Feeding Treatments Research Articles

Effect of Clove Powder Syzygium aromaticum Supplementation on Growth and Health Status of Cantang Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) in Floating Net Cage

Cantang grouper is a hybrid grouper which is one of the main grouper species cultivated in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and health status of cantang grouper in floating net cages supplemented with clove powder. This study used a completely randomized design with three treatments, each with three replications. Two levels of clove powder dose used were 10 and 15 g kg-1 and one treatment without clove powder dose (control). Feed treatment using the repelletting method. Parameters observed were growth, survival rate, levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase enzyme, blood parameters, phagocity activity, total bacterial count (TBC) and total vibrio count (TVC). The results showed that the treatment of clove powder supplementation in cantang grouper feed for 30 days was able to increase the growth, survival rate, activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), and differential leukocyte (lymphocyte). The application of clove powder in the feed did not significantly affect the total erythrocytes, leukocytes, hematocrit, phagocytic activity, total bacterial count (TBC) and total vibrio count (TVC) of hybrid grouper in floating net cages. The conclusion of this study, administration of clove powder at a dose of 15 g kg-1 feed was able to significantly increased growth, differential leukocyte (lymphocyte), and survival rate of cantang grouper in floating net cages.

Comparative effects of savory (Satureja hortensis), dill (Anethum graveolens), and mooseer (Allium hirtifolium) essential oils on growth, digestive, and immunoantioxidant parameters and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

This study investigated the effects of savory (Satureja hortensis), dill (Anethum graveolens), and mooseer (Allium hirtifolium) essential oils on growth, digestive, immunity, and antioxidant parameters, as well as resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Experiments were performed on 630 fish with an average weight of 23.89 ± 0.13 g; (Mean ± SE) within seven feeding treatments for 60 days. The treatments contained no essential oils (control treatment) and levels 1 and 2% of each of the savory (SEO1, SEO2), dill (DEO1, DEO2), and mooseer (MEO1, MEO2) essential oils. After 60 days of feeding, the results indicated a significant improvement in the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, intestinal protease, and lipase activity, and serum lysozyme (LYZ) activity in SEO treatments, as well as a serum level of total protein (TP) globulin (GLO), alternative complement pathway hemolytic (ACH50), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the SEO2 treatment compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). The serum levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde were significantly improved in the DEO treatments compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). Mucosal levels of protease, total immunoglobulin, and LYZ were increased in the MEO2 treatment compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, Serum levels of TP, GLO, LYZ, ACH50, NBT, and MPO were increased significantly in the MEO treatments compared to the control treatment (P < 0.05), but not compared to the SEO2 treatment (P > 0.05). The lowest cumulative mortality rate (CMR) after 14 days of challenge with A. hydrophila was recorded in the MEO2 (28.88%), MEO1 (33.33%), and SEO2 (35%) treatments, respectively, with a significant difference, compared to the control treatment (59.99%) (P < 0.05). The results revealed that 2% SEO2 could promote growth, digestive function, humoral immunity, and resistance to A. hydrophila in juvenile common carp.

Greenhouse test of spraying dsRNA to control the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, infesting hot peppers

BackgroundThe western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis is an insect pest that damages various crops, including hot peppers. It is a vector of a plant pathogen, tomato spotted wilt virus. To control this pest, chemical insecticides have been used in the past, but the control efficacy is unsatisfactory owing to rapid resistance development by F. occidentalis.Methodology: This study reports a novel control technology against this insect pest using RNA interference (RNAi) of the vacuolar-type ATPase (vATPase) expression. Eight subunit genes (vATPase-A ∼ vATPase-H) of vATPase were obtained from the F. occidentalis genome and confirmed for their expressions at all developmental stages.ResultsDouble-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) specific to the eight subunit genes were fed to larvae and adults, which significantly suppressed the corresponding gene expressions after 24-h feeding treatment. These RNAi treatments resulted in significant mortalities, in which the dsRNA treatments at ∼2,000 ppm specific to vATPase-A or vATPase-B allowed complete control efficacy near 100% mortality in 7 days after treatment. To prevent dsRNA degradation by the digestive proteases during oral feeding, dsRNAs were formulated in a liposome and led to an enhanced mortality of the larvae and adults of F. occidentalis. The dsRNAs were then sprayed at 2,000 ppm on F. occidentalis infesting hot peppers in a greenhouse, which resulted in 53.5–55.9% control efficacy in 7 days after treatment. Even though the vATPases are conserved in different organisms, the dsRNA treatment was relatively safe for non-target insects owing to the presence of mismatch sequences compared to the dsRNA region of F. occidentalis.ConclusionThese results demonstrate the practical feasibility of spraying dsRNA to control F. occidentalis infesting crops.

