Trend Growth Rate Research Articles

Mathematical Modeling of Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 Growth during Rice Flour Fermentation Performed with and without pH Control

The mathematical modeling of fermentation processes allows for the formulation of predictions about the kinetics of biomass growth and metabolite production as well as setting or verifying the best operative conditions in view of the economical convenience of the process. For this purpose, we performed a kinetic study of a rice flour fermentation process using Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 with and without pH control; the pH value was set to 5.8 under pH control. Monod, Logistic, and Contois models were proposed to describe the bacterial growth rate in both conditions. The best mathematical model, which was able to describe the experimental data obtained without pH control, was the Contois model, as the specific growth rate was influenced by both the glucose reduction (from 14.31 g/L to 10.22 g/L) and the biomass production (2 log growth) that occurred during fermentation. Conversely, when pH control was implemented, both Monod and Contois models satisfactorily described the specific growth rate trend. The estimated kinetic parameters confirmed that biomass production (2 log growth) and glucose consumption (from 14.31 g/L to 6.06 g/L) did not affect the microorganism’s growth capacity when the fermenting medium was maintained at an optimal pH. The lactic acid production rate described by the Luedeking–Piret model did not appear to be linked to growth in the absence of pH control while, on the other hand, this model was unsuitable for describing the experimental lactic acid concentration when pH control was applied. The kinetic modeling of lactic acid production and the percentage of added glucose in the protocol with controlled pH will be optimized in the future.

Disk Tearing: Numerical Investigation of Warped Disk Instability

Abstract We present numerical simulations of misaligned disks around a spinning black hole covering a range of parameters. Previous simulations have shown that disks that are strongly warped by a forced precession—in this case, the Lense–Thirring effect from the spinning black hole—can break apart into discrete disks or rings that can behave quasi-independently for short timescales. With the simulations we present here, we confirm that thin and highly inclined disks are more susceptible to disk tearing than thicker disks or those with lower inclination, and we show that lower values of the disk viscosity parameter lead to instability at lower warp amplitudes. This is consistent with detailed stability analysis of the warped disk equations. We find that the growth rates of the instability seen in the numerical simulations are similar across a broad range of parameters, and are of the same order as the predicted growth rates. However, we did not find the expected trend of growth rates with viscosity parameter. This may indicate that the growth rates are affected by numerical resolution, or that the wavelength of the fastest-growing mode is a function of local disk parameters. Finally, we also find that disk tearing can occur for disks with a viscosity parameter that is higher than predicted by a local stability analysis of the warped disk equations. In this case, the instability manifests differently, producing large changes in the disk tilt locally in the disk, rather than the large changes in disk twist that typically occur in lower-viscosity disks.

Impact of the Low-Price Medicine Policy on Medicine Supply in China: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis.

Objectives: The primary objective of the study was to assess the impact of the Low-Price Medicine Policy (LPMP) on the supply of low-price medicines (LPMs) in China. The secondary objective of the study was to describe the supply situation of LPMs from 2005 to 2018. Methods: The LPMP was launched in the third quarter of 2014 (2014Q3). An interrupted time series analysis was used to evaluate the impact of LPMP on the supply of LPMs in China. Ordinary least squares and Poisson regression models were utilized to estimate the effect of LPMP on LPMs’ supply growth rate and the number of supplied LPMs. All the LPMs were divided into two subgroups: intermittent supply and continuous supply. The trend and level changes of the quarterly average growth rate and number of quarterly supplies for different LPM groups were analyzed from 2005 to 2018. Findings: For the quarterly average growth rate, before the intervention, a significant increasing trend was observed in the total group and the continuous supply subgroup; after the introduction of LPMP, the increasing trend was ceased and a significant decrease in the trend and level was noted for both the total group (trend coefficient: β 3 = −0.0132, p < 0.01; level coefficient: β 2 = −0.1510, p < 0.05) and the continuous supply subgroup (trend coefficient: β 3 = −0.0133, p < 0.01; level coefficient: β 2 = −0.1520, p < 0.05); whereas it had no significant effect for intermittent supply subgroup. For the number of quarterly supplies, after the intervention of LPMP, decline of the supply number was observed (trend coefficient: β 3 = −0.0027, p < 0.001; level coefficient: β 2 = −0.0584, p < 0.001); whereas the LPMP was associated with an upward trend and level (trend coefficient: β 3 = 0.0715, p < 0.001; level coefficient: β 2 = 0.174) for the intermittent supply subgroup. Conclusion: For most of the LPMs, LPMP did not meet the goal of stimulating LPM production. However, for severely shortage medicines (the intermittent supply subgroup), the effect of LPMP was positive. Comprehensive policies rather than just deregulating medicine price should be introduced to alleviate the situation of medicine shortage in China.

