Feeding Treatments Research Articles

Increasing the Nutritional Value of FISH Feed with the Addition of Eco Enzyme

Feed is one of the determinants of the success of cultivation activities. The nutritional and protein content of commercial feed has been determined, however, the protein content in the feed can still be increased. Eco enzyme is the result of fermentation from a mixture of sugar, organic fruit or vegetable residue, and water by utilizing probiotic activity which produces enzymes from organic waste. The purpose of this study was to analyze the increase in the nutritional value of fish feed with the addition of eco enzyme. Analysis of feed samples was carried out at the Laboratory of Nutrition and Animal Feed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University, South Kalimantan. The treatment given was the addition of eco enzyme at different doses with the treatment of feed A (20 mL/kg feed), B feed (40 mL/kg feed), and C feed (60 mL/kg feed). The organic ingredients used to make Eco Enzyme are fruit peels sourced from mini markets and salad traders in the area around Banjarbaru City. The results of the chemical feed analysis test (proximate) which include: water content, ash content, protein content, fat content and fiber content. ased on the results of the analysis of feed samples with the addition of 60 mL/kg of feed eco enzyme, the value of the protein content can increase by 117.4% from 15% protein content to 32.71%. It contains a fat content value of 3.33% which is close to the SNI requirements for fish feed quality and reduces 69.6% of the fiber content of feed from 10% to 3.04%.%.

Distribution and clinical comparison of restrictive feeding and eating disorders using ICD-10 and ICD-11 criteria.

Within the eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), diagnostic criteria for feeding and eating disorders were revised and new diagnoses including avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) are classifiable; however, nothing is known about how these changes affect the prevalence of feeding and eating disorders. This study compared the distribution and clinical characteristics of restrictive feeding and eating disorders between ICD-10 and ICD-11. The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), its child version, and the EDE ARFID module were administered to N = 82 patients (0-17 years) seeking treatment for restrictive feeding and eating disorders and their parents. Clinical characteristics were derived from medical records, questionnaires, and objective anthropometrics. The number of residual restrictive eating disorders (rrED) significantly decreased from ICD-10 to ICD-11 due to a crossover to full-threshold disorders, especially anorexia nervosa (AN) or ARFID. Patients reclassified to ICD-11 ARFID were younger, had an earlier age of illness onset, more restrictive eating behaviors, and tended to have more somatic comorbidities compared to those reclassified to ICD-11 AN. Patients with rrED according to both ICD-10 and ICD-11 were younger, had an earlier age of illness onset, less shape concern, and more somatic comorbidities than patients who were reclassified from ICD-10 rrED to ICD-11 AN or ARFID. This study highlights the inclusive approach of ICD-11 criteria, paving the way for more targeted treatment, and ARFID's high clinical relevance. Future studies considering nonrestrictive feeding and eating disorders across the life span may allow further analyses on diagnostic crossover. Changes in diagnostic criteria for restrictive eating disorders within the newly published ICD-11 led to an increase in full-threshold disorders, while the number of rrED was significantly lowered compared to ICD-10 criteria. The results thus highlight the diagnostic utility of ICD-11 criteria and may help providing adequate treatment to children and adolescents with rrED.

Reproductive Success Rate and Blood Urea Nitrogen Status of Garut Ewes Fed Sorghum-Indigofera in Majalengka District - West Java