Correlation of plasma generated long-lived reactive species in aqueous and gas phases with different feeding gases

Reactive species are believed to play an important role in the treatment effects in both direct and indirect plasma applications. To better understand plasma chemistry and reveal the reactive species generated in the aqueous and gas phases, this study investigated the reactive species (i.e. H2O2, and ) that were generated using two types of plasma jets with different feeding gases (i.e. air, CO2, and N2) and treatment time (i.e. 0, 5, 10 and 20 min) in both aqueous and gas phases. Under the same treatment conditions, the determinations of reactive species in ambient air (X-variable) were carried out using optical absorption spectroscopy (OAS), and the detection of reactive species in plasma-activated water (PAW, Y-variable) was using wet chemical-based colourimetric methods. For both measurements, OAS spectral features and the contents of reactive species in PAW varied from different feeding gases and treatment times. The correlations of X and Y were developed using partial least squares (PLS) regression modelling. High collinearity (R2CVs ∼ 0.955–1) was shown between the independent X and Y. Based on the PLS regression results, the selectivity ratio (SR) algorithm was used to select the most important spectral wavelengths that are highly related to the functional groups of these reactive species.

The Effect Of Different Feed Combinations On The Growth Rate, Efficiency And Survival Rate Of Juvenile Catfish (Clarias Sp.)

Catfish is classified as an omnivorous fish and has fast growth, has the ability to tolerate wide-ranging environmental parameters. The study aims to determine the length growth, weight growth, survival rate, feed efficiency and to determine the water duality in the Catfish (Clarias sp.) juvenile pond with differend feed treatments. The results of research showed that different feeding had an effect on the growth of catfish (Clarias sp.) juveniles. Length growth ranged from 9.78-10.8 cm, the highest value was in treatment 3, namely 10.8 cm and the lowest was in treatment 1, namely 9.78 cm. Weight growth ranged from 24-39 g, the highest value was in treatment 3, namely 39g and the lowest was in treatment 1, namely 24g. The survival rate ranged from 0.95-1%, the highest value was in treatment 3, namely 1% and the lowest was in treatment 1, namely 0.95%. feed efficiency ranged from 2.124-3.55%, the hinghest value was found in treatment 3, namely 3.55% and the lowest in treatment 1, namely 2.124%. the water quality during the research was still in the appropriate range for growth and survival of catfish (Clarias sp.) juveniles.

Optimization of Artemia Feed Regimes for Larval Giant Kōkopu (Galaxias argenteus)

Optimizing the initial live feed is critical to success in fish larviculture in terms of both larval health and productivity. It is also vitally important due to the significant cost of provisioning live feeds. Glaxiids are high-value diadromous fish species found in parts of the Southern Hemisphere, which are wild-harvested and sold for human consumption in their larval form. In the emerging aquaculture of galaxiids, the live feed makes up a great proportion of the production cycle and is therefore a significant factor in achieving the economic viability of their production. In New Zealand, the endemic galaxiid species giant kōkopu (Galaxias argenteus) is considered suitable for aquaculture; however, little is known of their larval-feeding requirements. This study compares the growth performance and survival of giant kōkopu larvae over a four-week period when fed different proportions of first-molt Artemia nauplii (instar-I) and enriched, second-molt-onward Artemia (instar-II+) for different durations. The larvae in the treatment group which received the greatest proportion of Instar-I Artemia for the longest duration had the lowest mean wet weight and survival, leading to the production of the lowest total biomass of fish larvae when compared to the other feed treatments. The feed treatment that received only instar-II+ Artemia achieved an equally best total productivity. While the treatment fed a partial initial duration of mixed instar-I and instar-II+ Artemia achieved the same total productivity, the individual larvae were heavier and their body length was longer. The latter feed treatment appears to offer the best balance between the availability of feed particles in the optimum size range and a higher level of digestibility given that instar-I Artemia had higher levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Evaluating different diets on the growth performance of mud crab (Scylla serrata)