Insights into coral growth rate trends in Fiji

Colonies of the massive coral species, Porites lutea, located at six shallow reefs across Fiji, were cored and analysed to create a chronological growth rate record. Boosted regression tree models were used to investigate relationships between annual coral growth rates and corresponding environmental variables. An ecologically based prediction model was then created to determine expected coral growth distribution across shallow reefs in Fiji for the year 2019. Annual average growth rates for the Porites lutea colonies at coral reefs in Savusavu, Leleuvia, and Navakavu reflected typical values for the Porites genus in the Indo-Pacific. Conversely, annual average growth rates at Suva Harbour, Dennis Patch, and the Coral Coast were on the lower spectrum for the Indo-Pacific Porites genus. Porites lutea growth rates were significantly influenced by latitude, whereby growth rates decreased with increasing gradient away from the equator. Growth rates were highest in the 1940s and 1950s but declined from the 1960s onwards, with significant declines observed in more polluted sites. Growth rates in Fiji are influenced by a combination of site-specific water quality and annual average sea surface temperature, with secondary contributions from the colony’s distance to shore, chlorophyll concentration, and meteorological events such as tropical cyclones, storms, and ENSO events. Predicted coral growth distribution showed that lowest growth rates are predicted around the southern and south-eastern coast of Viti Levu, highlighting the need for better marine protection at these highly populated coastlines.

Lateral growth of xenon hydrate films on mica

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;In this paper, we report an &lt;italic&gt;in situ&lt;/italic&gt; optical microscopy study of lateral growth of xenon (Xe) hydrate thin films on mica at sub-zero temperatures. The interactions between a solid surface and water molecules can strongly affect the alignment of water molecules and induce ice-like ordered structures within the water layer at the water-surface interface. Mica was chosen as a model surface to study the surface effect of hydrophilic sheet silicates on the lateral growth of Xe hydrate films. Under the experimental conditions, the lateral growth of Xe hydrate films was measured to be at an average rapid rate of ~200 μm/s and 400 μm/s under two different pressures of Xe. Mass transfer estimation of the Xe-water system revealed that the increasing trend of lateral film growth rates followed the increase in the net mass flux and aqueous solubility of Xe. However, as the supercooling temperature increased, the trend of lateral film growth rates attained a plateau region where little change in the rate was observed. This unique feature in the lateral film growth trend, the fast lateral growth kinetics, and the short induction time for hydrate film growth hinted at the assistance of the mica surface to aid the lateral growth process of Xe hydrate films at low Xe mass flux and at a low degree of subcooling. A mechanism based on the reported structured water layer at the interface on mica was proposed to rationalize a postulated surface-promotional effect of mica on the nucleation and lateral growth kinetics of Xe hydrate films.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Cyclical and seasonal patterns of India’s GDP growth rate through the eyes of Hamilton and Hodrick Prescott Filter models

The paper endeavours to analyse the cyclical fluctuation, seasonal movement and trends of Indian GDP growth rate by applying both Hodrick-Prescott filter and Hamilton filter models taking St.Louisfred quarterly data from 2011Q4 to 2019Q4.The paper concludes that the seasonal adjustment and actual GDP growth rate of India have been merged with each other and they are identical in both the models. But the cyclical trend in H.P.Filter showed one upward humped but Hamilton filter showed cyclical fluctuations with two peaks and troughs and the seasonal variations are v shaped and highly volatile. Hamilton seasonal variations have been verified by applying residual test of correlogram which explained that autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions moved around both the sides significantly. Hamilton regression filter model is extended to forecasting ARIMA (1,0,0) model for 2030 which confirmed stationarity and stability. Even, the final trend cycle of GDP growth rate of India converges towards stationary process for 2025. Countercyclical fiscal and monetary policy including financial management strategies have been incorporated.

