Treatments Of T1 Research Articles

THE EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE REGIME AND ORGANIC AND IN-ORGANIC NITROGEN FERTILIZERS RATES ON SOME SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, WHEAT YIELD AND SOME NUTRIENTS UPTAKE

A field experiment was carried out in loamy sand of IsimailiaAgricultural Research Station (ARC) during winter season 2010-2011. Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.), Giza 168 variety weresown. The used treatments were include two factors, (A) three levelsof soil moisture regime; 75%(W1), 60%(W2) and 45%(W3) of fieldcapacity); (B) five organic treatments (chicken manure) and mineral(ammonium sulfate) nitrogen rates; (control (T1), 120 kg N ChK(T2), 65 kg N ChK + 55kg N mineral (T3), 50 kg N ChK+70 kg Nmineral (T4), 35 kg N Chk+85 kg N mineral (T5). The experimentdesign as randomized complete block design for factor A with B splitplot on A in three replicates. After harvest, grain and straw yieldwere recorded, NPK uptake of the grain and straw, soil properties(Bd, VR, TP, HC, Pores and moisture constant) were determined.The results were summarized as follow;Data revealed that effect of moisture regime W1, W2 and W3were insignificant on soil physical properties. Significantly changesin bulk density and soil porosity due to the use of differentapplication rates of both chicken manure and inorganic fertilizers asammonium sulfate, where BD decreased and VR and TP increasedwith nitrogen rates. Relative decreased in QDP and FCP whileincreasing SDP and WHP for T2, T3, T4 and T5 compared tocontrol. Hydraulic conductivity significantly decreased by applyingchicken manure. The maximum decreases were 35.41, 21.12, 23.40and 11.05 for T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Also, WHC, FC andAW increased, while WP decreased with the previous treatmentscompared to control.Soil moisture regime of W1 and W3 at the root zoon resulted ina significant decrease and W2 increased on yield of wheat grain andstraw. Regardless the effect of nitrogen level, decreasing themoisture content in the root zone decreasing the grain and straw ofwheat yield and the values could be arranged in descending order asfollows W1>W2>W3 for grain, and W2.>W1>W3 for straw. Themaximum and minimum values of wheat grain and straw yield were3.211, 0.487, at (T4W2), (T1W3) for grain yield 5.099, 0.952ton/fed after, (T4W2) and (T1W3) for straw.Soil moisture regime of W2 as well as T4 was the highest effecton N-uptake of grain and straw. Nitrogen treatments increased Nuptake in both grain and straw. It could arrange the mean values ofN-uptake in descending order as T4 > T5> T3 for both grain andstraw. Soil moisture regime of W1 for grain and W2 for straw as wellas T4 for both were the highest effect of P-uptake in the grain andstraw.Increase inorganic-N increased K–uptake in both grain andstraw. It could arrange the mean values on descending order asfollows T4 > T3> T5 respectively. The same trend was observed incase of the effect of water regime on the K uptake. Water regimetreatment of W2 and nitrogen treatments of T4 have pronounced onthe K–uptake in grain and straw.

Effect of water stress in partial root zone on response of photosynthesis of Aconitum barbatum

To study the effect of different water stress mode on photosynthesis characteristics of Aconitum barbaturnm, aimed at providing the theoretical basis for cultivating this kind of plant for the arid area. The transplanted seedlings of A. barbatum were processed with fixed partial root zone drying(TI) ,alternate partial root zone drying(T2) and both partial root zone irrigation (T3) for three cycles,and relative parameters were measured. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the treatment of T2 gradually increased and was higher than that in the treatment of T3 about 6.53%, mainly effected by non-stomatal factors. The water use efficiency (WUE) was higher than that in the treatments of T3 about 25.21%, while the transpiration rate (Tr) and the stomatal conductance was lower than those in the treatment of T1 and T3 separately. The maximum net photosynthesis rate (Pmax),the apparent quantum yield (AQY) and the dark respiration rate (Rd) were higher than those in comparison condition slightly. The alternate partial root zone drying is worth promoting vigorously, and it shall be a rational way to cultivate the A. barbatum under woodland.