The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of natural feeds for the sustainable grow-out aquaculture of mud crabs as an alternative to commercially available mud crab feeds. This study employed a completely randomized design that includes five feed treatments including trash fish, African land snail, horn snail, edible frog, and mud snail. There were three replicates for each treatment with three cages each located in a concrete tank with an area of 12m2. Each cage contained one lean crab. The crabs were fed twice a day, at 7 a.m. and 8 p.m. with an amount adjusted to 7% of the crab's body weight. After the first 21 days, all the crabs were harvested by draining out the tank water and the pincers of the crab were tied with a string to enable handling. The results showed that the highest growth performance in weight gain and condition factor was seen in African land snail feed with a feed conversion ratio of 1.38, indicating a high-quality feed. It also showed an impressive ROI of 96.8% which can be confirmed that this kind of feed might be a viable mud crab feed for both commercial scale and industry.

Enhancing survival of ex-situ reared sexual recruits of Acropora palmata for reef rehabilitation

Acropora palmata is one of the major reef-building coral species in the Caribbean. The species has suffered drastic declines in abundance and sexual recruitment over the past decades. One method for active rehabilitation of A. palmata reefs is by assisting the production of sexual recruits under controlled lab conditions. Within this study, the effect of different aquaculture regimes and culturing periods on the survival rates of these recruits was investigated. In August 2016, coral spawn was collected on a reef nearshore New Providence, Bahamas, cross-fertilized, and reared in mobile laboratory facilities from Van Oord Dredging and Marine Contractors. Larvae were settled on pre-conditioned aragonite plugs.Sexual recruits were cultured under four different aquaculture conditions: ambient vs. high Total Alkalinity (TA) (∼2.8 mEq L−1 vs. 4.8 mEq L−1) and with vs. without feeding Artemia nauplii. Recruit size was monitored by tracking living tissue area and the number of polyps of a subset of recruits. Plates with recruits were outplanted to a nursery on the reef after 4, 9 and 14 weeks of aquaculture. Survival was determined during the aquaculture phase (at 4, 9 and 14 weeks after settlement), and after outplanting (at 27 and 44 weeks after settlement).During the aquaculture phase, survival was significantly lower in seawater with increased TA compared to ambient seawater conditions. The average number of polyps per recruit was significantly higher in the treatments with feeding. After outplanting to the reef, both survival and recruit size were highest in the feeding treatments. The most successful aquaculture treatment in this study was a combination of increased TA and feeding during 9 weeks of aquaculture, which resulted in a doubling of survival and recruit size at 10 months after settlement compared to ambient conditions. Ambient conditions did not enhance survivorship nor recruit size at 10 months after settlement, as compared to the other aquaculture treatments. Nevertheless, the success of ambient aquaculture conditions exceeded natural conditions, as no natural recruitment of A. palmata was observed in this study. We conclude that feeding during and ex-situ culture period enhances ex-situ growth rates and in situ recruit survival of A. palmata juveniles. No positive effects of the aquaculture treatment with only increased TA were found. Building on these results, recommendations are provided for future reef rehabilitation efforts using ex-situ rearing of sexually reproduced A. palmata recruits.

Growth Performance of On-Farm Male Fattening Bali Cattle Fed with Fodder Obtained from Dry Land Farming Diversification in West Timor

This study aims to determine the effect of feeding fodder obtained from diversified dry land farming on daily weight gain, chest girth, shoulder height, and body length of male fattening Bali cattle. This study used a double Latin square design (LSD) with 4 treatments, namely T0 = local feed of farmers in Timor (farmer model). T1 = Diversified farm feed (T1 + mulato grass), T2 = T1 + legume Clitoria tarnatea, T3 = T2 + horticulture by-product using 4 periods as replicates. The livestock observed were eight male Bali cattle aged eight months to one year and weighed 97-121 kg (average 108.5 kg). The results showed that the feeding fodder obtained from the diversified farming had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on daily body weight gain but not significant (P&gt;0.05) on the linear body size measurements (chest girth, shoulder height, and body length). Considering the economical and convenient features, T2 feed treatment provided a greater contribution of 21.74% compared to control.