О важности учета структурных сдвигов при прогнозировании российского ВВП

The paper considers two types of models for forecasting seasonally adjusted Russian GDP under the structural breaks. Models that allow breaks in a deterministic trend, in which the dates of structural breaks are set exogenously, and more flexible class of models – with a stochastic trend are considered. It is shown that modeling a structural break in a deterministic trend or adding a stochastic trend significantly improves the quality of 3–4 steps ahead forecasts, and sometimes even on shorter horizons, compared to models with a constant trend growth rate.

Effects of different planting approaches and site conditions on aboveground carbon storage along a 10-year chronosequence after moso bamboo reforestation

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) is widely used for afforestation and reforestation in subtropical China because of its high carbon (C) sequestration rate and ability to control soil erosion in degraded areas; it also plays an important role in mitigating climate change. To satisfy the requirements of carbon trading systems, methodologies for estimating changes in C storage under different planting approaches and site conditions are needed. A 10-year field monitoring study of a moso bamboo reforestation area was carried out to research the effects of different planting approaches and site conditions on stand structure dynamics and aboveground C storage accumulation (AGCSA). The bamboo was transplanted in groups of 3 plants (3-PG) or as individual plants (IP). The site conditions were classified into three categories (poor, fair and excellent). The bamboo diameter at breast height (DBH) and height exhibited a slow-fast-slow growth rate trend under both planting approaches. The DBH and height peaked in the 9th year under the 3-PG approach, but maximum DBH and height values were not reached under the IP approach during the study period. The density (D) of new culms (NCs) peaked at five years after reforestation under both planting approaches, and the aboveground C storage (AGCS) of NCs peaked seven years after reforestation. Both planting approaches exhibited clear on-year and off-year plant growth characteristics. The different planting approaches and site conditions significantly influenced AGCSA. Growth models for DBH, height and AGCSA under the specific silvicultural approaches and site conditions were established on the basis of the identified correlations. Ten years after reforestation under the 3-PG approach, the AGCSA was only 3.71 Mg C ha−1 under poor site conditions, while under excellent site conditions, the AGCSA reached 14.71 Mg C ha−1. An optimized management model that considers soil factors has great potential for improving C sequestration in moso bamboo forests.

Direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 on maternal and child health in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has been going through incremental trend of GDP growth rates for a long time. The GDP is the key aspect to measure the economic growth of a country. But the current world wide pandemic due to the COVID-19 hardly affects the world’s economy as well as Bangladesh. The present lockdown make the wheel of the industries uncertain. The main source of the GDP of this country is ready made garment sector which has been shut down since mid of March 2020. Already 20 billion of cancellation of foreign order makes the situation worse. Also, the foreign remittance has been decline dramatically due to the loss of jobs of Bangladeshi workers in foreign countries. The overall economic situation declines in this country due to the COVID-19 which has huge impact on the health care system especially in maternal and child health. In this paper, the economic situation of Bangladesh before and during the COVID-19 has been shown. Also, how the COVID-19 would affect the condition of maternal and child health across the country directly as well as indirectly through the GDP has been discussed.

A small window into the status of malaria in North Korea: estimation of imported malaria incidence among visitors from South Korea.

OBJECTIVESThis study aimed to develop hypotheses on trends in malaria incidence in North Korea using malaria incidence among South Korean visitors to North Korea.METHODSThe number of South Korean tourists who visited Mount Kumgang from 2000 to 2008 and the number of South Korean employees at the Kaesong Industrial Complex from 2005 to 2015 were obtained from the Korean Statistical Information Service. The number of malaria cases among South Koreans who visited North Korea was obtained from a previous report. The incidence of malaria per 100,000 person-years was calculated using these data and compared with the malaria incidence in North Korea derived from published articles.RESULTSA high incidence of malaria in 2001 and a sharp decline in the following years were observed in both South and North Korean data. Since then, North Korean data showed a relatively low and stable incidence, but the incidence among South Koreans visiting North Korea increased in 2006. Considering the trends in mass primaquine preventive treatment, floods, and economic growth rate, the incidence of malaria may have increased in North Korea in 2006. Since 2009, the incidence of malaria decreased gradually according to both South and North Korean data.CONCLUSIONSThe trends of malaria incidence in North Korea could be reflected through its incidence among South Koreans who visited North Korea. For future inter-Korean collaboration aiming to eradicate malaria, we propose that a North Korean malaria monitoring system be established applying this method.