The body's Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) concentration could be used as diagnostic information for interpreting animal nutritional status, improving nutritional management, and preventing metabolic disorders in ewes during the reproductive phase. This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive success rate and changes in the BUN status of Garut ewes fed sorghum-Indigofera in Majalengka District – West Java, Indonesia. Twenty-eight multiparous Garut ewes with an average body weight of 30 kg, aged 2-3 years or parity from 3rd to 4th, and non-pregnant were separated into two feed treatment groups; divided field grass (FG) and sorghum-Indigofera (SI) mixed feed. This study was designed using a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). After one month of feed acclimatization, all ewes were served an estrus synchronization protocol and mated naturally. A pregnancy test was carried out on the 28th day after mating using ultrasonography (USG). Seven blood samples were taken (1 time in the pre-mating phase and three times each in the pregnancy and lactation phases), and the BUN parameter was analyzed. The results showed that SI feed increased the number of ewes pregnant and giving birth compared to FG (10 vs. 9 and 9 vs. 6, respectively). Meanwhile, the average value of the BUN content of ewes in both FG and SI treatments during the premating, pregnancy, and lactation phases did not show any differences (p>0.05). The concentration of BUN is still in normal condition even though it has decreased from pre-mating until the lactation phase. It can be concluded that Sorghum-Indigofera mixed feed could increase reproductive success. However, the average value of BUN in the two types of feed treatment experienced the same status change in all reproductive phases. Both can overcome the energy deficit problem if they have sufficient feed.

Liver-specific metastases as an independent prognostic factor in cancer patients receiving hospice care in hospital

BackgroundSurvival prediction is important in cancer patients receiving hospice care. Palliative prognostic index (PPI) and palliative prognostic (PaP) scores have been used to predict survival in cancer patients. However, cancer primary site with metastatic status, enteral feeding tubes, Foley catheter, tracheostomy, and treatment interventions are not considered in aforementioned tools. The study aimed to investigate the cancer features and potential clinical factors other than PPI and PaP to predict patient survival.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study for cancer patients admitted to a hospice ward between January 2021 and December 2021. We examined the correlation of PPI and PaP scores with survival time since hospice ward admission. Multiple linear regression was used to test the potential clinical factors other than PPI and PaP for predicting survival.ResultsA total of 160 patients were enrolled. The correlation coefficients for PPI and PaP scores with survival time were -0.305 and -0.352 (both p < 0.001), but the predictabilities were only marginal at 0.087 and 0.118, respectively. In multiple regression, liver metastasis was an independent poor prognostic factor as adjusted by PPI (β = -8.495, p = 0.013) or PaP score (β = -7.139, p = 0.034), while feeding gastrostomy or jejunostomy were found to prolong survival as adjusted by PPI (β = 24.461, p < 0.001) or PaP score (β = 27.419, p < 0.001).ConclusionsAssociation between PPI and PaP with patient survival in cancer patients at their terminal stages is low. The presence of liver metastases is a poor survival factor independent of PPI and PaP score.

Changes in Gene Expression of Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci MED Feeding on Tomato Plants Infected by One of the Criniviruses, Tomato Chlorosis Virus through Transcriptome Analysis.

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), transmitted by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) has been continuously emerging on tomato plants and causing a significant economic loss throughout China. In the current study, RNA-Seq analysis was used to explore the gene expression profiles of B. tabaci Mediterranean (MED) that fed on both ToCV-infected and -uninfected tomato plants for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours, respectively. The results revealed that dynamic changes occurred in the gene expressions of whiteflies at different time intervals after they acquired the virus. A total of 1709, 461, 4548, and 1748 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after a 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours feeding interval for the viral acquisition, respectively. The least number of expressed genes appeared in whiteflies with the 12 hours feeding treatment, and the largest numbers of those found in those with 24 hours feeding treatment. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that B. tabaci MED responded to ToCV acquisition through altering its nerve system development, fertility, detoxification, glucose metabolism, and immune function before it lost its ability to transmit the virus. The number of DEGs, degree of differential gene expressions, expression level of the same gene, involved biological processes, and metabolic functions in whiteflies post the 12 hours feeding, and viral acquisition were different from those from other three feeding treatments, which could be a significant finding suggesting an effective control of B. tabaci MED should be done less than 12 hours after whiteflies started feeding on ToCV-infected tomatoes. Our results further provided a clarified understanding in how B. tabaci was protected from viral acquisitions through comparison of the differential profile of gene expressions in whiteflies feeding on plants that were infected by semipersistent viruses.