Influence of γ'N and ɛ'N phases on the properties of AISI 304L after low-temperature plasma nitrocarburizing

The surface of austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L has been hardened by adding nitrogen and carbon through the plasma nitrocarburizing process. Plasma nitrocarburizing at low temperatures eliminates the formation of nitrides and carbides of chromium, thereby increasing the surface hardness without compromising its corrosion resistance. This is attributed to the presence of a hard case consisting of a solid-solution of nitrogen and carbon occupying interstitial sites in an “expanded” austenite phase. The expanded austenite is further characterized as nitrogen-expanded austenite (γN) and carbon-expanded austenite (γC). In the present work, austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L samples were plasma nitrocarburized by varying the N2 content (%N2) in N2-H2-C2H2 feed gas mixture and treatment times (3, 5, and 7 h) at 673 K and 500 Pa. The samples were characterized by means of XRD, microindentation, XPS, EIS, and potentiodynamic polarization testing, for studying the microstructural, mechanical, and electrochemical properties. The XRD analysis revealed the presence of ɛ'N and γ'N in addition to γN and γC when treated with higher %N2 gas for 5 and 7 h. From XPS, the binding energies of undefined FexN were obtained which were found to lie very close to the defined FexN for higher %N2 gas. Surface hardness significantly improved after the plasma nitrocarburizing processes irrespective of the %N2 and treatment times compared to the untreated AISI 304L. The presence of CrN precipitation on the surface of samples treated with the 75% N2 for 5 and 7 h were observed from XPS, which caused higher corrosion rate. Among the treated samples, the process with 50% N2 and 5 h exhibited the best corrosion resistance with high surface hardness.

Effects of feeding phytobiotics on growth performance, breast meat quality, blood biochemical indices, and liver enzymes of broiler chickens

Abstract The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of feeding different doses of phytobiotics on growth performance, breast meat quality, blood biochemical profiles, and liver enzymes of broiler chickens. A total of 480 one-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were randomly assigned to four feeding treatments with six replicates. Phytobiotics (natural extracts of Macleaya cordata plant) were administered at the following doses: no phytobiotics (control); phytobiotics at the rate of 0.15Â g/kg; phytobiotics at the rate of 0.20Â g/kg; and phytobiotics at the rate of 0.25Â g/kg feed. A similar managemental practise was followed and corn-soya based mash diet was fed in two phases: starter (0–14 days) and grower (15–28 days). Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and polynomial analysis was used to determine the linear and quadric effects. No significant difference in growth data was observed with the addition of phytobiotics. However, breast meat yield was significantly (PÂ =Â 0.02) improved by the inclusion of phytobiotics at 0.20Â g/kg feed. Lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) of breast meat were significantly (PÂ =Â 0.01) enhanced with increasing doses of phytobiotics at 0.25Â g/kg of feed. The pH of breast meat was unchanged after 0 hours, but after 24 hours, the addition of phytobiotics had significantly decreased the pH (PÂ =Â 0.03). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (PÂ =Â 0.02) and total protein (TP) (PÂ =Â 0.01) levels were maximum at 0.25Â g phytobiotics/kg feed. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (PÂ =Â 0.01) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were decreased with increasing doses of phytobiotics. All statistically significant parameters were characterized by both linear and quadratic contrasts.