Youth employment in Ghana: economic and social development policies perspective

PurposeCreating employment opportunities for the youth remains a dilemma for policymakers. In many cases, policies and programmes to tackle youth unemployment have produced little results, because such initiatives have failed to consider some fundamental inputs. In Ghana, youth unemployment rate has doubled or more than doubled the national average unemployment rate in recent years. The current study, therefore, examines how policies in the past two decades have affected youth unemployment rate and other development outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe study reviewed national economic development policy documents from 1996 to 2017 and other relevant policies aimed at creating employment opportunities for the youth, applying the content analysis procedure. Four main policy documents were reviewed in this regard. Data from secondary sources including International Labour Organisation (ILO), World Bank (WB), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) were analysed to examine the trends in youth unemployment rate, human development index and GDP growth rate in Ghana over the years. There were also formal and informal consultations with youth and development practitioners.FindingsThe results of the study show that policies that promote general growth in the economy reduce youth unemployment, while continuation of existing youth programmes, expansion, as well as addition of new ones by new governments reduces youth unemployment rate. In particular, GDP growth and youth unemployment rate trend in opposite direction; periods of increased growth have reduced youth unemployment rate and vice versa. The period of Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda I & II witnessed better reduction (5.7%) in youth unemployment rate than any of the policy periods. This was not sustained, and despite the current youth employment initiatives, unemployment among young people still remained higher than the national average.Research limitations/implicationsThe study provides relevant information on how development policies and programmes affect youth unemployment rate over time. In as much as it is not the interest of the study, the study stops short of empirical estimation to determine the level of GDP growth rate that can reduce a particular level of youth unemployment, which is a case for further research. Nevertheless, the outcome of the study reflects the data and methodology used.Originality/valueTo the best of the knowledge of the authors, this is a first study in Ghana that has attempted to directly link development outcomes such as youth unemployment to national economic development policies, although there are studies that have analysed the policy gaps and implementation challenges. This paper, therefore, bridges the knowledge of how development policies affect youth employment opportunities, particularly for Ghana.

Assessment of SDG Indicator 11.3.1 and Urban Growth Trends of Major and Small Cities in South Africa

Geospatial technologies play an important role in understanding and monitoring of land cover and land use change which is critical in achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 and related goals. In this study, we assessed SDG Indicator 11.3.1, Ratio of Land Consumption Rate to Population Growth Rate (LCRPGR) and other urban growth trends of four cities in South Africa using Landsat 5 TM and SPOT 2&amp;5 satellite images and census data collected in 1996, 2001 and 2011. The 2011 built-up areas were mapped using South Africa’s SPOT 5 Global Human Settlements Layer (GHSL) system whereas the 1996 and 2001 built-up areas were extracted from Landsat 5 and SPOT 2 satellite imagery using a kNN object-based image analysis technique that uses textural and radiometric features. We used the built-up area layer to calculate the land consumption per capita and total urban change for each city, both of which have been identified as being important explanatory indicators for the ratio of LCRPGR. The assessment shows that the two major cities, Johannesburg and Tshwane, recorded a decline in the ratio of LCRPGR between the periods 1996–2001 and 2001–2011. In contrast, the LCRPGR ratios for secondary cities, Polokwane and Rustenburg increased during the same periods. The results further show that Tshwane recorded an increase in land consumption per capita between 1996 and 2001 followed by a decrease between 2001 and 2011. Over the same time, Johannesburg experienced a gradual decrease in land consumption per capita. On the other hand, Polokwane and Rustenburg recorded a unique growth trend, in which the overall increase in LCRPGR was accompanied by a decrease in land consumption per capita. In terms of land consumption, Tshwane experienced the highest urban growth rate between 1996 and 2001, whereas Johannesburg and Polokwane experienced the highest urban growth rates between 2001 and 2011. The information derived in this study shows the significance of Indicator 11.3.1 in understanding the urbanization trends in cities of different sizes in South Africa and creates a baseline for nationwide assessment of SDG 11.3.1.

