Nationalist Trends Research Articles

Nationalist Trends in the Transformation of New Zealand’s Maori Language Policy

Nationalist Trends in the Transformation of New Zealand’s Maori Language Policy

Nordic early childhood education policies and virulent nationalist trends

This article was initiated by our discomfort regarding recent policy developments in Nordic early childhood education (ECE) where previous decades’ policies on creating solidarity, equality and universal access to social welfare and promoting democratic participation are seemingly waning. While from a global perspective, these policies might seem inclusive and democratic, if understood within the context of Nordic policy frames and broader policy changes in Sweden and Denmark, their undemocratic coercive moves and racist undertones become visible. By focusing on the intersections of language and place in selected policies, we respond to the questions: ‘what is the problem represented to be’ and ‘what are the solutions offered?’ (Bacchi, 2012). We argue for the urgency of further research as the identified policy shifts indicate the prevalence of a more virulent form of nationalism in the Nordic ECE space threatening its Nordic democratic values.

Declining Chinese Nationalism: Evidence Based on Internet Search Query Data

While many scholars have done research on Chinese nationalism, more rigorously collected time-series data are needed to measure its nationwide change. Based on Google Trends and Baidu search results from January 2011 to December 2023, this study creatively created high-frequency monthly times series data to measure Chinese nationalism. By employing the Hodrick-Prescott filter, this study finds that the trend of Chinese nationalism has generally declined since 2018 or even earlier. The implication is that even if Chinese nationalism rises, it is primarily driven by short-term factors. At the same time, starting from late 2020, when China faced increased isolation from the global community, individuals outside of China may unintentionally amplify the scope of Chinese nationalism. While this study makes significant and original contributions to studies on Chinese nationalism, it also serves as a starting point for more quantitative (time-series) research in the future.

How Techno-Nationalism Affects Technological Decoupling Between China and the U.S. - A Case Study of the Semiconductor Supply Chain

Since the outbreak of Sino-US trade disputes in 2018, the game between China and the US has gradually changed from the field of trade to the field of science and technology. At the same time, with the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, global technological nationalism has risen rapidly and is spreading. In the context of most countries advocating localization and strategic autonomy of global supply chains, Part of countries have taken opposite measures. They use technological containment as their main means. Linking supply chains to national security. As an excuse to impose sanctions on China or cut off its supply chain to the semiconductor industry. Resulting in technological decoupling between China and the United States. It also affects the global production and supply chain layout of multinational companies. Therefore, this paper will take the semiconductor industry, the most representative in the global value chain, as a starting point to analyze how the United States, driven by the trend of technological nationalism, affects the technological decoupling between China and the United States.

Where law, politics, scripture and theology intersect: an exegetical examination of 49:13 in the Qur’an in light of India’s right-wing legislation and policies against Muslims

ABSTRACT It is now well-documented that there is a global trend of right-wing nationalism that perceives minorities, particularly Muslims, as a threat to state identity. India is a pertinent example of this trend wherein its legislation and policies over the last ten years have led to Muslims in India being marginalised – either through their rights as citizens or in terms of the discrimination and violent attacks they experience at the hands of extremist mobs that believe in the Hindutva ideology. This article will critically explore the scriptural and theological presumptions behind India’s laws and assess whether or not these presumptions are true in light of 49:13 of the Qur’an. These presumptions involve a particular conception of religious identity, theological belief and nationalism. 49:13 is a useful verse in the Qur’an that deals with all of these conceptions and by investigating them, one may be able to cut through right-wing nationalist rhetoric and engage in fruitful and truthful dialogue about what exactly the Qur’an states about constructing a harmonious society that involves a majority and minority population.

Patriotizam i nacionalizam kao posljedica desničarskih stavova i izvor zločina

This paper examines the subject of patriotism and nationalism - the two concepts that are apparently similar but in fact, there are essential and irreconcilable differences between them. The paper traces problems arising from the false understanding the terms patriotism and nationalism. The aim of the paper was to answer the question if right-wing views may result in the harmful social attitudes that are close to nationalism and fascism. The first purpose of the paper was to define what patriotism, nationalism and fascism meant in the past and how they are understood nowadays. The second purpose was to reveal and expose how the right-wing patriotism has become one of the most severe security threats and how the false patriotism and nationalist trends may lead to abuse of law, excess of jurisdiction or even crimes against humanity. The article proves that nationalism-related ignorance and blindness have contributed to the deaths of billions of people around the world. Thus, the paper presents a scientifically and politically current and important issue, basing on the review of contemporary scientific literature.