Effect of yeast supplementation on growth parameters and metabolomics of black soldier fly larvae,Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Enhancement of black soldier fly (BSF) larval body weight with nutraceutical metabolites is a crucial step in utilising BSF larvae as food and feed. As BSF larvae are found in natural habitats comprising decaying organic matter and thriving with yeast species, we hypothesis that metabolic interactions between BSF larvae and the yeast present in their gut will have the greatest influence on the nutritional composition and life cycle of the BSF larvae. In the present study, we compared BSF larvae that were fed withSaccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc), a yeast species used for rearing BSF andCandida spp. (Cs), yeast-like fungi that are common in the BSF larval gut environment. The effect of the yeasts on 5th instar larval body weight was tested, and alteration of metabolic regulation and its impact on related pathways was analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and MetaboAnalyst 5.0 version. The Cs feeding treatment significantly increased larval body weight compared to the Sc treatment. The metabolic pathway analysis demonstrated that the significantly over-accumulated metabolites in the Cs treatment (compared to the Sc treatment) were tyrosine, purine, histidine and vitamin B6 metabolism, while the significantly down-accumulated metabolites in Cs (compared to the Sc treatment) were arginine biosynthesis, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis. In addition, metabolites related to phenylalanine metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism were down-accumulated. However, further study is required on both the BSF and yeast gene expression related to these metabolic pathways in order to better understand yeast-insect metabolite interactions. The overall conclusion of this study is that a supply of yeasts that are adapted to the BSF digestive system contributes to altered metabolic pathways in the BSF larvae and enhances larval body weight, as well as improving nutrient status.

Consumption and Digestibility Studies in Goats Fed with Complete Feed Corn Tumpi and Red Dragon Fruit Peel Flour (Hylocereus Sp.)

Utilization of unconventional materials such as corn tumpi and dragon fruit peel flour as an alternative feed ingredient for ruminants, especially goats. This study aims to examine the effect of providing complete feed containing corn tumpi with dragon fruit peel flour at different levels on consumption and digestibility of goats. This study used 12 local male goats with ages ranging from 1 to 1.5 years which were randomly assigned to metabolic cages. The study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) method with 3 treatments and 4 groups. The treatments consisted of P1: Complete feed containing 50% corn tumpi, P2: Complete feed containing 45% corn tumpi and 5% dragon fruit peel flour and P3: Complete feed containing 40% corn tumpi and 10% dragon fruit peel flour. The results showed that the treatment of complete feed containing corn tumpi with dragon fruit peel flour at different levels had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on dry matter consumption and organic matter consumption. Dry matter consumption ranged from 296.88 – 461.64 g/h/day, and nitrogen consumption was between 265.74 – 407.72 g/h/day. Treatment of complete feed containing corn tumpi with dragon fruit peel flour at different levels had no significant effect (P&gt;0.05) on dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility. Dry matter digestibility ranged from 82.75 – 87.50 %, and organic matter digestibility between 84.5 – 88.75 %. It was concluded that based on estimates of dry matter consumption and organic matter consumption, the use of alternative ingredients for corn tumpi with dragon fruit peel flour up to a level of 10% could be used as a complete mix of feed ingredients for ruminants, especially goats.

Feasibility Study on Wastewater Treatment and Production of Livestock Feed by Azolla Pinnata

of water is a major threat we face today. Increased population and industrialization are the common factors that fasten the water pollution rate. Here pollution due to Canteen waste water is taken into account and a solution to it by a modern cheapest method known as phytoremediation is studied here. It is the use of plants to remove pollutants from waste water. This treatment method is ecologically sound, economically viable, and has a low capital cost Here Azolla pinnata plant is used to find the feasibility of phytoremediation over canteen waste water. Parameters like pH, Turbidity, COD, DO and BOD was analyzed before and after treatment. Here experiments are conducted to assess the effectiveness of the phytoremediation technique using Azolla pinnata plant over Canteen waste water. The optimum conditions for better performance of Azolla pinnata in treating waste water is identified.ie, Optimum contact time, and Optimum dilution. The phytoremediation system is also compared with a blank of Canteen waste water. Here blank is set up to study the effect of time on the degradation of contaminants. The amount of production of Azolla pinnata at the end of treatment is taken into account and can be utilized for livestock feed.