Domestication of Bileh Fish Rasbora sp. Origin of Aceh Waters Through Different Feed Therapy

Domestication is the process of taming fish from the wild to the aquaculture environment. There are 3 stages of the domestication process, namely: taming/adapting to the aquaculture environment, seeking fish to grow, and seeking fish to reproduce. Bileh fish can already be adapted to aquaculture containers, which is the first stage of the domestication process. However, information on suitable feed for fish growth is still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different feeding on the growth of bileh fish reared in controlled containers. The research method was experimental and used a completely randomized design (CRD), which consisted of 4 treatments (P) with 3 replications. The treatments given were artificial feed (P1), artemia (P2), rotifer (P3) and daphnia (P4). The research phase included preparation of containers, collection of bileh fish, experimental feed, maintenance, and data collection. Parameters taken and evaluated included: specific growth rate (SGR), absolute length growth (ALG), and survival rate (SR). The data were processed and analyzed with statistics (Anova). The results of statistical analysis showed that feed treatment had a significant effect on SGR (P<0.05), but had no significant effect on ALG and SR (P>0.05). The best treatment was P1 (artificial feeding) with an SGR value of 0.91%/day, ALG of 1.03 cm and SR of 100%.

Impact of Cannabis Seed Incorporation in Layer Diet on Productive Performance and Egg Quality Traits.

The production of nonindustrial cannabis is highly developed in the Moroccan Rif region; however, local farmers consider hemp seeds which are rich in omega 3 and tocopherols, only as by-products of cannabis cultivation with low market value. The local ecotype is considered to be a plant with a cannabinoid content of more than 0.4%. So, the objective of this research is to investigate how the incorporation of this local hemp seed affects productive performance and egg quality traits. The experiment is conducted to evaluate the effects of hemp seed (HS) incorporation on hen laying performance and physical egg quality at three levels: 10% (HS-10% group), 20% (HS-20% group), and 30% (HS-30% group). Ninety-six Lohmann Brown classic laying hens were randomly assigned to a control group and three feed treatments. The sampling was taken after the 28-week rearing period (peak egg laying). Throughout the experiment, low-rate HS inclusion (HS-10%) showed no significant differences in egg-laying performance (p > 0.05). However, the high incorporation rates of HS (20% and 30%) negatively affected the egg-laying performance (84-94% and 80-86%, respectively). The albumen quality was also improved by the HS inclusion, where the highest values of the Haugh unit were recorded, ranging between 68.69 and 73.91 for the HS-30% groups. The results also show that HS inclusion and duration influence significantly the yolk color (p < 0.001). The yellow intensity decreases with HS incorporation and aging, from a dark yellow (b ∗ = 38.63 for the control group) to a very pale yellow (b ∗ = 26.29 for HS 30% group). Based on these findings, we can conclude that the incorporation of nonindustrial Moroccan cannabis seeds (ecotype Beldiya) at low rate in the diet of laying hens does not alter the laying performance or the quality of the egg; therefore, they could be used in poultry feeding as an alternative constituent to partially replace high-cost imported ingredients, such as corn and soybeans.

Potential for Concentrated Microalgae as Replacement Diets for Juvenile Green-Lipped Mussels, Perna canaliculus

The nursery culture of bivalves typically relies on the feeding of costly live microalgae, while the use of natural sources of phytoplankton for feed is uncertain due to their variable quality and abundance. Replacement diets have been applied in bivalve nursery culture to replace live microalgae with varying success. This study investigated the potential use of two concentrated microalgal diets at a range of levels of substitution with live microalgae. Shellfish Diet 1800® (called SD) and LPB™ Frozen Shellfish Diet® (called LPB) were fed to juvenile green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus) at five levels of substitution for live microalgae (i.e., 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for 27 days. The mortality of mussels fed with 100% LPB replacement was significantly higher than the mortality of mussels fed at the lower levels of replacement, i.e., 0 and 25%. The overall final size of spat tended to decrease with the increasing level replacement of live microalgae. Proximate analysis (i.e., crude ash-free dry weight, crude protein, crude lipid, and carbohydrate) showed that only the proportion of carbohydrate content of spat was influenced by feeding treatments, with the mean total carbohydrate content of mussels tending to decrease with increasing levels of replacement of live microalgae. The results indicate that both concentrated microalgal feeds (SD and LPB) are effective at replacing live microalgae by up to 50% without compromising the survival and nutritional profile (AFDW, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content) of juvenile green-lipped mussels and are therefore a useful resource for improving the efficiency of production.