Trends of Growth Rate among Iranian Infants: Comparison Exponential Model and Points Average Model and Related Factors

Background Childhood growth factors play an essential role in the process of child development. Providing an accurate measurement for determining the growth rate predictors longitudinally has an advantage over a growth chart that only measures cumulative growth. This study aimed to determine the trends in growth rate and its effective factors among infants using two different methods. Materials and Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted on 181 infants referred to healthcare centers of Zanjan, Iran, from April 2017 to April 2019. The growth rate using 9-time points was estimated for participants via Point Average Weighting (PAW) model and the exponential model. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) method was used to estimate predictors of infant’s growth rate. The coincident and parallelism test was used to compare the growth rate between models. Results: The mean growth rate of children in the PAW model and the exponential model in the first month were 298.2+109.2 and 299.4+115.6 gr/kg per month. The results showed that the two models' growth rate prediction ability is almost identical over time. The trend of growth rate was decreased significantly (AAPC=22.46% per month, P<0.0001) with a change-point in month ninth. The estimated growth rates based on two models coincided (P=0.885), and parallel (P=0.898) across 24 months. The associations between growth rate with variables mother job (B=9.4, P=0.005), breastfeeding (B=-9.3, P=0.005), and multi-fetal pregnancy (B=-18.9, P=0.005) were significant. Conclusion There was no difference between the two models when pediatricians apply them in office or other clinical settings. The multi-fetal pregnancy, job of mother, and exclusion breastfeeding were the most important predictor of growth rate, especially at the first nine months of age.

Screening of three Chlorella mutant strains with high lipid production induced by 3 types of lasers

There are many studies on the use of lasers as a special mutation-breeding method to select microorganisms and plant seeds. In this study, we screened 72 microalgal mutants from the Chlorella samples irradiated using three types of laser (He-Ne, Nd:YAG and SC). Finally, 2 mutants N2 and S3 from wild Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and 1 mutant, N3 from Chlorella pacifica having high potential for biodiesel applications with high yield and stability, were obtained after comprehensive comparison and systematic screening. The average total lipid productivities of the 3 mutants were 19.90 ± 2.46 mg L−1 day−1 for N2, 29.82 ± 4.45 mg L−1 day−1 for S3 and 20.56 ± 5.69 mg L−1 day−1 for N3, respectively. The 3 mutants were proved they could display higher lipid productivity, lipid content, growth rate and transcriptional expression trends of 7 genes relevant to fatty acid biosynthesis than the wild strain in 10 continuous generation subcultures.

Integrative Circuit-Host Modeling of a Genetic Switch in Varying Environments

Synthetic biology is advancing into a new phase where real-world applications are emphasized. There is hence an urgent need for mathematical modeling that can quantitatively describe the behaviors of genetic devices in natural, fluctuating environments. We utilize an integrative circuit-host modeling framework to examine the dynamics of a genetic switch and its host cell in varying environments. For both steady-state and transient cases, we find increasing nutrient reduces the bistability region of the phase space and eventually drives the switch from bistability to monostability. In response, cellular growth and proteome partitioning experience the same transition. Antibiotic perturbations cause the similar circuit and host responses as nutrient variations. However, one difference is the trend of growth rate, which augments with nutrient but declines with antibiotic levels. The framework provides a mechanistic scheme to account for both the dynamic and static characteristics of the circuit-host system upon environmental perturbations, underscoring the intimacy of gene circuits and their hosts and elucidating the complexity of circuit behaviors arising from environmental variations.