Clinical Outcomes from an Interdisciplinary Outpatient Feeding Treatment Pilot Program.

Many children with developmental disabilities experience feeding challenges, including food refusal and food selectivity. Feeding concerns are often multifaceted and, therefore, an interdisciplinary approach to treatment is needed. A pilot of an interdisciplinary outpatient feeding program was conducted in a hospital medical center by psychologists and occupational therapists. The pilot program focused on caregiver training and improvements in targeted feeding goals in both the clinic and home settings. Treatment outcomes from this pilot program found increases in bite acceptance, decreases in inappropriate mealtime behaviors, increases in caregiver-reported number of foods consumed, and mastery of most individualized feeding goals for children who participated in the treatment program. Additionally, caregivers reported decreased concerns related to feeding and increased confidence in addressing their child's feeding concerns after participation in the treatment. Caregivers also reported high levels of satisfaction with this pilot program and reported the intervention to be feasible.

14 Mitigation Strategies for Heifer Development on ‘KY-31’ Tall Fescue

Abstract Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) is the predominant cool-season perennial forage in the Eastern U.S. However, a symbiotic endophyte reduces performance of animals grazing tall fescue. This results in losses of around $2 billion annually. Due to the vasoconstriction caused by the endophyte, a decrease in conception rates among cows and heifers consuming tall fescue has been observed. With rising input costs, it is necessary to explore alternative mitigation strategies these production losses. The objective of this study was to mitigate the toxic effects of ‘KY 31’ tall fescue by limit-grazing cool-season annuals as an alternative to feed supplementation. In January 2022, 48 heifers [14 months of age; 365.9 ± 11.89 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to tall fescue only, tall fescue with supplemental feed at 1% of BW, tall fescue with limit grazing of cool-season annuals for 24 h per week, and cool-season annuals only. Four animals grazed in each of three replicated paddocks per treatment. Cool-season annual pasture was a mixture of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and oat (Avena sativa). Body condition scores (BCS), hair coat scores (HCS), and BW were recorded every 30 d. Forage samples were taken for biomass, nutritive value, and ergovaline concentration every 30 d. On April 1, 2022, heifers were artificially inseminated (AI), and conception rates were determined 45 d after AI. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst, Cary, NC) with α = 0.05. There were no differences among treatments in HCS at any weigh date (P &amp;gt; 0.05). The BCS for all treatments was less in February than January or March (5.6, 6.1, 6.1, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.0001), but there were no differences among treatments at any sampling date (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Conception rates were not different among treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.10) but averaged 75, 67, 42, and 50% for the continuous-cool season, limit graze, supplemental feed, and tall fescue treatments, respectively. Crude protein (CP) concentrations for the control and limit grazing fescue treatments were greater than the limit grazing cool-season annual treatment, continuous grazing cool-season annual treatment, and the supplemental feed treatment (13.5, 10.7, 10.4, and 8.9%, respectively, (P &amp;lt; 0.012). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were different among the supplemental treatment when compared with the limit grazing fescue, limit grazing cool-season annual, control, and continuous cool-season annual (48.2 vs 64.7% NDF and 25.8 vs. 37.0% ADF; P &amp;lt; 0.0361). At this time, the results indicate that limit grazing cool-season annual forages may be an advantageous option to mitigate fescue toxicosis in replacement heifers grazing tall fescue pastures in the spring.