African regionalism, economic nationalism and the contested politics of social purpose: the East African Community and the ‘new developmentalism’

AbstractOver the last decade, a new developmentalism has taken root across Africa, centred on promoting local production and industrialisation. One unintended consequence of this has been the proliferation of economically nationalist policy measures that have increasingly come into tension with the aims of regional integration in Africa. This article sets out to offer insights as to why these tensions are emerging by focusing on the East African Community (EAC) and the growing trend of economic nationalism among its members. Contrary to what rationalist and structuralist accounts might presume, this article argues that this rise in economic nationalism is instead reflective of a weakening of the discursive imperative – or social purpose – that had initially converged various actors around the EAC's integration agenda when revived in 2000. While drawing from the EAC's experience, it concludes by highlighting a broader legitimacy dilemma facing African regional organisations within this ‘new developmentalism’.

Феномен казахского национализма: попытка анализа

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of Kazakh ethnic nationalism. The origins and main milestones of its formation, its manifestations in the education system, language sphere, demographic and HR politics are described. The fundamental ideas of the nationalist parties and organizations in Kazakhstan are considered and analyzed. The article emphasizes that the “Kazakhization” promoted by Kazakh national patriots contradicts the real needs of the socio-economic development of the state. The author concludes that nationalist trends are dangerous for partnership between Russia and Kazakhstan.

Protest Sentiments of Estonian Students in 1967-1968: on the Documents of the Komsomol Central Committee

The article examines the little-studied topic of the evolution of the protest sentiments of the Estonian students in the 1960s, which found expression in student processions in Tallinn and Tartu in October 1968. A wide range of archival documents allows tracing the origins and dynamics of this phenomenon, as well as the perception of these events by the Soviet party leadership and the Central Committee of the Komsomol. It is noted that the data from archival sources and contemporary works by Estonian authors contradict each other with regard to the measures (reaction) taken by the Soviet leadership. The Student days in Tallinn and Tartu, planned as days of student solidarity, turned into mass marches and riots of a national and anti-Soviet character. The article concludes that the active protest of the Estonian students was caused by a whole range of reasons, among which are clear nationalist trends that intensified in the 1960s, the active penetration of Western European culture and ideology through travel contacts, communication with relatives living abroad, and international youth festivals. It was Estonia that in the 1960s was visited by the largest number of foreign tourists. Estonian Student construction brigades traveled to Eastern European countries, mainly to Czechoslovakia. The stirring up of Estonian students was influenced by the mass unrest of European students, which foreign authors call the “phenomenon of 1968.” The students of European countries advocated lowering the voting age, actively sought participation in political processes, protested against the large financial expenditures of their governments aimed at an arms race to the detriment of other sectors of the economy. Similar ideas were voiced by Estonian students at Komsomol meetings and scientific conferences. They also wished to create their own student organizations, independent of the Komsomol and Soviet ideology.

Churches of Christ in Oklahoma: A History by W. David Baird

Reviewed by: Churches of Christ in Oklahoma: A History by W. David Baird Jason Fikes Churches of Christ in Oklahoma: A History. By W. David Baird. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020. ix + 263 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $24.95 paper. Local autonomy defines Churches of Christ, and for over 190 years these congregations have functioned without any formal adjudicating body or shared written statement of faith. Baird's careful research reveals how this loose network has evolved in the state of Oklahoma, serving as a hotbed for competing and even mutually exclusive religious ideas. The earliest chapters trace the tireless ministry of traveling missionaries, especially Meta Chestnutt, one of Oklahoma's pioneering female educational administrators. Baird then turns his attention and drills down, devoting almost half his book (five crucial chapters) to the years 1906 to 1945. The final four chapters relate significant trends among Oklahoma Churches of Christ from 1945 to the early years of the twenty-first century. Scholars have long observed that, from World War I to the outset of the Cold War, large portions of United States Churches of Christ eagerly followed nationalistic trends. Oklahoma was no exception, and Baird outlines the rise and fall of the peace tradition among Churches of Christ in the state. Cordell Christian College, a small but influential school, served as the chief center for pacifism until it closed under government duress in 1918. As World War II dawned, fearing criticism, few Oklahoma preachers dared to discuss pacifism publicly. Later leaders like George S. Benson, a native of Dewey County who effectively stabilized and promoted Oklahoma Christian University, abandoned any sense of pacifism, fully embracing Americanism, anticommunism, and an antiliberal agenda. Similarly, Baird shows that early in the twentieth century, members of Churches of Christ who were poor working-class farmers supported radical socialism. However, promising evangelists like Orville Enfield drew withering persecution for their nonconformity and were ostracized from places of institutional leadership. Twentieth-century Churches of Christ experienced remarkable numerical growth, establishing several significant nonprofit organizations for aid, education, and mission work. Still, most white congregations were slow to see race as a pressing social concern. The majority of that work fell to black preachers like Franklin Florence and Clyde Muse. Baird's close coverage of race relations hints at the wide range of social topics and primary sources he has incorporated into his narrative. Some readers may tire of Baird's extensive coverage of the group's intense doctrinal disputes. But to understand the radical polarization in contemporary Churches of Christ, one needs greater familiarity with these broad interpretive debates. Baird's study ably assists readers in increasing their respect for this easily misunderstood religious tradition. Jason Fikes Director, ACU Press Abilene Christian University Copyright © 2022 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