The effect of municipal compost application on the amount of micro elements and their absorption in soil and medicinal plant of mint (Menthas)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of municipal compost (MC) application on micro elements concentration in soil and tissues of medicinal plant of mint. This study was carried out in a split plot based on complete randomized block design in three replications in the field of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Sari, Iran. The main plot was of six fertilizer levels (T 1 = control, T 2 = chemical fertilizer according to soil test, T 3 = 20 ton/ha compost + 1/2 treatments of T2, T 4 = 20 ton/ha compost, T 5 = 40 ton/ha compost + 1/2 treatments T 2 and T 6 = 40 ton/ha compost) and the sub plot was applied as follows: one year, two non-consecutive years, two consecutive years, three nonconsecutive years, three consecutive years and four consecutive years. The results show that the fertilizer treatments and the years of application had significant effects on the concentration of micro elements in medicinal plant of mint and also in soils. The compound effect of fertilizer treatments and years of application were significant on the concentration of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, whereas it was not significant on the concentration of Mn in the plant root and also on the concentration of Cu, Fe and Zn in the plant leaves.

Evaluation and Comparison of Drip and Conventional Irrigation Methods on Sugar Beets in a Semiarid Region

A field study was conducted on sugar beet during a two-year period to investigate the effects and comparison of different irrigation methods and treatments on crop yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and pan coefficient determination in a semiarid region with limited water resources. The experiments were in complete randomized blocks design. Three replications were used with different levels of irrigation water amounts (25, 50, 75, and 100%), evapotranspiration (ET) of sugar beet seasonal water requirement with surface drip tape (SDT), and conventional furrow irrigation method (CFI), with and without soil and water monitoring, and comparison with CROPWAT modeling. The variety of sugar beet was Rasool. The highest and lowest average irrigation water use efficiencies on the basis of root yield with 16.16 and 9 kg/m3, and sugar yield with 3.82 and 1.33 kg/m3, for both experimental years was achieved under different irrigation treatments of T4 (25% ET) SDT and CFI, respectively. The results of this study showed that by using drip tape irrigation method with different treatments (100% ET), (75% ET), (50% ET), (25% ET), instead of conventional furrow irrigation method with and without soil, water, and root monitoring, (28.8, 46.6, 64.5, and 82.2%) and (38.4, 53.8, 69.2, and 84.6%) of sugar beet seasonal irrigation water requirement can be saved, respectively. The results also showed that sugar beet average annual water, requirement under conventional furrow irrigation method with soil, water, and root monitoring was almost 8.4% and 28.70% lower compared to CROPWAT modeling and conventional furrow irrigation without monitoring. Additionally, this study showed a pan coefficient (Kp) equal to 0.80 for the investigated semiarid region.

Growth and Water Quality for Grow-out of Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Spotted Babylon (Babylonia areolata) Exposed to Different Water Management Practices in Earthen Ponds

A 180 day growth trial was conducted to determine growth and water quality for grow-out of hatchery-reared juvenile spotted babylon (Babylonia areolata) in experimental earthen ponds (10.0 × 10.0 × 1.2 m) exposed to different water management practices. These practices (T1–T4) consisted of a calcium carbonate addition at 5-day intervals and seawater exchange at 7, 15, and 21 day intervals, respectively. In treatment T4, seawater was exchanged every 7 days without calcium carbonate addition. Results showed that at the end of the experiment, the average body weight gains were 4.41, 3.76, 2.44, and 4.53 g/snail for snails held in the treatments of T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively, and 0.74, 0.63, 0.41, and 0.76 g mo−1 for those in individual weight gain, respectively. The specific growth rates in body weight were 1.34%, 1.26%, 1.05%, and 1.36% day−1 for snails held in water management treatments of T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Trends similar to those observed in the growth in body weights were observed in those of shell length. No significant difference in final survival was observed among snails held in water management treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 (range 72.50% to 76.90%). It is recommended to exchange seawater at 7 day intervals either with or without calcium carbonate addition. Both practices provide good results in growth and water quality.