Evaluation of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoide) fed selenium yeast diets: Growth, histopathology, antioxidant ability, and apoptosis

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of selenium yeast on the growth, histomorphology, antioxidant capacity and apoptosis of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoide). The five iso-nitrogen and iso-lipid feeds were supplemented with selenium yeast levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively. The 525 largemouth bass (initial body weight: 11.48 ± 0.43 g) were equally divided into 15 buckets (three buckets per feed treatment) for a 67-day feeding experiment. The results showed that the addition of 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg of selenium yeast significantly reduced weight gain rate, and specific growth rate (P < 0.05), disorganized the structure of liver cells and exacerbated the vacuolation of liver tissue in largemouth bass. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in serum were significantly increased by 1.0 mg/kg selenium yeast (P < 0.05). After selenium yeast was supplemented, villus length and villus width were significantly increased (P < 0.05), NO contents and respiratory burst activities in hematocyte were not significantly changed (P > 0.05). With the addition of 1.5 mg/kg of selenium yeast, the relative expression of growth hormone 1, insulin-like growth factor-1, superoxide dismutase, catalase, Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 in hematocyte was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The significantly lowest percentage of apoptotic hematocyte was also seen in the 1.5 mg/kg selenium yeast addition group (P < 0.05). Overall, the supplementation of 1.5 mg/kg selenium yeast was not conducive to the growth and liver development of largemouth bass, but it could improve the antioxidant capacity of hematocyte and inhibit the apoptosis. It provided a theoretical basis for the enhancement of immune capacity during the farming of largemouth bass.

Research Progress on the Typical Variants of Simulated Moving Bed: From the Established Processes to the Advanced Technologies

Simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography is a highly efficient adsorption-based separation technology with various industrial applications. At present, its application has been successfully extended to the biochemical and pharmaceutical industrial sectors. SMB possesses the advantages of high product purity and yield, large feed treatment capacity, and simple process control due to the continuous operation mode and the efficient separation mechanism, particularly for difficult separation. Moreover, SMB performs well, particularly for multi-component separation or complicated systems’ purification processes in which each component exhibits similar properties and low resolution. With the development of the economy and technology, SMB technology needs to be improved and optimized to enhance its performance and deal with more complex separation tasks. This paper summarizes the typical variants or modifications of the SMB process through three aspects: zone variant, gradient variant, and feed or operation variant. The corresponding modification principles, operating modes, advantages, limitations, and practical application areas of each variant were comprehensively investigated. Finally, the application prospect and development direction were summarized, which could provide valuable recommendations and guidance for future research in the SMB area.

The Microencapsulation of Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda Citrifolia L.) with Maltodextrin and Its Implementation As Feed Additive on Carcass Quality and Histology of Intestinal Sentul Chicken

Noni fruit contains photogenic compounds and active substances that function as antibacterial, antioxidant, anthelmintics, and anti-cholesterol and can increase the digestibility of feed. Active compounds with natural antioxidant activity have properties that are very unstable to heat and oxidation reactions. Microencapsulation is a technique to coat the components of bioactive compounds in extracts using a coating material. The coating material used is maltodextrin (70% extract:30% maltodextrin). Maltodextrin has high solubility and the ability to inhibit oxidation reactions. The research aims to get an optimal dose of the use of microcapsules product of noni extract (MPNE) on carcass quality and histology of intestinal Sentul chickens. The study used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to see the influential treatment using analysis of variance followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test consisting of 4 replications and five treatments. So, the total number of chickens that had been reared was 100, and maintenance was carried out for 12 weeks. The feed treatments, namely P0=Basal ration, P1=50 mg/kg Zinc Bacitracin, P2=125 mg/kg MPNE, P3=250 mg/kg MPNE, P4=375 mg/kg MPNE. The results showed that MPNE with a dose of 250 mg/kg is the best treatment for producing live weight carcass, reducing meat cholesterol, dan improving villi height, width, surface area, and jejunum crypt depth. It was concluded that giving noni fruit extract microcapsules a dose of 125-250 mg/kg is recommended as a feed additive to replace AGP for Sentul chickens.