28 Effect of Dietary Hempseed Meal on Growth Performance and Dry Matter Intake in Yearling Rough-Stock Bulls

Abstract The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) is gathering information about the safety and efficacy of hemp and its derivatives as potential animal feedstuffs. Yearling rough-stock bulls (n = 38) were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of hempseed meal (HSM) as a concentrate ingredient on growth, dry matter intake (DMI), and efficiency. Bulls were blocked by body weight (BW), grouped into 10 pens (n = 3 or 4 bulls/pen), and randomly assigned to hempseed meal (HSM) or a control supplement treatment (CON; 72.5% cottonseed meal, 14.5% soy hulls, and 13% fat). Ingredients for CON were used because they were common commercial commodities and were formulated to match the macronutrients of HSM. Treatments were top-dressed at 10% of the diet, while 90% was fed as a mixed ration [50% bermudagrass hay, 40% textured commercial feed (10% CP)]. Feed delivery, treatment delivery, and orts were recorded daily. Diet samples were dried and used to calculate dry matter intake (DMI). Blood for urea-N (SUN; VetScan Chemistry Analyzer) and BW were obtained on days 0, 21, 42, and 63. Efficiency was evaluated for each period using DMI and average daily gain (ADG). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS 9.4. Results were considered significant at P &amp;lt; 0.05, and tendencies were discussed at 0.05 &amp;gt; P &amp;gt; 0.10. No treatment×time interaction occurred for BW (P = 0.999), ADG (P = 0.563), interim DMI (P = 0.672), feed efficiency (P = 0.254), or SUN (P = 0.170). Treatment did not affect BW (320.4 and 324.69 ± 121.57 kg for CON and HSM, respectively, P = 0.996), but BW increased over time (261.13 ± 74.71 and 322.5 ± 121.57 kg, initial and final BW, respectively, P = 0.001). No treatment effect on ADG occurred (0.73 and 0.84 ± 0.13 kg for CON and HSM, respectively, P = 0.680). However, ADG decreased over time (1.0 ± 0.29, 1.19 ± 0.21 and 0.79 ± 0.13 kg, d0-21, d21-42, and d42-63, respectively, P = 0.005). Daily DMI resulted in a treatment×time interaction, where HSM often consumed more DM than CON (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Interim DMI increased over time (7.44 ± 1.25, 7.84 ± 0.98, and 8.18 ± 0.82 kg, d0-21, d21-42, and d42-63, respectively, P = 0.0073), but when combined with ADG to determine feed efficiency, the main effects were not different (P ≥ 0.17). Over time, SUN increased (4.91, 10.52, 11.66 and 12.72 ± 0.35 mg/dL for days 0, 21, 42 and 63, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.001), and HSM had greater SUN than CON (10.46 and 9.45 ± 0.30 mg/dL for HSM and CON, respectively, P = 0.0426). These data suggest that bulls fed HSM at 10% diet DM perform similarly to bulls fed the same nutrient profile of standard commercial feed ingredients, indicating comparable nutrient availability between the treatments. Conversely, increased DMI and SUN in the HSM bulls suggest a difference in nitrogen metabolism between the treatments that warrants further investigation.

Correlation between dry matter digestibility and final body weight of Kacang goats fed on a combination of sugarcane top leaf, coffee husk waste flour and urea molasses block

A study aimed about examining the correlation between dry matter consumption, dry matter digestibility of feed and final body weight was carried out on local goats (Kambing Kacang) fed on basal feed of sugarcane top leaf (STL) and urea molasses block containing different percentages of coffee husk waste flour (UMB-CHWF) has been carried out for 90 days of observation using a completely randomized design. This study used 16 young male goats aged 6 months and fed on 4 types of feed treatment, namely: P1 (fed on STL and UMB without CHWF), P2 (fed on STL and UMB contained 10% of CHWF), P3 (fed on STL and UMB contained 20% of CHWF) and P4 (fed on STL and UMB contained 30% of CHWF. The results showed that combination of STL and UMB feed containing 20% CHWF showed a very close positive correlation (coefficient correlation was 0.79, 0.63 and 0.93, respectively) between the increase in amount of dry matter consumption, dry matter digestibility and final body weight better than other treatments. However, the percentage of CHWF in UMB increased to 30% percent did not changes in totol amount of dry matter consumption, dry matter digestibilityor final body weight on Kambing Kacang after weaning period.