산지 고랭지에서 방목용 혼파조합이 목초의 식생구성 비율 및 건물수량에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 산지 고랭지에서 방목용 초지생산성을 향상시키기 위하여 이 지역에 맞는 방목용 혼파조합을 선발하는데 목적이 있다. 따라서 본 실험은 대관령의 산지 고랭지에서 방목용 혼파조합이 목초의 식생비율 및 건물수량에 미치는 영향을 검토하여 방목에 적합한 혼파조합을 선발하고자 실시하였다. 실험은 1990년 8월부터 1993년까지 3년간 강원도 평창군 도암면 해발 840m에 위치한 실험포에서 수행하였다. 목초의 혼파조합 및 파종량(kg/ha)은 관행혼파조합으로 대조구인 C구 : OG+TF+TI+KBG+LC (18:9:8:3:2), T1구 : OG+TF+KBG+LC (24:8:2:2), T2구: OG+TF+KBG+RC(24:8:2:2), T3구: OG+TI+KBG+LC (26:8:2:2), T4구 : OG +TF+KBG+LC (8:28:2:2), T5구: OG+TI+KBG+LC (8:24:2:2) 및 T6구: OG+RCG+KBG+LC (8:26:2:2)의 7개 처리로 하였다. 목초 파종 후 초종별로 정착개체수가 증가함에 따라 피복율이 점차 높아져 목초비율은 증가하고 잡초 및 나지비율은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 식생구성은 TI, OG, KBG 및 LC가 균형적인 비율을 보이고 있었으며, 잡초와 나지율이 낮은 T5구가 대관령지역에 적합한 혼파조합으로 나타났다. 방목이 경과됨에 따라 목초수량은 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 연차별로는 1993년의 T5구에서 건물수량이 가장 많았으며, 처리간에 건물수량도 유의차는 없었지만 T5구에서 9,344kg/ha로 가장 많았다. 이상에서 산지고랭지에서 방목용 혼파조합으로 적합한 것은 식생구성비율 및 건물수량 면에서 티머시 위주의 T5 (OG:TI:KBG:LC=8:24:2:2kg/ha)인 것으로 사료된다. The objective of this study was to determine which mixture types are suitable for maintaining grazing pasture at alpine area. The mixtures types were evaluated by the botanical composition and dry matter (DM) of forage. The experiment was carried out on the grazing pasture at Daekwanryeong area (altitude ; 840m) from 1991 to 1993. Treatments were composed of seven mixture types made of both different components and amounts of sowing. The components of each mixture were Orchardgrass (OG), Tall fescue (TF), Timothy (TI). Kentucky bluegrass (KBG), Reed cannarygrass (RCG), Red clover (RC) and Ladino clove. (LC). The seeding .ate of OG, TF, TI, KBG and LC in control(C) was 18:9:8:3:2 kg/ha, respectively and those of treatments of T1 (OG:TF:KBG:LC), T2 (OG:TF:KBG:RC), T3 (OG:TI:KBG:LC), T4 (OG:TF:KBG:LC), T5 (OG:TI:KBG:LC) and T6 (OG:RCG:KBG:LC) were 24:8:2:2, 24:8:2:2, 26:8:2:2, 8:28:2:2, 5:24:2:2 and 8:26:2:2 kg/ha, in seeding rate. respectively. The plant heights of mixtures in 1991, 1992 and 1993 were 33, 37, and 33 cm on average of before and after grazing, respectively. The 12cm of stubble height was left after grazing during 3 years which can result in the reduction of forage intake and utilization. This result indicates the grazing period will be needed to adjust. The proportions of TI, OG, KBG and LC in mixtures were increased constantly, and the proportions of weeds and bare lands were little. The T5, in which the smaller amounts of seeds were sown, is considered as proper mixture type for Alpine pasture. The DM yield tended to increase with the increased grazing period, and the highest DM yield was occurred in 1993. No significant difference among treatments was observed for the DM yield, however the 75 was highest (9,344 kg/ha) in the DM yields which is <TEX>$5.7\%$</TEX> greater than the C (8,840 kg/ha). This result indicates that T5 (OG:TI:KBG:LC : 8:24:2:2 kg/ha) is considered to be proper mixture type at alpine pasture considering the botanical composition and forage yield.

Effect of pre-sowing treatments on germination and initial seedling development ofAlbizia saman in the nursery

Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. Muell. commonly known as rain tree seeds were treated with five pre-sowing treatments to study the effect of pre-sowing treatments on germination and initial seedling development in the nursery. The experiment was established in the nursery of the Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Results revealed that Nail clipping in one side of the seed (at the distal end of the seed) (T4) provides the highest (50%) seed germination. The second highest germination (42%) was obtained for the seeds treated with immersion in cold water for 24 h (T1). Germination was completely inhibited when the seeds immersed in boiled water for 30 s followed in cold water soaking for 24 h. Other germination parameter and initial morphological growth and biomass production of the seedlings was also higher for the treatments T4 and T1 in comparison to the control (T0) treatment. Pre-sowing treatments of T4 e.g. Nail clipping in one side of the seed (at the distal end of the seed) and T1 (Seeds immersed in cold water for 24 h) may be recommended for maximum germination and initial vigorous seedlings growth ofalbizia saman in the nursery.

