from 2.78 to 6.14 kg, and the proportion of commercial cigarettes smoked is estimated to have increased from 20% to 71% of the total tobacco consumption. Between 1965 and 1979 the average annual age standardised incidence of reported cases of carcinoma of the oral cavity increased significantly in women (p less than 0.01) but not in men (p greater than 0.05). This rise might have been related to increasing consumption of tobacco or alcohol, or both, in individuals who habitually chewed betel nut. There was no significant change in the reported incidences of carcinoma of the larynx, lung, oesophagus, pancreas, kidney, or bladder. At present there are no constraints on the marketing of tobacco in Papua New Guinea.

Smoking in the Soviet Union.

Trends in tobacco consumption in the USSR between 1960 and 1980 are reviewed and the health consequences of smoking are examined with particular reference to mortality rates from coronary heart disease and lung cancer. Anti-smoking policies adopted by the Soviet government are also discussed. (ANNOTATION)