96 Evaluation of prolonged hay net use on the rostral oral cavity and salvia production in adult horses

Previous hay net studies have focused on behavior, consumption, and feed wastage; yet none have evaluated effects in the oral cavity. To investigate the effects of prolonged hay net use on rostral soft tissue and saliva production, 8 stock-type horses were evaluated for dental health and floated by a dental technician to ensure consistency. Horses were blocked by body weight (BW; 558.6 ± 13.8kg), body condition (BC; 6.5 ± 0.2), sex (mares: n = 5; geldings: n = 3), and age (10.1 ± 1.1yr) and randomly assigned to one of 2 feeding treatments for 70d. Horses on control (CON; n = 4) were offered loose hay in a tub; horses in the experimental group (NET; n = 4) were offered hay encased in a slow-feeder hay net (Texas Hay Net, 3.81cm2 openings). Horses received coastal bermudagrass hay at 1.5% of BW daily along with a commercial concentrate (Equilene® Pellets) at ≤0.7% of BW as-fed to maintain BC. Horses were kept in individual dry pens with access to feed, water, and salt for 16 h/day, and then group-housed in dry lots with only ad-libitum water and salt for 8hr/day. Feed intake was recorded daily by the collection and weighing of orts. All horses were assessed weekly using digital and thermography (FLIR®) images to document changes in rostral oral tissue. Blind reviewers analyzed images for changes in rostral oral cavity scores (ROCS) ranging from no damage (ROCS = 7) to severe damage (ROCS = 21).Biweekly saliva measurements were taken immediately before hay offering and 1hr after consumption using 2 disposable oral swabs (Munkcare®, 18cm3 each) held at the exit of the sublingual gland. Statistics were formulated using 3-way repeated measures ANOVA using R Statistical Program®. Intake was not influenced by feeding method (P = 0.874), nor was saliva production (P = 0.570). NET horses had numerically higher pre-consumption saliva values (5.27 ± 0.41g) compared with CON horses (4.55 ± 0.49g). Saliva production increased post-1hr consumption (P ≤ 0.001) confirming production was a result of mastication. The surface temperature of the oral cavity was not affected by treatment (P = 0.471) and was within normal ranges. Average total ROCS did not differ between treatments (NET: 11.0 ± 0.2; CON: 12.2 ± 0.2; P = 0.251) but increased with time (P ≤ 0.01). Use of a hay net for 70d did not influence intake or negatively affect rostral tissue, indicating a level of safety long-term. Based on these findings, feeding from a hay net over a 1hr period did not influence saliva production; however, in future studies, saliva production should be evaluated over an entire consumption period.

Organoleptic qualities and proximate composition of fish grown in good aquaculture practice-based carp fattening pond

Organoleptic qualities and proximate composition of fish grown in carp fattening pond were studied under three treatments of feed and fertiliser management. Treatment T1 was designed with the use of organic fertiliser and stocking of silver carp, T2 with both organic and inorganic fertilisers and silver carp and T3 with both organic and inorganic fertilisers but excluding silver carp. One day in a week feeding restriction was followed in all the treatments. Fishes were stocked with a stocking density of 2470 fishes ha–1. Three fishes (Gibelion catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus cirrhosus) were selected for organoleptic and proximate assessment. Cyanobacteria along with total phytoplankton cell density was significantly higher at treatment T2 followed by T3 and T1. However, in terms of productivity (Chl-a) treatment T2 was 27.1 and 13.3% higher compared to T1 and T3 respectively. Parameters assessed for proximate composition analysis did not vary across treatments and organoleptic test revealed comparatively higher acceptability of fishes collected from treatment T1 followed by T2 and T3 for all the fishes. Overall acceptability was higher for L. rohita from treatment T1. This study concluded that, inorganic fertilisation along with silver carp can improve the organoleptic properties of carps in pond.