A Linear Study of the Spread of COVID19 in China and Iran

Introduction: Studying trends in observed rates provides valuable information in terms of need assessment, planning of programs and development indicators of each country. The purpose of the present study was to apply the regression model and the Fourier series in terms of predicting the trends in growth and mortality rate of corona virus disease.Materials and methods: In this study, two linear analysis methods were used to predict the incidence and mortality rate of corona virus disease in Iran and China. The methods used are linear regression and Fourier transform. The data used were collected by referring to the official media of the mentioned countries, the general form of which is a time series of the incidence and mortality rate in recent days and the model implemented to estimate the incidence and mortality rate for the coming days. Python programming language version 3.7 is used to implement models.Results: The results of this study show that the rates of corona virus disease incidence and mortality are still increasing. Meanwhile, the Fourier transform-based analytical method is more accurate than the linear regression method and on the other hand, the accuracy of both algorithms for predicting mortality was much higher than the prediction rate. This indicates that the mortality rate is higher than that of its linearity over time. The other point is that based on the results of this study, however, linear methods are very suitable for future prediction, due to the nature of epidemic diseases whose growth chart is nonlinear, linear methods cannot be used to predict the rate and mortality used in distant times.

Financial Conditions Index and Economic Performance in Nigeria

The main aim of this study is to construct a financial conditions index for Nigeria and analyze its predictive power for future growth rate and inflationary trend. The study is based on yearly time series data from 1985 to 2018. The variables included in the construction of the index are riskless interest rate, stock market index, exchange rate, credit to private sector and interest rate spread. The weights attached to these variables are derived from ARDL coefficients, while the predictive power of the constructed index is examined within the VAR framework. The results from the ARDL model shows that credit to private sector and stock market index are the most significant factors for nominal GDP, hence having a substantial weight in the resultant financial conditions index. However, the results from VAR impulse response function and forecast error variance decomposition suggest that the constructed financial conditions index contain very little predictive information about future growth rate and inflationary trend.&#x0D;

Measuring the Natural Rate of Interest with Financial Gaps: The Cases of Japan and South Korea

We estimate “finance-adjusted” trend growth and natural rates of Japan and South Korea by extending a semi-structural model of (Laubach and Williams, 2003). Consistent with international evidence of the advanced economies, both trend growth and natural rates of interest of Japan and South Korea have been declining over the past, suggesting the important role of global factors. However, the declining patterns of Japan and South Korea are far steeper during the past 25 years. When considering domestic and global financial factors, trend growth and natural rate of South Korea are more affected by foreign financial factor while the role of domestic financial factor is more pronounced for Japanese economy.

TREND ANALYSIS OF LAND UTILIZATION IN BANGLADESH

Due to alterations in physiographic and social-economic conditions, climatic changes, adaptation and population growth, the land utilization of Bangladesh is changing very rapidly. Small farms and landless household constitute about 80% of total area households, the majority of whom depend on agriculture for their livelihood. It is obvious that total agriculture land over the periods in the past has not increased although population has increased significantly [12]. Bangladesh is a small country but it bears a huge population, resulting in a very high density of population and very high intensity of land and resource use. Based on secondary data of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, an attempt has been made in this paper to evaluate the changes in land use pattern during the period of 1990 to 2015. Absolute utilization of land for different purposes during this period as well as trend values and growth rates were estimated. Trend analysis and exponential growth rate showed that forest area significantly increased by 35.93% and 0.3% per annum and land not available for cultivation is significantly decreased by 4.49% and 0.04%per annum respectively. Result also show that cultivate waste is significantly decreased at the rate of 1.1% per annum. On the other hand, a current fallow is decreased by 0.2% per annum. The trend values was found statistically significant for land use in forest and cultivate waste.

Thin CdTe Layers Deposited by a Chamberless Inline Process using MOCVD, Simulation and Experiment

The deposition of thin Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) layers was performed by a chamberless metalorganic chemical vapour deposition process, and trends in growth rates were compared with computational fluid dynamics numerical modelling. Dimethylcadmium and diisopropyltelluride were used as the reactants, released from a recently developed coating head orientated above the glass substrate (of area 15 × 15 cm2). Depositions were performed in static mode and dynamic mode (i.e., over a moving substrate). The deposited CdTe film weights were compared against the calculated theoretical value of the molar supply of the precursors, in order to estimate material utilisation. The numerical simulation gave insight into the effect that the exhaust’s restricted flow orifice configuration had on the deposition uniformity observed in the static experiments. It was shown that &gt; 59% of material utilisation could be achieved under favourable deposition conditions. The activation energy determined from the Arrhenius plot of growth rate was ~ 60 kJ/mol and was in good agreement with previously reported CdTe growth using metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). Process requirements for using a chamberless environment for the inline deposition of compound semiconductor layers were presented.