From People into Nations: A History of Eastern Europe by Connelly John (review)

REVIEWS 367 living conditions and peasant participation in local governance institutions (zemstvo, volost´ governments, etc.). And finally, although avowedly about the entire Russian peasantry over time, this book is mostly focused on the central industrial region between Moscow and Petersburg. This feels like a lost opportunity, as a more substantive and clearer documentation of differences across space, over time and between Russian peasants and other groups would have strengthened the contribution of this study. While wide-ranging, written in a student-friendly way, and emphasizing a novel ‘ecological’ perspective on the history of the Russian peasantry, Gorshkov’s study offers few challenges to current historical interpretations. David Moon’s The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930 (London, 1999) covers much of the same ground in a way that nicely incorporates quantitative evidence, original sources and a comparative perspective on the heterogenous nature of rural Russian life. Reading the two books together would provide a useful entry point into the large, hugely important, and still evolving historiography of the Russian peasantry. Department of Economics Steven Nafziger Williams College Connelly, John. From People into Nations: A History of Eastern Europe. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ and Woodstock, 2020. vii + 956 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Notes. Appendix. Index. £30.00: $35.00. East European history can be a daunting subject for historians and specialists let alone for those fair weather or armchair enthusiasts interested in events that shaped the region over the past decades. Writing a detailed history of Eastern Europe is an even more challenging undertaking. For this reason, John Connelly’s latest attempt at narrating and examining a considerable period of modern history set in the context of Eastern Europe is a welcome contribution to the topic’s growing historiography. The author is no stranger to the complex historical cleavages of the region at the centre of this monograph. Connelly, who specializes, among others, in topics of modern East and Central European political and social history, has previously written on the Sovietization of higher education in post-war Eastern Europe during the period of high Stalinism as well as about German occupational ethnopolitics in the east during World War Two. It is fitting that this scholar chose to tackle the project of chronologically mapping a complex 150-year period of East European development over five broad thematic sections totalling twenty-seven chapters. SEER, 99, 2, APRIL 2021 368 From the outset the author outlines what exactly he means by ‘Eastern Europe’, a term used interchangeably with ‘East Central Europe’ throughout the text. The book traces nineteenth-century anti-imperialist struggles that gave rise to twentieth-century nationalist trends before questioning the current state of nationalism in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary; the former Yugoslav Republics; Bulgaria, Romania and Germany. Absent however, are more dedicated discussions on countries many today also associate as East European — the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine. Whereas some aspects of their national development are mentioned in the context of the aforementioned countries, the author explains how their experiences largely under the rule of other states during much of the period examined led to the creation of ‘separate stories’, thereby suggesting they deserve distinct attention. This argument may be contested by some, especially those who maintain how nationalist movements, for example in present-day western Ukraine, were also part of greater anti-imperial struggles. For Connelly however, the Eastern Europe designation serves more than just denoting a physical space on the reader’s mental map. Rather it is synonymous with his description of shared experiences and common narratives about the past still circulating throughout the region today. Connelly’s methodology of employing accepted and new vocabulary to trace how patterns and changes reverberated throughout the region deserves appreciation. Terms familiar to even the most amateur of historians like ‘decolonization’ and ‘national self-determination’ described events throughout the region discussed in the first half of his book; that is roughly until the outbreak of World War Two. From there a series of new phrases is introduced — ludobójstwo (the Polish term for genocide coined by Polish Jew Raphael Lemkin), ‘foreign in their own land’, and ‘reform communists’ — that to specialists may seem common, but which encapsulate the wartime events and...