STRATEGI PEMBERIAN PAKAN YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP BENIH IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio)

Goldfish is one type of freshwater fish that is quite popular with the public. This study aims to determine the absolute length growth, absolute weight growth and feed efficiency of carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry. This research was conducted on 26 July – 04 November 2022 at the Curug Barang Freshwater Seed Center. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments used were: artificial feeding (A), Daphnia sp feeding (B), Tubipex sp 50% + Daphnia sp 50% combination feeding (C), and Tubipex sp feeding (D). Seed maintenance was carried out for 30 days. During rearing, fish were fed 3 times a day at 08.00, 13.00 and 18.00 WIB. Observation of absolute length, absolute weight, is done every 10 days. The growth in absolute length of carp seeds reared with different types of feed showed significantly different results (P&lt;0.05). The highest absolute length was in the Tubifex sp (D) treatment, which was 1.86 cm and the lowest was in the artificial feed treatment (A), which was 0.78 cm. The absolute weight growth of carp seeds reared by giving different types of feed showed significantly different results (P&lt;0.05). The highest absolute weight growth was &#x0D; found in the Tubifex sp (D) treatment, namely 2.45 grams. The most effective feed efficiency during fish rearing for 30 days was in the feed treatment Tubifex sp (D) with a value of 97.97% and the lowest was in the artificial feed treatment (A) with a value of 72.90%. The survival rate ranges from 99.16 - 99.25%. The survival rates for the Dhapnia sp (B), Dhapnia sp + Tubifex sp (C), Tubifex sp (D) treatments showed significantly different results (P&lt;0.05).

EFFECT OF PALM POLLEN,PUMPKIN EXTRACT, NANO FERTILIZER AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH WHEAT HERBICIDES

This experiment was aimed to study the effect of the interaction of herbicides and varieties with different types of foliar nutrition in production the highest yield for three wheat varieties. A field experiment was carried out at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad / Jadiriyah for two seasons, as the seeds of the first season were sown on 13/12/2018 and harvested on 15/5/2019, and the seeds of the second season were sown on 4/12/2019 and harvested on 10/5/2020. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in the arrangement of split plots, the nutrition included the main plots, while the varieties with herbicides treatments occupied the secondary plots with three replications. The treatment of V3H3 was significantly superior in achieving the highest average in the grain yield value 4.75 and 5.10 ton h-1 for the two seasons, respectively. As for the nutrition, treatment F3 gave the highest average in the grain yield amounted to 4.74 and 4.69 ton ha-1 for the two seasons, respectively. It could be concluded that V3H3 the best treatment to compete with the weeds by giving it the highest yield. Also, It is noted that the leaves feeding treatments all led to a significant increases in the yield and some of its components despite the normal fertilization treatment was the best treatment by giving it the highest grain yield and a significant increases in two of the yield components.

Pengaruh Pemberian Jenis Pakan Yang Berbeda Terhadap Kelangsungan Hidup Dan Pertumbuhan Larva Ikan Gabus (Channa striata)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different feeding on the survival rate and growth of snakehead fish (Channa striata) larvae. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment consisted of treatment A treatment with artificial feeding PF 0, treatment B with feeding Daphnia and treatment C with feeding silk worms. The results showed that the provision of different types of feed had a significant effect on survival, absolute weight growth, daily weight growth rate, absolute length growth rate, daily length growth rate and feed conversion of snakehead fish larvae (Channa striata). The best feeding for the survival and growth of snakehead fish larvae is found in feeding using natural feed silk worms and Daphnia sp.