THE EFFECTS OF PRE-STORAGE TREATMENTS ON POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF CUT ANEMONE (ANEMONE CORONARIA) FLOWERS

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-storage treatments on the vase life and other flower qualitative characters of cut anemone flowers. Flower stems were collected from a commercial orchard and the following pre-storage treatments were applied to the flowers of: T1) keeping cut flowers in a solution of silver nitrate (SN) plus 30 ppm sucrose; T2) spraying cut flowers with 50 ppm GA 3 one day before harvest; T3) spraying cut flowers with 50 ppm GA 3 after harvest (stems were kept in the same solution of treatment T1), for treatments T2), and T3); T4) spraying cut flowers with a solution of 1% sucrose after harvest; T5) spraying cut flowers with a 1% sucrose solution + spraying them with 50 ppm GA 3 after harvest (the stems were kept in 50 ppm SN solution, for treatments T4), T5) and T6) keeping cut flowers in non-pure water, and T7) keeping cut flowers in normal water. During these experiments, light intensity was 300 Lux, temperature was 16±2°C and humidity rate was 50%. Variables included rates of petal abscission, leaf yellowing, stem bending, and flower wilting, number of marketable flowers, and flowers' vase lives. The data of these experiments were analyzed in Completely Randomized Design (CRD)-SAS statistics software program. Means of variables were tested by means of Duncan test (0.05). Results indicated that the best period of storage to have well-qualified flowers in aspects of the vase life, leaf quality, petal quality and flower marketability, was 8 days. Furthermore, treatments of T2 and T3 influenced better preservation of cut flower qualities. The lowest rate of the vase life was obtained via the application of T4, T6 and T7 treatments.

WATER AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY OF LOWLAND RICE IN GROUND COVERING RICE PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN SOUTH CHINA

ABSTRACT Field experiment was conducted to test the effect of ground covering rice production system (GCRPS) on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and water utilization coefficient. Cultivating lowland rice variety in upland condition by using of plastic film (T1), paper film (T2), or rice straw mulching (T3) to cover the ground resulted in similar yield as for paddy rice (T5), but the yield was significantly greater than that of upland rice cultivation system without mulching (T4). Water utilization coefficient of mulching treatments (T1, T2, and T3) increased from 178% to 219% compared to T5. About 69% irrigation water was saved when shifting lowland paddy rice into GCRPS. The nitrogen (N) nutrition state in flag leaf (FL) and 3rd leaf backward (LBW) showed no statistical difference between T1 and T5. However, N content of FL and 3rd LBW of T1 was significantly greater than that of T4. The amount of N uptake, NUpE and NUE of T1, T2, and T3 was remarkably greater than those of T4. Increment of nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency (INfUE) increased 12.1%, 12.5%, and 8.7% in treatments of T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Therefore, cultivating lowland rice variety with mulching treatment not only increased water coefficient, but increased NfUE significantly under upland condition as well.

Main effect + one or two plans for 2m factorials

Under the assumption that the four-factor and higher-order interactions are negligible, we consider the problem of finding a design T2 so that for the design T1 of Ghosh (1980), T = T1 + T2 is a main effect plus k (= 1, 2) plan for 2m factorials (m = 2h - 1, h ⩾ 3). It is shown that the minimum number of treatments of T2 is 7 for m = 7 and k = 1. In particular, when the effects to be searched and estimated lie in the two-factor interactions only, a main effect + two plan is also constructed by utiliz- ing some BIB design.

Growth performance of thai pangus (&lt;i&gt;Pangasius hypophthalmus&lt;/i&gt;) in polyculture system using different supplementary feeds

Thai pangus polyculture with carps has been increasing for its high potential, however very few attempts were made to compare its growth using different types of feed. A research was undertaken to assess the effect of three types of feed on growth of Thai pangus (Pangasius hypophthalmus) and rohu (Labeo rohita) in polyculture system for 11 months from 15 May 2005 to 15 April 2006 in Khulna. Growth performance using Hand-made Feed (F1) was compared with two commercial fish feed, Sunney Feed (F2) and Saudi-Bangla Feed (F3) in three respective treatments of T1, T2 and T3. All treatments were carried out in triplicate at 24700/ha for Thai pangus and 4940/ha for rohu. Average initial weight of Thai pangus and rohu were 4.5 and 33.5g respectively. Growth performance was influenced by feed type. Average final weight of Thai pangus and rohu were 820 and 710; 846 and 770; and 872 and 717g with specific growth rate 1.58 and 0.93; 1.59 and 0.95 and 1.60 and 0.93 % day -1 in T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Feed conversion ratio was estimated 2.3 in T1, 2.1 in T2 and 1.96 in T3. The result showed a typical increasing trend of final weight and specific growth rate of Thai pangus along with the increasing of feed protein level. But rohu showed highest growth in T2 where protein level was 26-30% which was lower than that of T3 (Protein level 28-32%). The study suggests that suitable protein level and quality feed is required for adequate growth of fish. Key words: Feed, Thai pangus, Polyculture, Growth. Â Â Â doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1956 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 59-62