Complete Feed Based on Fermented Sago Waste Against the Consumption and Digestion of Goat

A common method used to improve the nutritional quality of feed is by fermentation method. The working principle is that fermentation activates the growth and metabolism of microorganism so that it can increase the digestibility of feed and produce the preferred aroma of livestock. This study aims to find out the effect of giving fermented sago waste on the consumption and digestibility of goat and cattle. Two feed treatments were tested on 12 goats. The results showed that the consumption and digestibility value of Dry Matter (DM) and Crude Protein (CP) showed no noticeable difference in goat cattle. The study concluded that complete feed-based fermented sago waste did not affect the consumption and digestibility of CP and DM of goat. Keywords: Sago waste, completed feed, consumption, digestion, dry matter, crude protein

Photoperiod Conditions Modulate Serum Oxylipins Levels in Healthy and Obese Rats: Impact of Proanthocyanidins and Gut Microbiota.

Seasonal rhythms are emerging as a key factor influencing gut microbiota and bioactive compounds functionality as well as several physiological processes such as inflammation. In this regard, their impact on the modulation of oxylipins (OXLs), which are important lipid mediators of inflammatory processes, has not been investigated yet. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effects of photoperiods on OXLs metabolites in healthy and obesogenic conditions. Moreover, we evaluated if the impact of proanthocyanidins and gut microbiota on OXLs metabolism is influenced by photoperiod in obesity. To this purpose, Fischer 344 rats were housed under different photoperiod conditions (L6: 6 h light, L12: 12 h light or L18:18 h light) and fed either a standard chow diet (STD) or a cafeteria diet (CAF) for 9 weeks. During the last 4 weeks, obese rats were daily administered with an antibiotic cocktail (ABX), an oral dose of a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), or with their combination. CAF feeding and ABX treatment affected OXLs in a photoperiod dependent-manner. GSPE significantly altered prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels, only under L6 and mitigated ABX-mediated effects only under L18. In conclusion, photoperiods affect OXLs levels influenced by gut microbiota. This is the first time that the effects of photoperiod on OXLs metabolites have been demonstrated.

Evaluation of an Extract Derived from the Seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum to Reduce the Negative Effects of Heat Stress on Broiler Growth and Stress Parameters.

Heat stress is one on the main welfare issues that broiler chickens face and it can lead not only to decreased welfare but production as well. The seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum has demonstrated the ability in several species to decrease body temperature and affect immune function. To determine whether adding an extract of this seaweed into the diet of broiler chickens would decrease the negative effects of prolong heat stress on broiler growth, a study was conducted. Broilers were fed a control diet with the seaweed extract added at a rate of 0.5 kg/metric ton of feed throughout a 42-day growout or just a control diet. Half of each feed treatment was exposed to two weeks of heat stress (35 °C for 16 h/day) starting at d28 and continued until the end of the trial. Therefore, there were four treatments: a control non-stressed (CNS), control heat stressed (CHS), seaweed-supplemented non-stressed (SWNS), and seaweed-supplemented heat stressed (SWHS). To determine stress susceptibility, the following measures were collected: bilateral asymmetry (ASYM, n = 60), heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (HL, n = 24), plasma heat shock protein 70 (HSP70, n = 24) and plasma corticosterone concentrations (CORT, n = 24). Feed conversion, uniformity and weight gain were also determined. The CHS birds had higher (p &lt; 0.05) CORT, ASYM, HSP70 and HL than the CNS, SWNS and SWHS birds. The CNS and SWNS birds did not differ (p &gt; 0.05) in body weight at d42 but they were both heavier (p &lt; 0.05) than in both the heat-stressed treatments. Furthermore, the CHS weighed less (p &lt; 0.05) that the SWHS birds. The non-heat-stressed treatments did not differ (p &gt; 0.05) from each other in FCR, however the two heat-stressed treatments did differ (p &lt; 0.05) from each other in FCR, with the SWHS birds having better FCR than the CHS birds. Heat stress affected bird uniformity with non-heat-stressed treatments having more (p &lt; 0.05) uniformity of body weights within a pen than the heat stress treatments. These results demonstrate that adding this seaweed extract to the feed of poultry can reduce their stress during a prolonged heat stress event, though it had no effect on growth or feed conversion. This feed additive could be used to improve the welfare of poultry during heat stress events.