Nationalism or transnationalism?Afghan nationalism and Pan-Islamism in Seraj-ul Akhbar

ABSTRACT Relations between religion and nationalism, as two identity forms, has been debated in Muslim countries, especially where the nationalist trends coincided with the rise of religious reformation and Pan-Islamic movements. This article scrutinizes discourses on linking a transnational ideology of Pan-Islamism with Afghan nationalism in an early twentieth century nationalist newspaper, Seraj-ul Akhbar. The newspaper presents a unique case for this study since it was a platform for dissemination of both ideologies simultaneously. Unlike the later Muslim Brotherhood intellectuals and Muhammad Iqbal, Seraj-ul Akhbar authors did not see a contradiction between Pan-Islamism and territorial nationalism. They formulated a universal Muslim unity going through the national state structure, but not bypassing them. Meanwhile, Seraj-ul Akhbar appropriated the religious language for strengthening national unity. In this way, nationalistic and Pan-Islamic concepts were used to craft a nationally stable identity. It is argued that Pan-Islamism is not a unitary universal transnational ideology, rather it is often embedded in different national, language, and ethnic boundaries.

Commentary

Commentary

Proud Boys, Nationalism, and Religion

The Proud Boys are an opportunistic hate group whose message of white male chauvinism is infused with religious and nationalist symbols. They fit into the global trend of religious nationalism in that they are driven by a reaction to religious pluralism, entertain atavistic yearnings, and celebrate a founding hero, Donald Trump. Enthralled with fistfighting, in both their initiatory rituals and their engagements with antifa groups, they delight in offending the genteel sensibilities they associate with the “white liberal elite.” They are proudly anti-Semitic, Islamophobic, and anti-feminist, but their list of enemies appears to be ever shifting, suggesting a toxic virility run amuck. While they are but one expression of an enduring European-American chauvinism, their celebration of masculinity resembles the masculinism and misogyny that arose in response to the Victorian era in the US.

Między mocarstwowością a peryferyjnością. Międzynarodowa pozycja Polski w XXI wieku w narodowej i konserwatywnej refleksji politycznej

The research objective of this paper is to analyse trends in contemporary nationalist and conservative political thought from the system and problem-based perspectives through the lens of Poland's international status in the 21st century. The subject of the analysis is the political thought of two parties − the League of Polish Families (representing the nationalist trend) and Law and Justice (the conservative trend) in two dimensions. First − in the ideological dimension, covering political views with the greatest degree of generalisation. Second − in the programme dimension, understood as a set of specific political proposals, creating concepts and defining the conditions for their fulfilment in the future. The research objective was contingent on the following research questions: How did the League of Polish Families and the Law and Justice Party define and describe international order? What values were assigned key roles in shaping Poland's international position? What international roles were assigned to Poland?

Nationalism, Human Rights, and the Prospects to Peace

The article exposes the issues of human rights and the prospects for peace in the context of the analysis of the concepts of sovereignty and nationalism. Such an analysis is conducted in the face of a trend towards globalism, cosmopolitanism and liberal internationalism inherent in the world today, on the one hand, and the growing trend of nationalism and violations of human rightson a massive scale by some states, on the other.The evolution of the concept of state sovereignty is considered. The first – the original – is manifested in the principle of sovereign equality and is based on such a human right as the right to self-determination. The second is the concept of “conditional sovereignty”, or “sovereignty as responsibility” as a look at the legitimacy of the state through human rights. It is associated with theactivities of UN institutions, when the state began to be considered as a servant of its people, and individual sovereignty (rights and freedoms of each individual person) was strengthened. The third concept is “sovereignty as fiduciaries of humanity”: sovereign fiduciaries will fulfill their obligation to humanity by collaborating with private as well as public actors. In the context of transnationalthreats, such rethinking the state sovereignty is the best hope for peace.In the last part, the idea of the incompatibility of nationalism in its current form with realistic world politics is developed. Modern nationalism is losing its historical progressiveness, becoming indifferent to the subject of human rights. The gravest threats to peace and to human rights require an internationalist response, politics increasingly tilts toward nationalism. It is concluded that thelatter is only a symptom of today’s disease, and not its treatment. The cure is adopting the standpoint of humanity, and inventing political and legal institutions.