Trophic transfer of DDE, BP-3 and chlorpyrifos from microplastics to tissues in Dicentrarchus labrax

Microplastic pollution and associated chemical contaminants is a topic of growing interest. In recent years, the number of publications reporting the presence of microplastics (MPs) in marine organisms has increased exponentially. However, there is a gap in knowledge about the trophic transfer of contaminants from microplastics to animal tissues, as well as possible health effects. In this study we analyzed the trophic transfer and biomagnification of three chemical pollutants present in microplastics: dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE-p,p’), benzophenone 3 (BP-3) and chlorpyrifos (CPS). The reference values used were concentrations found in environmental microplastics in the Canary Islands (minimum and maximum). European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were fed for 60 days with 5 different treatments: A) feed; B) feed with chemical pollutants at maximum concentration; C) feed + 10 % virgin MPs; D) feed + 10 % MPs with chemical pollutants at minimum concentration; E) feed + 10 % MPs with chemical pollutants at maximum concentration. We detected trophic transfer of DDE-p,p’, CPS and BP-3 from the feed (treatment B) to the muscle and liver of fish. In the case of DDE-p,p’, transfer to liver and muscle was also observed in the treatments consisting of feed plus plastics with different levels of contamination (C, D and E). No effect of the experimental treatments on fish condition indices was observed.

Impact of COVID‐19 in relation to the outpatient pediatric feeding therapy experience: A speech‐language pathologist's review of literature and professional experience

It is well known in the medical and pediatric feeding community how parental stress affects outcomes of pediatric nutrition and feeding behaviors. There is growing literature suggesting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to caregiver and child stress. It could be suggested that this increase in stress contributed to or exacerbated pediatric feeding difficulties. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in pediatric rehabilitation therapists quickly transitioning from in-person to virtual evaluation and treatment models. The purpose of this article is to review current literature regarding the definition and prevalence of pediatric feeding disorder, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on parent/child stress and relationships surrounding feeding, and this speech-language pathologist's perception of both the positive and negative aspects of providing ongoing outpatient feeding evaluations and treatments in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as clinical considerations for ongoing feeding therapy after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Utilisation of Health and Nutrition Community Interventions to Reach Every Last One of the Most Vulnerable Children: Evidence from A Lifesaving Three-Year Project in Fragile Somalia

Objectives: Somalia has some of the worst infant, child and maternal mortality ratios in the world and was unable to achieve its Millennium Development Goals of health and nutrition. This study aimed to examine whether the project achieved its intended outcome in fragile Somalia. Design: The study adopted a quantitative and analysis method. Setting: Data collection involved household surveys and anthropometric measurements. A pre-and post-intervention data collection and analysis was conducted aimed at comparing the performance of the priority indicators, determining if the change was significant with a 95% confidence interval. Participants: It was with caregivers, mainly women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and children 0-59 months as the main participants. Main Outcome Measures: The focus was on Baseline compare to end line, End line Puntland Vs Somaliland and Key indicators to National Targets. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis of the household questionnaires was conducted using SPSS data analysis software. Cross-tabulation using the McNemar’s Chi-square test was used to compare key outcomes. Results: From baseline to end line, there was statistically significant improvement breastfeeding practices, mothers practice for health timing and spacing of pregnancy, mothers practicing the recommended child birth practices care for children under five when sick and a reduction in the utilization of pregnancy care services and practice of vaccination of children. Comparison of Key indicators to National Targets revealed that the project achieved more in appropriate treatment of childhood illnesses, delivery practices, contractive use, infant and young child feeding, but fell short in the immunization services and ANC services. Conclusions: The health and nutrition care system in Somalia remains weak, poorly resourced and inequitably distributed with the root causes being multipronged. However, the results from this study show that if interventions are appropriately funded, there will always be improvement in the key health and nutrition indicators.