Gender, Religion and Nationalism: Locating Muslim women in Indian Nationalist Discourse in Momtaz Shah Nawaz’s The Heart Divided

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century colonial India, with the dramatic changes in socio-political scenario the nationalist discourse in India was significantly reshaped. And with the rise of a new nationalist discourse in India, the position and representation of women in Indian nationalist discourse was rethought and redefined – first, because of the rise of Goddess-centric nationalist rhetoric and secondly, the nationalist leaders’ promotion of and call for women participation in the freedom movement. Historian, critics and social scientists find women liberation movement, social reform and cultivation of feminist discourse in India intertwined with the rise of nationalism or national movement in the country. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century India witnessed the emergence of nationalist concepts of “New Women”, “Modern Indian Women” or “Mother India”. And the rise of these ideas substantiates both the subjective and objective position of women in Indian nationalist discourse. But so far as the position or representation of Indian Muslim women in Indian nationalist discourse is concerned, it has always been difficult to address the issue. While addressing this problem of the position of Indian Muslim women in Indian nationalist discourse some more points and facts need to be taken into account– first, the rise of Two Nation Theory which demanded a separate country for the Muslims of undivided India; secondly, the emergence of the secularist trend of Indian nationalism; thirdly, the significant rise of Hindu nationalism and fourthly, Muslims’ exceptional adherence to the practice of women seclusion due to their religious sentiment. In her novel The Heart Divided (1957) Momtaz Shah Nawaz, a Muslim woman writer of the undivided India, addresses all these concerns. In the novel she tries to figure out a definite role and position of Indian Muslim women in the nationalist discourse of colonial India during anti-colonial movement. My paper tries to explore the position of Muslim women in Indian nationalist discourse through a critical reading of the said novel. It attempts to find out how Muslim women had both the subjective and objective position in Indian nationalism during the freedom struggle. It also tries to address whether the nationalist terms like “New Women”, “Mother India” or “Modern Indian Women” are applicable for the Indian Muslim women.

Populist and Nationalist Trends in the Polish Influential Press: Pro-European or Euro-Skeptical?

The aim of this paper is to determine the level of populist and nationalist trends in the Polish influential press articles related to the global financial crisis triggered on 15 September 2008 by the collapse of the Lehman Brothers investment bank. The result of the Polish presence in the European Union and NATO structures is that the crisis situations in Western Europe and the USA constitute an important topic for Polish media, and allow for the assessment of the level of approval/criticism towards the Western world. The author assumed that the domination of populist and nationalist trends is a sign of Euro-skepticism, while their presence that is not more than incidental – a sign of pro-European attitude. The paper versions of the most influential Polish press titles constitute the research material, namely daily papers: “Rzeczpospolita” and “Gazeta Wyborcza” and weekly magazines: “Newsweek Polska” and “Polityka”.

Colonial, Hindu and Nationalist Anthropology in India

The long-standing critique of Indian Anthropology advanced by some notable anthropologists held that Indian Anthropology is the product of a colonial tradition and the anthropologists in India for various reasons followed their colonial masters in one way or the other. There also exists a view of Hindu Anthropology which holds that an Indian form of Anthropology could be found in many ancient Indian texts and scriptures before the advent of a colonial anthropology introduced by the European scholars, administrators and missionaries in the Indian subcontinent. Both the views ignored the materialistic, socially committed, secular and nationalist trends of Indian Anthropology which was growing in the hands of some remarkable anthropologists before and after the Independence of the country.

Ідея «об’єднаної Європи» в сучасних реаліях функціонування європейського проекту.

The current state of development of European integration processes can be characterized as a state of crisis, which was caused by a number of political, social, economic and cultural factors, according to researchers and experts. At the moment, this group of factors manifests in the migration crisis, the identity crisis of individual members of the association, the problems of political cooperation. In our opinion, today the most “crucial” factor is the strengthening of the factor of nationalism and the weakening of integration processes within the organization, which has a direct impact on the internal situation in the EU and on the place of association in the modern system of relations.In these conditions, it is important to understand the deep-seated problems of the crisis in order to find a more effective strategy to overcome them. In the current study, the authors emphasize on several key aspects in the context of this issue: understanding the basic “Idea of a united Europe”, and its relationship with the trend of Euroscepticism and nationalism, which have a growing tendency to strengthen in the context of preservation European identity.